
By Dulay & Burt, 1973, 1977
Dulay, H., & Burt, M. (1973): "Should we teach children syntax?", in: Language Learning 23, 245-258
Dulay, H. andBurt, M. (1977) Remarks oncreativity in language acquisition. InM. Burt, H. Dulay and M. Finocchiaro (eds) Viewpoints on English as a Second Language. New York: Regents.
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“The creative construction" hypothesis.
Under this model, errors in the child's speech (or in the speech of older L2 learners) are not seen as a faulty version of the adult's or of the native-speaker's speech. Rather, their developing language is recognized as having its own underlying system which can be described at every point on its own terms.
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The creative construction hypothesis which recognizes that learners are endowed with an "internal syllabus" for learning language. If their natural processes are permitted to operate (active strategies for language learning, coupled with generalization and transfer), the internal syllabus will determine to a large extent the learning path followed. This internal syllabus may be in conflict with the external syllabus often determined by teachers when the L2 is learned in a classroom setting. Hence, the learning sequence may not match the teaching sequence. The result is that learners may either be helped or hindered by teaching, depending on the match. In a natural learning setting (that is, a "field situation") where tutoring is not involved, the learner of course is free to follow his or her own internal syllabus to the fullest. For this reason, we need to learn how to subject teaching to learning and not the reverse which, unfortunately, is more commonly the case.
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The Creative Construction Model
In sharp contrast to skill-learning model is the creative construction model which views L2 learning as a process of creative construction. It is based on the assumption that the learner constructs a series of internal representations of the L2 system. This occurs as a result of natural processing strategies and exposure to the L2 in communication situations. The learner's internal representation develops gradually, in predictable stages, and in the direction of the native speaker's competence. Evidence of this progress is seen through the learner's utterances, which suggest the rules which have been internalized through strategies previously described (for example, generalization, transfer, redundancy reduction and imitation). The internal processing mechanisms operate on the input from the language environment and are not directly dependent on the learner's attempts to produce the language alone. However, the learner's own utterances provide evidence of the rules (or "competence") being developed and internalized. Chief differences between this model and the skill-learning model lie in the role they attribute to the learner's own attempts to produce the language.
The morpheme-acquisition studies generated the creative construction hypothesis, postulating "the existence of universal cognitive mechanisms which enable learners to discover the structure of a particular language" (Ellis, 1990, p. 47). Researchers noticed that learners possessed an innate grammar acquisition mechanism that allowed them to acquire grammatical structures when they were ready for it, rather than when the latter were taught. While some scholars interpreted such discoveries to mean that explicit instructional intervention into learners' grammatical development would not be profitable, most researchers and educators currently concentrate their efforts on identifying instructional strategies that directly foster the acquisition of grammar (Ellis, 1998; VanPatten, 1993).
Ellis, R. (1990). Instructed second language acquisition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Ellis, R. (1998). Teaching and research: Options in grammar teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 29, 39-60.
VanPatten, B. (1993). Grammar teaching for the acquisition rich classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 26, 435-450.
