SUN系统管理员常用命令

2006-01-14 点击: 76

SUN系统管理员常用概念/命令

1. Solaris 操作系统

操作系统的版本:Solaris 1.x(sunos4.1.x), Solaris 2.x(sunos 5.x), Solaris 7, Solaris 8

特点: 多用户, 多任务(or 多进程,多线程), 分布式计算(处理)

应用: Client-Server方式中的服务器

o NFS Server,

o Name services Server,

o mail Server,

o Operating system Server,

o Database Server

o Application Server

2. SUN 服务器体系结构

硬件(Hardware) --> Solaris 系统内核(Kernel)-->指令 Shell-->应用软件(Applications)

o SUN 服务器的体系结构发展(Kernel and Application Architecture):

[1] SPARC-->[2] SuperSPARC-->[3] UltraSPARC-->[4] sun4c,

-->[5] sun4m-->[6] sun4u

o 常见硬件组成

[1] 处理器 CUP,

[2] 内存 Memory,

[3] 系统总线 bus,

[4] 硬盘 disk,

[5] 显示器 monitor,

[6] 键盘 keyboard,

[7] 光驱 cdrom,

[8] 磁带机 tape,

[9] 网卡 net

......

3. Openboot(Prom) 常用命令 及 Solaris 操作系统的安装

Openboot(Prom) 常用命令:

=========================

ok> help (帮助命令)

ok> banner (显示系统hostid, memory, mac addr等nvrom配置信息)

ok> .version (显示prom版本信息)

ok> devalias (系统设备别名)

例如

devalias cdrom1 /sbus/SUNW,fas@e8800000/sd@5,0

ok> nvalias (prom命令/信息别名)

ok> probe-scsi-all (显示所有scsi设备)

ok> printenv (显示prom系统环境变量)

ok> setenv (设置prom系统环境变量)

例如:

setenv auto-boot false

setenv boot-device disk net cdrom

ok> set-defaults (设置prom系统环境变量为缺省值)

ok> reset

Solaris 操作系统的安装:

=======================

o 从光盘启动,并安装操作系统命令:

ok> boot cdrom,

o 终止系统安装/启动:

stop+a--> sync--> reset

o 继续安装/启动

ok> go,

o 安装过程中须提供主要信息

[1]主机名host name,

[2]网络network,ip地址,

[3]网络服务器类型nis+/other/none/standlone,

[4]子网掩码netmask,

[5]时区time zone,

[6]日期/时间date/time

[7]安装方式:升级/初始安装upgrade/initial,

[8]硬盘分区信息

例如:partition:0 /,

1 swap,

2 backup,

3,

4,

5,

6 /usr,

7 /export/home

o Solaris操作系统常见分区功能

[1] / 操作系统根目录

[2] Swap

内存交换区

[3] /usr 存放系统应用软件及命令

[4] /opt 安装用户应用软件

[5] /var 系统信息存放区

[6] /export/home 用户目录区

系统安装信息日志:

=================

/var/sadm/install/contents, install_log

4. 应用软件常用安装/删除命令(add/delete software)

图形工具命令

============

# admintool&

命令行工具

==========

# pkginfo, 例如: # pkginfo | grep ab

# pkgadd, 例如: # pkgadd -d . SUNWsprot SUNWabc

# pkgrm, 例如: # pkgrm SUNWsport SUNWabc

# pkgchk 例如: # pkgchk SUNWsport SUNWabc

5. 补丁管理命令Patch

查看patch: # showrev -p,

安装patch: # ./installpatch .

