一．情态动词could 的用法
1.提出礼貌的要求 Could you please (not) do sth ?请你（做）......好吗？
用于提出请求，希望得到对方的肯定回答，说话的语气比较客气委婉。Could 不是can的过去式，是委婉、礼貌的说法。回答用can. 肯定回答：Yes,sure./ Yes, I can./Of course, I can./ Certainly./No problem./ With pleasure .
否定回答： Sorry , I can’t / I’m afraid I can’t. I have to …,I’m going to…(说明理由)
Could you please do the dishes?
I’m afraid not. I have to attend a meeting now.
拓展:表示请求的几种方式:
Would you like to do sth? 你愿意做某事吗?
Would you please do sth? 你能做某事吗?
Would you mind doing sth? 你介意做某事吗?
2.表示请求许可 Could I do sth? 我可以做......吗？
肯定回答：Yes, you can ./ Yes ,please / Of course / Certainly./ No problem.
否定回答：Sorry , you can’t / I’m afraid you can’t.
Could I go out for a while? 我能出去一会吗?
3.could 为can的过去式，表示过去的能力。= was / were able to
Could you speak English then？那时候你会说英语吗？
4.表示推测：（1）后接动词原形,表示对现在或将来的推测
(对将来的推测) We could go there this summer.今年夏天我们可能要去那.
(对现在的推测) You could be right, but I don’t think you are.
你可能是对的,但我并不认为你是对的.
(2)后接动词的完成式,表示对过去的推测
Where could he have gone? 他能到哪里去了呢?
She couldn’t have left so soon.她不可能走这么早.
5.表示建议 you could… 表示建议”你可以…”
You could go to the station by subway. 你可以乘地铁去车站.
Section A
1. take out the rubbish把垃圾带出去. take out 意为”带出去;取出”,为”动副短语”.
The dog is noisy. Can you take it out?
拓展:take…out of… 把…从..中取出
I took the money out of my wallet to pay for the breakfast.
我从钱包里取出钱买早餐.
rubbish: n. 垃圾;废弃物 (为不可数名词)
a rubbish bin 垃圾桶
household rubbish 生活垃圾
Don’t throw rubbish everywhere.
4. sweep the floor扫地，sweep为及物动词，过去式和过去分词均为swept.
He pick up the broom to help me sweep the floor.
含sweep的常用短语:
Sweep away 消灭;彻底消除
Sweep up 打扫;清扫
Sweep out 打扫干净;清扫干净
Sweep aside 对….置之不理;全然无视
5.floor 名词,地板.
Why is my coat on the floor?
Floor作名词还可意为”楼层”
Our office is on the top floor.
注意:在英式英语中the ground floor 指第一层,the first floor 指第二层.
美式英语中,the first floor指第一层,the second floor 指第二层.
8. go out for dinner出去吃晚饭
9. go to the movies去看电影
10. stay out late/ until nine呆到很晚/ 呆到9点钟
11. get a ride撘车
12. give sb a ride to town开车送某人到镇上
13. need to do sth需要做……
14. have to do sth不得不做……
15. help out with a few things帮助做些事情
16. could I at least finish watching this show?
可以至少让我看完这个节目吗?
at least 至少,多指数量或程度上的最低限度。(反义) at most 至多，不超过
The ticket will cost at least 200 yuan.
It will take half an hour at most to get there.最多花费半小时便可到达那里.
17. finish doing sth.完成做某事
Finish作及物动词,后可接名词,代词或v-ing作宾语.
I have finished writing the English composition. 我写完了那篇英语作文.
When are you going to finish your work? 你打算什么时候完成你的工作?
We can only finish half of it this afternoon at best.
今天下午我们充其量只能完成一半.
拓展:常接v-ing作宾语的词
喜欢(enjoy)错过(miss)别介意(mind)
完成(finish)愉快(have fun)请练习(practice)
忙的(be busy)禁不住(can’t help)想放弃(give up)
18. I think two hours of TV is enough for you!
我认为你看两个小时的电视足够了.
复数名词(短语)做主语的特殊用法:
two hours of TV 两个小时的电视 此处two hours 做主语,被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式.
在英语中,表示时间、距离、价格、度量等词语作主语时，被视作整体，谓动用单数。
I will give you some time to prepare. I think ten minutes is enough。
Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.
For kids of this age, two hours of sitting in a classroom __A___ too long.
