
Step 1 Lead in
一般过去时导入:一般过去时的概念
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
I lost my pen.(过去时)
2. I have lost my pen.(现在完成时)
过去时一般表示过去所发生的动作或存在的状态。“我把笔丢了”,说话人只是想告诉对方在过去的某一个时间里他的笔丢了,仅此而已。
Step 2 new lesson
一.现在完成时的构成:
助动词have/has(not) +动词过去分词
She has turned on the lights. (否定句,一般疑问句)
肯定式: have/ has+过去分词 否定式: haven’t/hasn’t+过去分词
疑问式:把have/has 提到主语前面肯定回答:Yes,…..have/has
否定回答:No,…..haven’t/hasn’t
二.用法
1。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,例如
She has gone. 她走了. She went in the past.——She is not here now.
I have just cleaned my hands.
我刚洗过手。(“洗手”是发生在过去的动作,对现在造成的结果是“手干净了”)
I have closed the door. (The door is close now.)
She has turned on the lights. (The lights are on now.)
He has written his name on the blackboard. (The name is on the blackboard now.)
Mother has cooked the dinner. (I haven’t got money now.)、
Mother has cooked the dinner. (We can have dinner now.)
You have seen the film. You know what the film is about.)
We have cleaned the classroom. (The classroom is clean now.)
2。 表示动作发生在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能继续延续下去。这时常和since所引导的短语或从句或for引导的短语连用(for有时可以省去)。以及 so far, by now, these days, in the last/past ten years 等连用。
I have lived here for over ten years.
He has studied here since 2006.
都用How long 提问,例:
We have learned English for three years.
We have learned English since three years ago.
-How long have you learned English?
They ___have written_________(write) 15 songs so far.
Mr. Green __has been_______ (be) in China these years.
三. 现在完成时句中常见的时间状语
A. just, already, yet, ever, never,before ,recently有此类副词时, 常强调动作完成, 不强调动作的持续.
She has ___never just already__________ eaten a Mango.
Has she __ever__ eaten a mango.
He has ___just already______ come.
I have finished your homework __already___.
Have you milked the cow _yet___?
He has not come__yet__.
We have seen the movie before,我们以前看过这个电影
其中just用于肯定句, 意为“刚刚”,already用于肯定句, 意为“已经,yet用在疑问句中也意为“已经”,ever用于一般疑问句,意为“曾今”。
1.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。实例:
1)I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)
2)I've washed my clothes already.我已经洗了衣服。
(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。)
注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。实例:
3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已经见过他了?
2.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。实例:
1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已经找到他的手表了吗?
—No,not yet.不,还没有。
2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)
3.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
He has just come back from school .他刚从学校回来。 注意just now 用于过去时
4.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去过吗?
2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她说过话。
5.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
I have never travelled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的。实例:
1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去过海南吗?
2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜
B.表示从过去一直持续到现在, 要用表示一段时间的时间状语来强调动作的持续,不能是具体过去时间。
for + 时间段 如: for ten years
时间点 如: since nine o’clock
since +. 时间段 + ago 如: since ten years ago
一般过去时态从句(主句是现在完成时)
如: since you came since you got home
C.现在完成时不能和明确表示过去的时间连用,如: yesterday last year two years ago in 1999 just now …
四.一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
现在完成时,强调这一动作产生的结果对现在的影响,与现在有关
一般过去时,仅仅表示在过去某一时刻曾发生过这一动作,与现在无关。
试比较:
1)I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。(意即还没找到,现在我没有笔用。)
She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把笔丢了。(笔是昨天丢的,现在找到与否,没有说明。)
2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看过这个农业展览会。(强调我知道它的内容)
I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上周参观了这个农业展览会。(只说明我上周参观过展览会这件事)
3) Who has opened the door? 谁把门开了?(现在门还开着)
Who opened the door? 谁开的门?(指过去,与现在无关。现在门是关着还是开着,没有说明。)
4) A:Have you had your lunch? 你吃过年饭没有?(意即你现在不饿吗?)
B:Yes,I have.吃了。(意即我现在饱了,不要再吃了。)
A:When did you have it 你什么时候吃的?(说话人感兴趣的是“吃”这一动作发生在什么时候。)
B:I had it about half an hour ago.我是大约半小时前吃的
The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。(说明现在的情况:飞机在这儿)
The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻中以前来的。(强调动作发生的时间在过去)
I have taught here for fifteen years.
我在这儿已经教了十五年。(表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在,还可能会继续。)
I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年。(表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教了
五 现在完成时的动词问题
常见的短暂性动词这类动词常见的有: come , go , begin , arrive , leave , stop , die , marry , borrow , return , buy , join , become
短暂性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,,但是他们可以转换成相应的延续性动词.
短暂性动词 延续性动词
die → be dead borrow → keep buy/catch → have
get up → be up
come → be in
finish → be over
leaver → be away
open → be open
close → be closed
begin → be on
become interested in → be interested in
buy– have catch(get) a cold –have a cold
六 have been 与have gone 的用法比较
“have been +in+地点名词”或“have been + 位置副词”的意思是“在某地呆过(多久)”,如:Mr. Green
has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中国呆过好多年。
I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以来一直呆在这儿。
“have been + to +地点名词”或“have been+ 位置副词”意思是“曾经到过某地(多少次)”。 如:
Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐到日本去过两次。
Have you ever been here before? 你以前到过这吗?
七.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示“动作已经发生”,但不同点在于:
(1)现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,即对现在产生的结果、影响等,而一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系。
He has learned French for three years.他学法语已经三年了。
He learned French for three years.他曾经学过三年法语。
Who has taken my bag? I couldn't find it.谁拿走了我的包?我找不到了?
He cleaned the house yesterday.他昨天打扫过房间。
The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already.房间很干净,因为他已经打扫过了。
(2)现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用,而一般过去时则可以。
He has done some washing yesterday.
He did some washing yesterday.
他昨天洗衣服了。