备份patch: # ./backoutpatch 102972-01

patch安装目录: /var/sadm/patch

patch信息网站: http://sunsolve.sun.com

6. 操作系统启动过程及运行级别

操作系统启动过程

================

[1] prom (系统自检selftest) ,

[2] bootblk, (系统引导盘启动扇区),

[3] ufsboot (/platform/'uname -i'/ufsboot),

[4] kernel (initself, /kernel/genunix, /etc/system),

[5] init (/sbin/init, /etc/inittab, /sbin/rc*.d,

/etc/rc*.d, /etc/init.d)

操作系统自动配置过程

====================

[1] 内核上载入内存(kernel module are load to memory)

o 静态内核static core:

/kernel/genunix, /platform/.../kernel/unix,

o 动态内核dynamically loaded module:

driver module, streams, ufs module, nfs module

/kernel/,/platform/.../kernel/unix, /usr/kernel

o /etc/system内容:

moddir,

exclude rootdev,

set pt_cnt=100

...............

[2] 设备配置(device configration )

o device tree: /devices, /dev

o /etc/path_to_install

查看操作系统配置

==================

# dmesg,

# printconf,

# sysdef

# /usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag

# /usr/platform/sun43u/sbin/prtdiag

重新配置系统硬件

=================

# touch /reconfigure

# init 0

ok boot -r (重新启动/配置系统硬件)

ok boot -ar

在系统运行情况下,如果不想重新启动系统,

安装硬盘/磁带等热插拔硬件,则:

# drvconfig

# devlinks

# disks

# tapes

查看配置情况:

# dmesg

# printconf

# sysdef

操作系统运行级别

==================

系统启动时，进入/etc/inittab中initdefault所定义的运行级别(deafult 3)

各运行级别的定义：

run level:0, (halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go )

1, (single user, boot -s, init s

)

2, (multiuser, unshare net)

3, (multiuser, deafult)

5, (halt, power off )

6, (reboot to level 3 )

S (init 1, boot -s)

改变系统运行级别命令

====================

# init 0, halt, shotdown, stop+a,sync,go

# init 1, single user, boot -s, init s

# init 2, multiuser, unshare net

# init 3, multiuser, deafult

# init 5, halt, power off

# init 6, reboot to level 3

# init s, init 1, boot -s

# init *,shotdown,halt,poweroff, reboot -- -r, reboot -- -s

ok> boot -s, boot -sra

启动、关闭Solaris 操作系统

==========================

ok> boot -r (一般在安装新设备如硬盘等后，重起机器，重建系统内核)。

ok> boot cdrom - brower (从CDROM启动机器，重新安装系统，界面为浏览器方式)。

# sync (将内存中的内容写入硬盘)。

# halt (或 /etc/init 0) (关闭系统)。

# reboot

7. 操作系统启动/关闭时运行的脚本命令

Solaris操作系统会在系统启动或关闭时自动运行脚本命令

例如: 有一个启动/关闭数据库的命令脚本/etc/init.d/rdbms,

想在系统启动/停止时自动启动/关闭数据库:

# vi /etc/init.d/rdbms

# cd /etc/init3.d

# ln /etc/init.d/rdbms S22rdbms (在系统启动时，运行命令脚本)

# cd /etc/init0.d

# ln /etc/init.d/rdbms K8822rdbms (在系统关闭时，运行命令脚本)

也可手动执行:

# /etc/init.d/rdbms stop

# /etc/init.d/rdbms start

要定时运行一个程序

====================

在/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root中加入

分_时_日_月_年 /运用程序

8. 硬盘分区及格式化(disk partition and format )

# foramt (可显示硬盘类型, 大小, 分区情况. 可重新分区, 格式化等)

0 >partition>p>0>1>3>4>5>6>7>print>label>format>quit>quit

0 root wm 0 - 3514 3.62GB (3515/0/0) 7592400

1 swap wu 3515 - 3757 256.29MB (243/0/0) 524880

2 backup wm 0 - 3879 4.00GB (3880/0/0) 8380800

3 unassigned wm 3758 - 3879 128.67MB (122/0/0) 263520

4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0

5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0

6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0

7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0

#foramt

1>type

>partition>print>0

root wm 0 1940c

>7

root wm 0 1940c

>p

0 root wm 0 -1939 2.00GB (1940/0/0) 4190400

2 backup wm 0 - 3879 4.00GB

(3880/0/0) 8380800

7 home wm 1940-3879 2.00GB (1940/0/0) 4190400

>label>quit>quit

9. Solaris 文件系统管理(unix file system )

常见文件系统类型

================

[1]ufs,

[2]hsfs,

[3]pcfs,

[4]vxfs

....