A.is B. are C. was D. were
19. yes, because mom will be back from shopping any minute now.
是的,因为妈妈随时都会买完东西回来.
be back from shopping购物回来
be back 与 come back 同义
I will be back in a minute. 我马上回来.
He came back very late last night.
20. any minute now随时
any second now
any moment now
是一种常见口语表达,表示事情有可能在短时间内发生或眼下就要发生.
We’re expecting you any time now. 我们期待你随时到来.
21. and she won’t be happy if she sees this mess.
她如果看到这样不整洁,会不高兴的.
Mess 名词,杂乱;不整洁,常用短语有:
Make a mess 搞得一团乱 (表示动作)
Be in a mess 杂乱不堪;陷入困境 (表示状态)
The kid made a mess in the bedroom.
All the rooms are in a mess.
Mess 还可作为动词,意为”弄脏;弄乱”
I have put the books away. please don’t mess them up again.
3A
22.be angry with…对……生气
23. solve the problem解决问题
24. I throw down my bag and went to the living room.
throw down扔下，随手丢下。throw at 向…扔去（恶意）
throw to …扔给 throw away/out 扔掉
25. The minute I sat down in front of the TV , my mom came over.
我 一在电视机前坐下,我妈妈就过来了.
the minute(that)…… 一…就…
与 as soon as… / the moment (that )…一…….就……同义(引导时间状语从句，主将从现),如果主句用一般将来时(或主句含情态动词,或主句为祈使句),从句应用一般现在时.
I will tell her the minute that she comes. 她一来我就告诉她.
You can go as soon as he comes.
练习:
I will go to visit my aunt in England __c___ the summer holiday starts.
A. since B. until C. as soon as
26. come over 过来 ，顺便来访.在此处相当于一个不及物动词短语,意为”过来”.come over 还有”拜访”的意思,尤其指到某人家中短暂造访.其后若接名词作宾语,应在名词前加to;若接地点副词作宾语,则不加to.
When did your family first come over to xiangyang?
你们一家初到襄阳是什么时候?
Please come over my home when you come here.
拓展:come over from.. (通常指远距离)从..来
Her grandparents came over from America 60 years ago.
26. take the dog for a walk= take a walk with a dog… 遛狗
27. reply angrily生气地回答
28. you watch TV all the time and never help out around the house.
你总是看电视从不帮忙做家务.
all the time一直 all day一整天 all evening整晚
辨析:all the time 与 always
All the time:侧重于一段时间内连续的动作,或时间上的不间断,表示动作没有停止.,常用语句末.
Always:侧重于频率,表示周期性的规律,含有”每逢…都是”的意思.通常位于实义动词之前,助动词,情态动词或联系动词之后.
It rained all the time.
I always get up at 6:30 in the morning.
29. I’m just as tired as you are！ 我和你一样累。
as….as… 和…一样… 表示两者在某方面程度相同,中间用形容词或副词原级, 否定形式为 not as…as… 或者 not so….as… ,意为”不如….”
The tree is as tall as that building.
He doesn’t study as/so hard as his brother.
拓展:
as…as…中的第一个as有时也可与名词连用：
as much+不可数名词+as
as many+可数名词复数+as
as+形容词+a（an）+单数可数名词+as
There are not as many people at the meeting as we have expected.
参加会议的人数没有我们期望的那么多.
He is as good a teacher as her mother.
=He is a good teacher as good as her mother.
他是一位像他妈妈一样的好老师.
shout back吼回去 talk back 顶嘴
30. For one week ,she did not do any housework and neither did I .
整整一个星期她都没有做任何家务,我也没有.
Neither did I 是” neither +be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语结构”,表示前者描述的否定情况也适用于后者.neither在此处作副词,”也不”,这个结构中 neither也可以用 nor 代替.
neither / nor +助动词/be动词/情态动词 +主语 “某人也不”
例句:
I don’t like this dress. neither / nor did I .我也不喜欢.
Tom can’t play the piano at all.
Neither can I . 我也不会
.
拓展:neither 其他用法:
(1) neither做代词,意为 两者都不
Neither of 结构做主语时,谓语动词用单复数均可. neither of us我们两个都不
Neither of them has/have a car. 他们两个都没有车.
(2)做连词, neither …nor… 既不…也不…(就近原则) ,连接两个并列成分作主语时,谓语动词的形式要与临近的主语保持一致.（there be句型）
Neither I nor he knows Linda. 我和他都不认识Linda.
