ring Useful Structure
Basic Useful Structures教学设计
This teaching period mainly deals with the grammar: learn the knowledge about basic components of a sentence and the basic useful sentence structures. Students are often confused about this grammar and this period carries considerable significance to students’ future learning and lays a solid foundation for the acquisition of English grammar learning and language appreciation. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercise of good quality.
1. Get students to have a good understanding of the basic sentence structures and basic components of a sentence.
2. Enable students to use the basic sentence structures flexibly.
3. Develop students’ speaking and cooperating abilities.
4. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.
1. How to enable students to have a good understanding of the basic sentence structures and the basic components of a sentence.
2. How to enable students to use the basic sentence structures flexibly.
This grammar mainly consists two parts: the components of a sentence and the basic sentence structures. Thus, the teaching plan is divided into two steps.
Step 1: Let students understand the basic definitions about a sentence.
句子成分的定义: 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语; 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1)句子的具体成分:主语(subject):主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。
一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。
大多数主语都在句首。 比如:
1.The room is very clean. (名词)
2.We often speak English . (代词)
3. Eight is my lucky number. (数词)
4 To teach them English is my job. (动词不定式)
5 Swimming is good for our health. (动名词)
6.What we need is food. (句子)
7.The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容词)
2)谓语(predicate)
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”,“怎么样”。谓语必须是动词,体现时态和语态,一般放在主语之后。谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如: He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语:
a.由情态动词+动词原形或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成。
如: He can speak English.
b.助动词:帮助构成时态和语态,不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。
We always get up at seven.
They are talking about something.
He went to the park yesterday.
The boy can play guitar very well.
He doesn't like speaking Chinese.
I have seen the film before.
He didn't finish his homework last night.
3)表语(predicative)
表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样,它一般位于系动词之后,构成主系表结构,说明主语的状况,性质,特征等。
常见的系动词:
1. 表状态:be
2. 表感官:look, sound, smell, taste, feel
3. 表变化:become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, fall
4. 表持续,保持:keep, remain, stay
5. 表似乎,像:seem,appear
例子: 划线部分均为表语:
•1 I am a teacher. (名词)
•2 I am ten. (数词)
•3 He became rich and successful. (形容词)
•4 Everyone is here. (副词)
•5 They are at home now. ( 介词短语)
•6 My job is to teach them English. (不定式)
4)宾语(object)
宾语:表示动作所涉及的对象,内容或承受者。
宾语的种类:
动宾:动词+宾语
介宾:介词+宾语
例:read books like English The book is good for us .
例子: 划线部分为宾语。
1 He is playing the piano.(名词)
2 He often helps me.(代词)
3 He likes to watch TV. (动词不定式)
4 He likes watching TV. (动词ing)
5)宾语补足语
英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。
例子: 划线部分为宾语补足语
1 We called him Dongming.(名词)
2 We saw him playing soccer. (现在分词)
3 We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)
4 We found math difficult.(形容词)
6)状语(adverbial)
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分, 说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的,比较等,可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。
•1. Tom runs quickly.
•2. I get up at six every day.
3. I play soccer very well.
4. In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.
•5. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.
•6. The boy needs a pen to do his homework
7)双宾语:IO +DO
直接宾语:在动词后方所跟的双宾语中,表示物的叫做直接宾语direct object(简称“直宾”),表示人的叫做间接宾语(indirect object)。
1.He read us the text. → He read the text to us.
2.My sister wrote me a letter. → My sister wrote a letter to me.
3.Henry teaches us English. → Henry teaches English to us.
4.My mother bought me a watch. → My mother bought a watch for me.
5.Her mother made her a cake. → Her mother made a cake for her.
Step 2: Enable students to master the knowledge of basic sentence structures.
简单句的基本句型结构
简单句:只存在一个主谓关系的句子,即一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。
五大基本句型
英文的基本句型有五种,它们是:
A.主语 + 系动词 + 表语(SVP)
B.主语 + 动词(SV)
C.主语 + 动词 + 宾语(SVO)
D.主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO)
E.主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(SVOC)
1) A.主 + 系 + 表
英文中的系动词主要是指Be动词的各种变化形式,也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。这类动词常见的有:appear(相似、显得),become(变成) , come(变得) , feel(摸起来) , fall(变得) , get(变得) , grow(变得) , hold(保持) , keep(保持) ,look(看上去),remain(仍然是) , seem看起来) , stand(保持) , stay(保持) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , turn(变成) , taste(尝起来)等。
例如:This machine is in good condition. 这台机器的情况良好。
The garden smells pleasant. 这座花园香气怡人。
Silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。
2) B.主 + 谓(SV)
这种句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,没有直接宾语;但常带有状语。
例如:The water is boiling . 水开了。
They have been waiting there for hours. 他们一直在那儿等了数小时。
The train will leave soon. 火车就要开了。
3) C.主 + 谓+ 宾(SVO)
这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词,那么它必须带有自己的宾语。在英文中,当一个动词(包括单个动词和动词短语)作及物动词用时,它必须要有自己的宾语(除非是宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过,为避免不必要的重复,才会省去。),否则会视为"句子不完整"。
Tom has a brother. 汤姆有一个弟弟。
They wanted to have a rest. 他们想歇息一会儿。
He successfully carried out his plan . 他成 功地实行了他的计划。
4) D.主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO)
此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语:"间接宾语"多由代词或名词充当;"直接宾语",往往由名词充当。这类句型常有"给某人某物"、"送某人某物"、"留给某人某物"等意思。常见的这类谓语动词有:
award (授予某人……), buy(给某人买……),bring(带给某人……), get(给某人弄到……), give(给某人……), hand(递给某人……), lend(借给某人……), leave(留给某人…… ), pay(支付某人……) , pass(递给某人……), read(给某人读……), rent(租赁某人……), recommend(将某人推荐给……) , send(送给某人……), show(给某人看……),tell(告诉某人……), take(给某人拿……), teach(教某人……) , write(给某人写……)等。例如:
(注:上面各词的中文释义是刻意按照该词的常用动词句型而给的,以便于大家更好地理解该词出现于哪个基本句型中。)
He brought me a coat. 他给我带来一件大衣。
Pass me the dictionary, please. 请将词典递给我。
I lend him my bicycle. 我把自行车借给他了。
5) E.主 + 谓+ 宾 + 宾补(SVOC)
此句型概括了这样一种情况:有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即:宾语 + 宾语补足语)。在这一结构中,宾语补足语是对宾语"做什么"、"怎么样"等方面进行补充说明。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有:
ask(请求,要求) , allow(容许) ,appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(称) , cause(使得) , catch(发现) , consider(认为) , elect(选举) , expect(预期) , feel(感觉到) , find(发现) , get(使得) , have(使,让) , hear(听到) , imagine(想象) , keep(保持) , know(知道) , let(使) , listen to(听) , look at(看,瞧) ,make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看见) , smell(闻到) , start(使……开始) , watch(注视,看) , tell(告诉) , think(想,认为) , want(想要) , wish(希望)等等。例如:
We elected him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。
The news made me happy. 那消息使我很高兴。
We know him to be an expert. 我们知道他是专家。
He heard somebody opening the door . 他听见有人在开门。
I found myself in dark. 我发现自己还蒙在鼓里。
6) there be句型
There be 句型是英语中常用句型, 意思是"有",表示"人或事物的存在"或"某地有某物"。There在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词"那里"的含义
1、There be 句型中的be 应和其后出现的主语在数上一致,即“近主原则”,如:
There is a lamp on the table.
There are some apples in the bowl.
There are five books, two pens and a ruler in the school bag.
There is a ruler, two pens and five books in the school bag.