设备名描述(硬盘)

==================

/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0,(裸设备/字符设备raw disk)

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0,(逻辑设备/块设备logicl disk , block device)

存储设备上建立文件系统

======================

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s7

系统文件系统记录

=================

# vi /etc/vfstab

fd - /dev/fd fd - no -

/proc - /proc proc - no -

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 / ufs 1 no -

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s3 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s3 /cache ufs 2 yes -

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home ufs 2 yes -

/dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1 ufs 2 yes -

swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -

常用文件系统的操作命令

======================

示例:

# umount /export/home1

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 /export/home1

# umount /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7

# mount -F pcfs /dev/diskette /floppy (mount 软盘)

# mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom (mount 光驱)

# mountall -l

# umountall -l

# volcheck

# fdformat (软盘格式化)

# eject cdrom (弹出光驱)

# eject floppy (弹出软盘)

Swap区文件系统的管理

====================

# swap -l,-a,-d,-s

增加Swap区示例

# mkfile 20m /export/home1/swap

# swap -a /export/home1/swap

# swap -l

# swap -d /export/home1/swap

# vi /etc/vfstab

/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 - - swap - no -

/export/home1/swap - - swap - no -

swap - /tmp tmpfs - yes -

文件系统的维护/管理(maintain file system )

[1] fsck,sync,fslush deamon( 30 second)

stop+a

sync

[2] # umount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7

# fsck /export/home

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home

# ls /export/home/lost+found

10. 系统备份/恢复(backup and restore )

系统备份级别

============

[1] 共10级 level,

[2] 0 级为全备份full,

[3] 2-9 级为增量备份inc,

[4] /etc/dumpdates,

备份设备一般为磁带

==================

[1]tape,

[2]设备名 /dev/rmt/0lbn (l,m,h density; b BSD behavior, n no rewind)

系统系统备份/恢复命令

=====================

[1] ufsdump,

[2] ufsrestore,

例如:

# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home

# cd /

var/tmp

# ufsrestore tvf /dev/rmt/0

# ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/0 /export/home

恢复系统根目录操作举例(restore / file system )

ok> boot cdrom -s

系统启动后,不进行安装,打开一个命令窗口:

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0 /a

# cd /a

# ufsdump rvf /dev/rmt/0

# rm restoresymtable

# cd /usr/platform/'uname -i'/libfs/ufs

# installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0

# umount /a

# init 6

常用备份/恢复命令(dditional backup command )

============================================

[1] mt,

[2] tar,

[3] dd,

[4] cpio

软盘操作

===========

# volcheck

# fdformat -U (unix格式化软盘), fdformat -d (dos 系统格式化)

# newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0(在软盘上建UFS文件系统)

# mount -t pcfs /dev/fd0 /pcfs

# eject floppy

光驱操作

=========

# mount -F hsfs /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /mnt/cdrom

# fuser -k /mnt/cdrom

# eject

磁带机操作

============

# mt -f /dev/rmt/0 rew (到带)

# mt -f /dev/rmt/0n status{eof | rewind | erase | offline | bsf n | fsf n}

(0n 表示磁带操作完后不到带,

status 表示查看磁带状态，

eof 表示到磁带最后一个文件，

rewind 表示到带到磁带最前，

erase 摸掉，

offline 弹出磁带，

bsf n 磁带往回退n个文件，

fsf n 磁带往前n个文件)

# tar xvf /dev/rmt/0

(从磁带到硬盘,解开归档文件)

# tar tvf /dev/rmt/0

(查看磁带内容，查看归档文件内容)

# tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 文件系统

(将文件系统考入磁带，将多个文件、目录建成归档文件)