(3)作限定词,意为”两者都不”,常置于可数名词单数前,其对应词为both(两者都), neither+可数名词单数做主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式.
Neither sentence is correct. 两个句子都不正确.
-would you like to go to the city park?
-I’m not sure. If Mike doesn’t,__D__.
A. neither I do B. neither do I C. neither I will D. neither will I
31. what happened? She asked in surprise. 她惊讶地问道:发生什么事了?
in surprise惊讶地,相当于 with surprise
to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是
32. share the housework分担家务 share sth with sb .和某人分享某物
4a
33. could I hang out with my friends after the movie？
看完电影后我可以和朋友们一起出去闲逛吗？
Hang out 闲逛，hang 的过去式和过去分词均为 hung。
但是，当“hang”意为“绞死”时，过去式和过去分词均为 hanged。
hang out with sb 和某人一起闲逛
She is hanging out with her friends in the shopping mall.
Hang的其他词组:
hang up 把......悬挂/挂起;挂断电话 hang on 抓紧;别挂电话
hang together (观点等)前后一致 hang back 留下;吞吞吐吐
34. could you please pass me the salt?
请你把盐递给我好吗?
pass sb sth= pass sth to sb把某物递给某人
如果sth 为代词,只能用 pass sth to sb.
He passed me the magazine.= He passed the magazine to me.
This ball is Owen’s. Please pass it to him.
拓展:
Pass 作动词的其他含义:
| 走过;通过 | The road is so narrow that cars were unable to pass. |
| 及格;合格 | I was happy that I passed the exam. |
| (时间)过去;流逝 | The days passed slowly. |
36. (1) could I borrow that book? 我能借那本书吗?
(2) could you lend some money? 你能借给我一些钱吗?
| Borrow | “借;借用”,指主语从别人处借来东西自己用 | borrow sth from sb 从某人那里借某物 |
| Lend | “借给;借出”,指主语把自己的东西借给别人使用 | lend sth to sb = lend sb sth 把某物借给某人 |
而borrow和lend是短暂性动词,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用.
Nick borrowed a book from the library and he lent it to me. He told me that I could keep it for a week.
总结: 主语借出用lend, 主语借入用 borrow,想要保存用keep.
练习:
Now studying in high school, I can borrow books __C___ the library.
A. to B. for C. from D.with
4b
38. I hate to do chores. 我讨厌做家务.
Hate常见用法:
(1) hate+名词/代词 讨厌….
I hate the taste of apple.
(2)hate to do sth “讨厌做某事”,表示讨厌做一件具体的事
(3) hate doing sth “讨厌做某事”,表示习惯性地讨厌
I don’t hate shopping, but I hate to shop on a rainy day.
39. I’ll finish my homework while you help me with the dishes.
在你帮我洗餐具的时候,我会做完我的家庭作业.
While 在此处做连词,引导时间状语从句,强调在从句动作发生的同时,主句动作也在进行.
While I doing my homework , my father was reading a book.
当我做家庭作业的时候,我父亲在看书.
While与when 两者均可做连词,引导时间状语从句,意为”当…时候”:
区别:
| While | 只表示”某一段时间”,从句谓语动词必须用延续性动词 | 从句动作发生的同时,主句动作也在进行. | 从句常用进行时 |
| When | 即可表示”某一段时间”,也可以表示”某一时刻”,从句中谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词 | 从句的动作既可以和主句动作同时发生,也可以先后发生. | 从句的时态多用一般现在时或一般过去时. |
When I arrived in Beijing ,it was raining.
拓展:while 做连词 ,还可以表示”而 ; 然而”,强调两者之间的对比.
The shirt fits better while that one has a nicer design.
这件更合身,不过那件款式更好看.
Tony was drawing a picture ___C___ I was doing my homework.
A. if B. because C. while D. until
40.try (not) to do sth努力（不）做某事。try one’s best to do sth= do one’s best to do sth 尽某人最大努力做某事
try on 试穿 try to do sth 努力做某事 【侧重尽力做】 try doing sth 试图做某事 【侧重尝试做】
Section B
1.invite my friends to a party 邀请我的朋友来参加聚会
invite v → invitation n邀请 ;请柬
用法：(1) invite sb. to do sth 邀请某人做某事
(2) invite sb. to +地点 邀请某人去某地
Chinese people often invite their friends to have dinner together。
He invited me to his party yesterday.
