
1.词法
冠词、名词、代词、副词、动词、介词和介词短语、连词、数词。
2.句法
句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。
句子种类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
句子结构:简单句
并列句
a)名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句
复合句:b)定语从句
c)状语从句
特殊句式:倒装句、强调句、省略句、there be句式
主谓一致
直接引语和间接引语
虚拟语气
【句子成分】
1.主语:主语是一个句子的主体,一般位于句首。
名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等均可作主语。
e.g. Instead,a picture should try to show the “life” of its subject.
e.g. To find a best friend is difficult.
2.谓语:用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态,一般位于主语之后,由动词或动词短语充当,且谓语有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
e.g. I run into the classroom.
e.g. He had an apple for breakfast.
3.宾语:宾语是动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词之后。名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分次、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等均可充当宾语成分。
e.g. People love to get together.
e.g. I like chatting online.
宾语的种类:(1)双宾语:间接宾语+直接宾语
e.g. Hand me your book, please.
(2)复合宾语:宾语+宾语补足语
e.g. They elected him their monitor.
4.表语:表语用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。一般位于系动词之后,与之构成系表结构。名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、从句等均可作表语。
e.g. I am a girl.
e.g. Anyway, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality.
5.定语:定语是修饰名词或代词,用来描述人或事物的品质或特征的句子成分。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、从句等均可作定语。单个单词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词前面;短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰的词的后面。
e.g. He is a tall boy.
e.g. Health care is free for everyone living in Britain.
e.g. I’m going to make a project book with lots of pictures in it.
e.g. I contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes.
6.状语:状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等关系。副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、名词和从句等均可作状语。
e.g. I’m studying English at school.
e.g. The students study hard.
e.g. The bag is too heavy.
7.补足语:补足语有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种,是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态的一种句子成分。
1>宾语补足语:可由名词、形容词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。
e.g. They called him the prince of gymnasts.
e.g. I tried my best to make him happy.
2>主语补足语:可由形容词、名词、数词、介词短语、分词、不定式等充当。
e.g. Tom was made monitor. VS I made Tom monitor.
e.g. No one is known to have escaped.
8.同位语:在句中对某一成分作进一步的解释说明,并与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。常放在被说明的名词或代词后面。名词、代词、数词和从句等均可充当同位语。
e.g. Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.
e.g. Henry Clay, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919.
9.成分:句子中的成分是一种与全句没有语法关系的成分。感叹语、呼语和插入语一般都充当成分。
e.g. well, that’s good news. Oh no! I was wrong.
e.g. I wonder, Mr Adams, if you’d mind us asking a few questiongs.
e.g. Oh,by the way,I don’t have many friends yet.
【句子结构】
1.简单句:句子中只包含一个主语和一个谓语时。
(1)主语+谓语(S+V)
(2)主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)
(3)主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)
(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+O+O)
(5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)
2.并列句:由两个或更多的主谓结构或简单句并列连接在一起的句子称之 为并列句。可用并列连词或词组来连接分句。有时甚至不用并列连词,只用分号、冒号等把分句隔开。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
e.g. The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
3.复合句:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成,主句是句子的主体,从句充当某种句子成分,如在句中作主语、宾语、状语、同位语等。但无论哪种从句都不能存在。
1>名词性从句:主语从句
e.g. That anyone should want to kill her was unbelievable
表语从句
e.g. That is why we’ve given you the letter.
宾语从句
e.g. I know that you like me.
同位语从句
e.g. The fact that he is older than me is quite shocking.
2>定语从句:e.g. Have you been to the restaurant that’s just opened in town?
3>状语从句:e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