11. 网络管理(network)

相关配置文件

=============

[1] /etc/nodename

[2] /etc/hosts

[3] /etc/hostname.hme0 (或者bge0）

(qe0, le0, hme1, hme2, ..., hme0:1, hme0:2, ... )

[4] /etc/netmasks

[5] /etc/networks

[6] /etc/defaultrouter

[7] /etc/notrouter

[8] /etc/inetd.conf

[9] /etc/rpc

[10] /etc/services

相关进程deamon:

================

[1] in.tcpipd

[2] in.routed

[3] in.rdisc

......

常用网络管理命令command:

========================

[1] ifconfig -a

[2] netstat -rn

[3] snoop -d hme0

[4] route

[5] arp -a

[6] /usr/sbin/ping

[7] /usr/bin/telnet

[8] /usr/bin/rlogin

[9] /usr/bin/ftp

[10] /usr/openwin/bin/xhost

配制网络端口

============

# ifconfig

示例:

# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 plumb

# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmas

k 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 up

# ifconfig qe0 inet 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255 down

修改路由表

============

# netstat -r

# route add net 10.10.10.0 10.10.10.1 1

# route add default 10.10.10.1 1

o 增加静态路由:

# vi /etc/defaultrouter

10.10.10.1 i1

# sync;sync;reboot

o 查看路由进程

# ps -ef |grep routed

重新关闭/启动tcp/ip协议进程

=============================

#sh /etc/init.d/inetinit stop

#sh /etc/init.d/inetinit start

12. 路由服务器:

系统有两个/或两个以上的网口,可作为路由器或防火墙

禁止两个网口间路由ip

====================

# cd /etc

# touch notrouter

# sync

# sync

# reboot

查看路由进程

=============

# ps -ef |grep routed

# ps -ef |grep in.rdisc

13. 域名服务器(dns)

相应配置文件

============

[1] /etc/named.boot

[2] /etc/named.conf (only for solaris 2.7)

[3] /var/named/db.*;

[4] /etc/nsswitch.conf

[5] /etc/resolv.conf

相应系统进程

============

[1] in.named;

[2] bind

相关命令

========

[1] /etc/init.d/inetsvc;

# /etc/init.d/inetsvc stop

# /etc/init.d/inetsvc start

[2] nslookup

域名服务client端配置示例

========================

# vi /etc/nsswitch.conf

hosts: files dns

# vi /etc/resolv.conf

domain leadcom.com

search leadcom.com

nameserver 192.168.0.100

# nslookup

14. NIS 服务器

相应配置文件

============

[1] /var/yp,

[2] /var/yp/Makefile

[3] /etc/defaultdomain

[4] /etc/nsswitch.conf

[5] /etc/hosts,

[6] /etc/networks, ...

相应系统进程

============

[1] ypserv;

[2] ypbind

相关命令

========

[1] domainname

[2] /etc/init.d/rpc (start/stop ypserv,ypbind)

[3] ypinit -m; ypinit -c

[4] yppush;

[5] ypcat

NIS 配置示例

========================

# vi /etc/defaultdomain

YP.sun.com

# domainname YP.sun.com

# cd /var/yp

# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf

# vi Makefile

#B=-b nis no dns

B=

B=-b nis also dns

#B=

# vi resolv.conf

# /usr/ccs/bin/make

# ypinit -m

# /etc/init.d/rpc start

# yppush

# ypcat hosts

# ypinit -c

client端配置

============

# vi /etc/defaultdomain

YP.sun.com

# domainname YP.sun.com

# cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf

# ypinit -c

# /etc/init.d/rpc start

# ypcat hosts

15. NFS 文件系统(nfs file system )

相应配置文件

============

[1] /etc/dfs/dfstab;(nfs server)

例如:

# vi /etc/df

s/dfstab

share -F nfs -o rw=engineering -d "home dirs" /export/home

share -F nfs -o ro -d "app dirs" /export/app

share -F nfs -o ro -d "man dirs" /usr/share/man

[2] /etc/vfstab;(nfs client)

# vi /etc/vfstab

i2:/export/home - /export/home nfs - yes soft,bg

i2:/export/app - /export/app nfs - yes soft,bg

i2:/usr/share/man - /usr/share/man nfs - yes soft,bg

rw|ro,bg|fg, soft|hard, intr|nointr,suid|nosuid, timeo=n

default=11x.1sec, retry=n 1k.