2. I do not understand why some parents make their kids help with housework and chores at home.
我不理解为什么一些家长让他们的孩子在家里帮着做家务.
Make sb do sth 使某人做某事,其中 sb 后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语.否定形式为 make sb not do sth. 使某人不要做某事.有此用法的还有 let , have.
Our teacher makes us do a lot of homework every day.
The child is crying. Please do something make him ___B__.
A. stop to cry B. stop crying C. to stop crying
3. help with (doing) sth 帮助做某事 ，相当于help（to）do sth.
Could you help with doing the dishes?
= could you help do the dishes?
4. kids these days already have enough stress from school.
Stress 精神压力;心理负担 ,即可作可数名词,也可做不可数名词.
enough stress from school来自于学校的足够的压力 under the stress of …在…的压力之下
People found different ways to deal with stress/stresses.
Stress作名词,意为:重读;重音
5. housework is a waste of their time. 家务劳动是在浪费他们时间.
a waste of time浪费时间
waste的其他含义:
(1) 名词,垃圾
A lot of waste from factory is polluting the environment.
(2)动词,浪费;滥用
waste time/money on sth /sb 在某人/某物上浪费时间/金钱
waste time/money (in) doing sth 浪费时间/金钱做某事
Don’t waste your time(in) shopping all day.
(3) 形容词,无用的;废弃的
Put your waste paper into this box.
6. they should spend their time on schoolwork in order to get good grades and get into a good university.
他们应该把时间花在学业上以取的好成绩并进入一所好大学.
| Spend | 主语:人 | 宾语:时间/金钱 | (1)Sb spend(s) some time/money on sth.某人在某物上花费时间/金钱 (2) Sb spend(s) some time (in)doing sth. 某人花费时间做某事 (3) Sb spend(s) some money on (doing)sth. 某人花费金钱做某事 |
| Cost | 物 | 金钱 | Sth cost (s) (sb)some money 某物花费(某人)多少钱 |
| Take | It或事物 | 时间 | (1)It takes sb some time to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间 (2)(doing)sth takes sb some time (做)某事花费某人多长时间 |
| Pay | 人 | 金钱 | Sb pay(s) some money for sth 某人为某物付多少钱 |
My sister spends two hours in learning play the piano.
7. in order to 为了;目的是 即可位于句首,也可位于句末.
in order (not) to do sth为了做……
In order to finish the report , he stayed up very late.
拓展:in order that 也表示”为了” 其后要接从句, 可与in order to 或者so that 进行转换.
In order to catch the early bus , he has to get up early.
He has to get up early in order that he can catch the early bus.
He has to get up early so that he can catch the early bus.
8. get into a good university进入好大学
9. so there is no need for them to do it now。
因此他们没有必要现在做家务.
there is no need for sb to do sth 对于某人来说没必要做……
need在此处作名词,意为”需要;必要”
There is no need for you to start so early.
你没有必要这么早出发.
10. it is the parents job to provide a clean and comfortable environment at home for their children.
在家给他们的孩子提供一个干净/舒适的环境是家长们的事情.
本句中”it”为形式主语,” to provide a clean and comfortable environment at home for their children.”为真正的主语.
It + be +名词(短语)+to do sth. 意为”做某事是…….”,其中it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式.
It is my job to look after you. 我的职责就是照顾你.
练习:
__B____ a good virtue（德行）to be kind and honest to others.
A. this is B. it is C. it has D. there is
11. provide 作动词，提供；供应
provide sth. for sb.= provide sb. with sth.为某人提供某物（为应急等做好准备而“提 供； 供给” ）
offer sb. sth. = offer sth to sb. 给某人提供某物 侧重表示“愿意给予” offer to do sth 主动提出干某事
Supply sb. with sth=supply sth. to sb. 定期 “ 供应 ” , 强调替代或补充所需物品
12. and anyway，I think doing chores is not so difficult.
而且,我觉得做家务也不太难.
本句中doing chores is not so difficult.是省略了that的宾语从句,作think的宾语. doing chores 是动名词形式,在从句中做主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式is.
13.anyway 在此处做副词, “加之;而且”,用于表示追加评论.
It’s so expensive. And anyway , the size is too small.
