1.学会分析议论文的论证思路。
2.学会分析议论文中的长难句,并积累高频词,为写作打下良好的基础。
3.将议论文的论证方法、论证结构迁移到开放作文写作中去。
常言道:“得阅读者得天下”。试看2007-2012年北京高考阅读理解部分,从A篇至E篇,文章的体裁分布:
年份 | A篇 | B篇 | C篇 | D篇 | E篇 |
07 | 应用文 | 说明文 | 记叙文 | 议论文 | 议论文 |
08 | 记叙文 | 说明文 | 应用文 | 议论文 | 说明文 |
09 | 记叙文 | 应用文 | 说明文 | 议论文 | 说明文 |
10 | 记叙文 | 应用文 | 议论文 | 议论文 | 七选五 |
11 | 记叙文 | 应用文 | 议论文 | 议论文 | 七选五 |
12 | 应用文 | 记叙文 | 说明文 | 议论文 | 七选五 |
议论文一:经济类
As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries, a new electrical generating(发电) and transmission (输送) system for the 21th century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse. Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community. The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around①
The 19th century saw land grants(拨地) offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads, leaving public land in between privately owned land.② In much of the West, some of the railroad sections were developed while others remained undeveloped, and in both cases the landownership has presented uniquechallenges to land management. With the completion of the interstate highway system, many of the small towns, which sprang up as railway stops and developed well, have lost their lifeblood and died.③
Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.
So trade-offs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species(物种) will be forced to move, or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.
The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter. The 21th century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.
The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines.④So let's remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.
1. Whatwastheproblemcausedbytheconstructionoftherailways?
A. Smalltownsalongtherailwaysbecameabandoned.
B. Somerailroadstopsremainedunderused.
C. LandintheWestwashardtomanage.
D. Landgrantswentintoprivatehands.
2. Whatisthemajorconcerninthedevelopmentofalternativeenergyaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
A. Thetransmissionofpower.
B. Theuseofmoneyandpower.
C. Theconservationofsolarenergy.
D. Theselectionofanidealplace.
3. Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsbuildingsolarplants?
A. Cautious.
B. Approving.
C. Doubtful.
D. Disapproving.
4. Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A. HowtheRailwaysHaveAffectedtheWest
B. HowSolarEnergyCouldReshapetheWest
C.HowtheEffectsofPowerPlantsCanBeReduced
D.HowtheProblemsoftheHighwaysHaveBeenSettled
答案:CBAB
长难句分析与作文迁移:
1The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.(定语从句)
对于太阳能发电站和即将铺设并用以传电的电线而言,情况同样如此。
翻译:对于毕业生和即将毕业的在校学生而言,情况同样如此。
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2The 19th century saw land grants(拨地) offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads, leaving public land in between privately owned land.(过去分词作后置定语+现在分词作结果状语)
在19世纪,拨地给铁路公司用以建造横贯的铁路,让公有土地成为大片私有用地,使其处于四分五裂的状态。(注意The 19th century saw的表达,see表示“见证”)
翻译:在2008年,筹集了大量资金提供给在地震中失去家园与亲人的灾民们,帮助他们重建家园。
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3With the completion of the interstate highway system, many of the small towns, which sprang up as railway stops and developed well, have lost their lifeblood and died. (定语从句)
随着州际公路系统的完工,许多作为铁路车站涌现并发展良好的小镇,失去了原动力并消失殆尽。(注意with the completion of的表达,表示“随着……”)
翻译:随着春天的到来,沉睡了整个冬天的动物们渐渐醒来并开始寻找食物。
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④ The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines.
比起发电厂和输电线路覆盖区的影响,在谈判交易中保留的资金和控制款项的部门将对西部产生更大的影响。(注意shape表示“对……”有影响)
翻译:比起老师在学校对学生的影响,在家里天天照顾学生的父母将对他们产生更大的影响。
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议论文二:文化类
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want①.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news②.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers③. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers④. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class⑤.
1. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A. needsofthereadersallovertheworld
B. causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers
C. originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry
D. aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject
2. Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe________.
A. quitetrustworthy
B. somewhatcontradictory
C. veryilluminating
D. rathersuperficial
3. Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir________.
A. workingattitude
B. conventionallifestyle
C. worldoutlook
D. educationalbackground
4. Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits________.
A. failuretorealizeitsrealproblem
B. tendencytohireannoyingreporters
C. likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting
D. prejudiceinmattersofraceandgender
答案:BDCA
长难句分析与作文迁移:
1Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.(过去分词做伴随状语+介词宾语从句)
遗憾的是,这一计划结果只是获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如事实有误,拼写和语法错误,另外还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。(注意积累sad to say, turn out, combined with, head-scratching的用法,in the world在此表示“究竟,到底”)
翻译:遗憾的是,这次考试原来只是考查一些简单的语法知识,以及许多令人头疼的复杂单词,这些单词恰好是学生在日常学习中不谈论的。
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2 In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.(定语从句)
换句话说,在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式,为新闻报道提供主干框架以及可直接套用的叙述结构。若没有这些,新闻内容就会一团混乱,让人摸不着头脑。
翻译:换句话中,在英语学习中存在着很多重要的学习方法,为英语学习提供便利和进步的条件。若没有这些,学生的英语学习就会一团混乱。
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3 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.(定语从句+宾语从句)
新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节,这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。
翻译:学生和原作者存在着理解上的脱节,这就是为什么学生常常读不懂文章的原因。
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4 Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.(嵌套式定语从句+过去分词表伴随+宾语从句)
新闻界是一个棘手的行业,却一直在雇用那些总体上的观点会使客户恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织大量的研讨会和可信度调查项目,试图了解顾客为什么恼火,为什么会有那么人对报纸避而远之。
翻译:张奶奶是一个热心肠的人,一直在照顾那些父母双亡的可怜孩子们。然后她还出钱供他们念书并时常打电话给他们,试图了解他们在生活和学习上还需要什么。
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5If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.(过去分词做后置定语+定语从句)
如果它能注意这个偏见的话,它就应该开放其多样化项目,寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层迥异的记者,而不是像现在这样仅仅局限于招收不同种族和不同性别的记者。
翻译:现在的考试制度应该寻求一些能够提高学生各方面能力的改革,而不是现在仅仅局限于考查书本上的知识。
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议论文三:社会类
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death —probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.
1. Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat________.
A. theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries
B. physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia
C. changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw
D. ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw’spassage
2. Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans________.
A. observersaretakingawaitandseeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia
B. similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries
C. observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes
D. theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop
3. WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill________.
A. facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia
B. experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient
C. haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering
D. undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays
4. Theauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof________.
A. opposition
B. suspicion
C. approval
D. indifference
答案:DBAC
长难句分析与作文迁移:
1After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.(不定式做后置定语+定语从句)
经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论,澳大利亚北部地区(澳北州)成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。
翻译:经过3个月的竞争,李华成为了我们学校第一个作为交换生前往美国学习的学生。
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2The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.(现在分词作伴随状语)
澳北州通过的晚期病益法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来看待这一问题。
翻译:老师离开教室,留下学生在教室里自习。
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3For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering:(现在分词做后置定语+宾语从句)
对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说,这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去,无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难:因呼吸困难而痛苦地死去。
翻译:对于正在美国学习的16岁李华而言,文化冲击意味着他在某些问题上既无法理解别人,也无法得到理解。
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4I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks
从思想上说我并不害怕死,但我怕的是怎样死,因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎,用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。
翻译:我并不害怕考试,但我怕考试的难度太大。我能想象自己在考试时坐在教室,苦苦思考和用手抓头的情境。
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