相应系统进程

============

[1] mountd

[2] nfsd

[3] statd

[4] lockd

相关命令

========

[1] share,

例如:

# share -F nfs /export/home

# share -F nfs -o ro /usr/share/man

[2] unshare,

[3] shareall,

[4] unshareall;

[5] mount

例如:

# mount nfsserver:/export/home /export/home

# mount nfsserver:/export/app /export/app

# mount nfsserver:/usr/share/man /usr/share/man

[6] umount,

[7] mountall,

[8] umountall,

[9] dfshares host,

[10] dfmounts

[11] /etc/init.d/nfs.server; /etc/init.d/nfs.client

例如:

# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start

16. 并行打印机管理(Parallel Port Printer )

并行打印机driver

================

/dev/bpp0-> /devices/.../...:bpp0 (打印server: i2)

/dev/ecpp0->/devices/.../...:ecpp0 (打印client: i1)

图形管理工具

=============

# admintool &

Menu:Browse-->printers

Menu:Edit-->add-->Local Printer...

Printer Name: bpp0

Print Server: i2

Description: bpp on i2

Print Port: /dev/bpp0

Printer Type: PostScript

File Content: PostScript

Fault Notification: None

Option: Accept Print Requests, Process Print Requests

User Access List: all

press OK

# admintool &

Menu:Browse-->printers

Menu:Edit-->add-->Access to Printer...

Print Client: i1

Printer Name: bpp0

Print Server: i2

Description: bpp0 on i2

Option: Default Printer

Press OK

# xetops

convert chinese text file to PostScript file

17. 用户管理user account

图形管理工具

=============

# admintool &

相关文件

========

[1] /etc/passwd

例如:

# vi /etc/passwd

max::1001:10:max li:/home/max:/bin/csh

frank::1002:10:frank lau:/export/home/frank:/sbin/sh

[2] /etc/shaddow

[3] /etc/group

[4] /export/home/user

[5] .cshrc

C shell

# vi .cshrc

umask 022

set path = ( /bin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/ucb \\

/usr/lib /etc/init.d \\

/usr/lib/netsvc/yp /usr/lib/nis \\

/usr/ccs/bin \\

/usr/openwin/bin )

setenv TERM sun-cmd

setenv EDITOR /usr/bin/vi

# source .cshrc

# setenv PATH "/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/ucb/bin"

[6] .login

[7] .profile

B shell

# vi .profile

umask 022

PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/usr/lib:/etc/init.d:

PATH=$PATH:/usr/lib/netsvc/yp:/usr/lib/nis:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/openwin/bin

TERM=vt100

DISPLAY=i2:0.0

export PATH TERM DISPLAY

#. /.profile

#set

[8] .Xdefaults

[9] .dt

用户管理常用命令

=================

[1] chmod

例如:

#chmod -R 755 /export/home/frank

[2] chown

例如:

#chown -R frank:staff /export/home/frank

[3] chgrp

18. 常用UNIX命令集锦(Commonly used UNIX commands )

[1] cat

[2] ls -al

[3] cd

[4] pwd

[5] mv

[6] cp

[7] rm -r

[8] rmdir

[9] mkdir

[10] find (find /etc -name host )

[11] lp

[12] set; setenv; export;

[13] df -k

[14] du -k (du .)

[15] grep (ps -ef|grep root)

[16] ps -ef

[17] kill id (kill -9 pid)

[18] du

[19] ln

[20] man( man -k keyword)

[21] catman