拓展:anyway 做副词, 还可意为”不管怎样;尽管如此”
Anyway, we should have a try.
14. I think it is important for children to learn how to do chores and help their parents housework.
我认为对孩子们来说,学会怎样做家务以及帮助父母做家务很重要.
辨析:
| It+be+adj+for sb to do sth | 对某人来说做某事是…的 | 形容词是用来描述事物或客观情况的词,如:easy,difficult,necessary,important,impossible等. |
| It+be+adj+of sb to do sth | 某人做某事是…的 | 形容词是用来描述或说明人的性格/品行等的词,如:good,kind,nice,clever. |
每天记些生词对你是有用的。
It is impolite __of___ you to talk to your mother in that way.
用那样的方式和你妈妈说话太不礼貌了。
15. children these days depend on their parents too much.
depend on …依靠……依赖，由…而决定,主语通常是表示人的名词.
The boy depends on his mother very much.
Depend on 还可意为”取决于;视…而定”
It/that depends 那得看情况
Our success depends on our effort.
16. develop children’s independence 养成孩子的（习惯）→development → developed (adj.发达的)/ developing(adj.发展中的)
(1)Develop 在此处作动词, 发展;壮大
He developed the company from nothing.
(2)作动词,还可意为”患(病);出现(问题)”
The child developed eye diseases when he was eight.
The car developed engine trouble.
17. the idea of fairness公平意识
Fairness 名词, 公平性;合理性, 为不可数名词
Fair adj. 公正的
Unfair adj. 不公正的
Unfairness n 不公平;不合理
In fairness 说句公道话
18. since they live in one house with their parents , they should know that..
既然他们和父母住在一所房子里,…
(1)since 在此处作连词,意为: 因为;既然,引导原因状语从句,常位于句首.所表示的原因是众所周知或显而易见的.
Since you don’t know the boy, I will ask someone else.
(2)since做连词,:意为: 从…以后;自…以来 ,引导时间状语从句,常用一般过去时,主句常用现在完成时.
Mary has lived here since she was five. Mary从五岁起就一直住在这里.
(3)作介词,意为:从..以后;自…以来, 后接表示时间点的词或短语,句子时态常用现在完成时.
She has been here since 3 o’clock this morning.
她从今天凌晨三点起就一直在这。
（4）做副词，自。。以来，从。。以后， 常与现在完成时连用。
19. do one’s part in (doing) sth. 尽自己的职责做某事
As a policeman, he should do his part in protecting people.
拓展: part的其他常用短语
(1)play a part in 参与;在…中起作用;在..中扮演角色
Computer plays an important part in our life.
(2) take part in 参与;参加
All the students took part in the game.
20. neighbor 作可数名词,邻居
We got a lot of help from our friends and neighbors.
Neighborhood 还可意为:城区;街区 即指住所周边的地理环境,也指住在同一区域的人.
21. have no idea = don’t know 不知道
I have no idea what you mean. = I don’t know what you mean.
22. as a result因此，结果 as a result of …由于……作为……的结果
| as a result | 副词性短语, 结果 后面跟表示结果的句子 |
| as a result of | 介词短语 因为;由于 后常跟名词/代词,表示原因 |
Bill was late as a result of the heavy snow.
23. fall ill生病 fall在此处作连系动词,后跟形容词作表语. ill 作形容词,意为:有病;不舒服
ill 作形容词,还可意为: 坏的;有害的 常用在health,effect(影响)前作定语.
24. grades drop成绩下降
Drop 动词,落下;掉下 过去式和过去分词均为 dropped
The apples dropped from the trees.
拓展: 1)drop 作动词 还可意为:放弃;停止
Drop out of school 辍学
Let’s drop the bad habit.
(2)作名词,意为:水珠 ; 雨 滴
Drops of rain fell on the stone. 雨滴落在石头上。
25. It’s fair/ unfair for sb to do sth 对于某人来说，做……是（不）公平的。
26. get something to drink买饮料
27. be careful with… 小心对待……
28. a few other things另外几件事
29.the earlier...the better…越早……越好…….
The+比较级,the+比较级 表示:越…, 越….
the more she learns ,the more she wants to learn.
她越学就越想学。
the more we do for the people, the happier we will be.
我们为人民做得越多，就越觉得幸福。
President Xi said that the more hard-working we are , the luckier we will be.
习说我们越努力就会越幸运。
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