
Background Information
The Sad Young Men and the Lost Generation: refer to the same group of people. The name was first created and used by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men and second by Gertrude Stein. These names were applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the WWI, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism享乐主义.
Lost Generation: group of expatriate 移居国外American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group never formed a cohesive literary movement, but it consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams, Thornton Wilder, Archibald MacLeish, and Hart Crane. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who, in a conversation with Hemingway, used an expression she had heard from a garage manager, une géneration perdue (“a lost generation”), to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I (1914-1918) experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph 引语for his novel The Sun Also Rises (1926).
Beat Generation: group of American writers of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values. The term sometimes is used to refer to those who embraced the ideas of these writers.
The term Beat Generation was first used by Kerouac in the late 1940s. The word beat had various connotations for the writers, including despair over the beaten state of the individual in mass society and belief in the beatitude, or blessedness, of the natural world and in the restorative powers of the beat of jazz music and poetry. Beat writing generally called for a renunciation of material goods and acquisitiveness in favor of a rediscovery of the erotic, artistic, and spiritual self through the use of drugs, casual sex, music, and the mysticism of Zen禅宗 Buddhism.
§What kind of writing is this one? And what is the topic of it?
This is a piece of expository writing by two American writers explaining a certain period in American literary and social history. It focuses esp. on the attitudes and revolt of the young people who returned from WWI, disappointed and disillusioned. In this revolt the young intellectuals, writers and artists, stood in the van and was the most vocal group. Many of these intellectuals lived abroad, esp. in Paris, as expatriates, but most of them later returned to the U.S. voluntarily. These intellectuals were called “Sad Young Men” or “the lost generation”, because they were critical and rebellious. However, they were never lost because they were also very creative and productive and as this essay says: “gave the nation the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating writing in its literary experience”.
§What is the thesis of this essay? In which para is it stated?
In the last para of the essay, the thesis is stated as follow: “The intellectuals of the twenties, the ‘sad young men’, as F. Scott Fitzgerald called them, cursed their luck but didn’t die; escaped but voluntarily returned; flayed the Babbits but loved their country, and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating writing in its literary experience”.
§What is the structural organization of this essay? How many parts does this essay fall into?
The structural organization of this essay is clear and simple. The essay divides logically into paras with part. Functions: to introduce the subject in para 1, to support and develop the thesis in para 2 through 9, to bring the discussion to an end in para 10-11.
§How do these two writers support their thesis?
They support their thesis by providing historical material concerning the revolt of the younger generation of the twenties in a series of paras and para units between the introduction and conclusion. Each para or para unit develops a new but related aspect of the thought stated in the thesis. Frequently the first sentence of these middle paras states clearly the main idea of the material that follows and indicates a new but related stage of the developing thought.
Detailed Study of the Text
P 1: §What is the function of the first para? How do these writers develop this para?
The first para is an introductory one, beginning by mentioning the interest in the Twenties by young people today. In addition, these writers discuss the questions that present-day students are asking their parents and teachers: Was there really a Younger Generation problem? Were young people really so wild?
sensationally romanticized: was treated in a passionate, idealized manner to shock thrill and rouse the interest of people
No aspect of life…more commented…than: After WWI, during the 1920s, every aspect of life in the U. S. has been commented upon, but the so-called Revolt of the Younger Generation has been more commented upon than all the other aspect.
revolt: an act of protest or rejection
nostalgic: bittersweet longing for things, persons, or situations of the past
middle-aged: middle-aged people lived through the Twenties so they can recall what life was like then
the young: the young people have only heard about all this and were very curious about the lives of young people of another generation
nostalgic, curious: both are transferred epithets. They really modify “the middle-aged” and “the young” respectively
The slightest mention…by the young: At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly and young people become curious and start asking all kinds of questions.
thrill: a source or cause of excitement or emotion
deliciously illicit thrill: an improper action but very enjoyable and exciting. A visit to a speakeasy was improper or prohibited because these places sold alcoholic drinks illegally. This explains the “illicit thrill”.
speakeasy: a place for the illegal sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks, as during Prohibition in the United States (the period 1923-33)
denunciation: the act or an instance of denouncing, especially a public condemnation or censure驳斥
Puritan morality: extreme or excessive strictness in matters of morals. Strict Puritans even regarded drinking, gambling and participation if theatrical performances as punishable offences.
amour: a love affair, especially an illicit one
experimentation: the act, process, or practice of experimenting
fashionable experimentations in amour: trying out new ways of lovemaking as everyone was doing at that time
sedan: a closed automobile having two or four doors and a front and rear seat
parked sedan: in a sedan car parked on lonely country roads
§What is been talked about in noun phrase “memories of…country road”? And the following noun phrase “questions about…drugstore cowboy”?
The long noun phrases are the nostalgic recollections of the middle-aged, the following noun phrase are some of the questions asked by curious young people.
naughty: mildly indecent
jazzy: playing jazz music
sheik: a leader of an Arab family or village 酋长; a masterful man to whom women are supposed to be irresistibly attracted; a romantically alluring man
moral and stylistic vagaries: odd and eccentric dress and conduct
flapper: in the 1920s, a young woman considered bold and unconventional in action and dress; a young woman, esp. one in the 1920's who showed disdain for conventional dress and behavior
drugstore cowboy: a western movie extra 临时演员who loafs/idle in front of drugstores between pictures
of necessity: because of necessity
The answers…and no: The answer to such questions must because of necessity be both “yes” and “no”.
§Why do they think the answers to such questions must necessarily be both “yes” and “no”?
People cannot give a simply “yes” or “no” answer to such questions
“yes”…Problem: In the process of growing up, during the period when children grow up to become adults, there always exists a Younger Generation Problem. In this sense the answer must be “yes”.
see in perspective: to view or judge things or events in a way that show their true relations to one another
sensational: arousing/intended to arouse strong curiosity, interest, or reaction, esp. by exaggerated or lurid details耸人听闻的
degeneration: moral corruption, depravity
jazzmad: blindly and foolishly fond of jazz music
“no”…jazzmad youth: when we look back now to those days and view things in their true relations to one another, we see that the social behavior of the young people was not very wild, irresponsible, and immoral. Their behaviour was far from being as sensational as the degeneration of jazzmad youth. Therefore, on this sense, the answer must be “no”.
P 2: logical outcome: necessary or expected result or consequence
§Why do they think the revolt of the youths was an expected result? How many reasons do they list?
Western world: all the countries in the western hemisphere and Europe
aftermath: a consequence, esp. of a disaster or misfortune
§Which war are they referring to by “the first serious war in a country”?
The writer, perhaps, is referring to the WWI as the last serious war that took place almost a hundred years ago.
the rebellion was no confined…century: the revolt of the young did not take place only in the U. S., but affected all the countries in the Western world. Their revolt was the result or consequence of WWI—the biggest and most serious war in a hundred years.
Actually…in the age: Actually, the revolt of the young people was a necessary and expected consequence of the conditions that existed in this period of history.
subconscious: occurring without conscious perception, or with only slight perception, on the part of the individual
tradition: stories, beliefs, customs, etc handed down orally from generation to generation
it was reluctantly…or tradition: some people in the U. S. fully understood, though unwillingly, that the U. S. could no longer remain isolated politically or in matters of social customs and practices. If these people did not state their views openly, at least, they understood it subconsciously.
to reach international stature: to develop and grow into a nation respected and esteemed by all other nations in the world
artificial: produced rather than natural; brought about/caused by sociopolitical/other human-generated forces/influences 人为的
provincial: narrow, limited like that of rural provinces. Here the word means narrow like that of a single country—the U. S.
We had reached…bordering oceans: metaphor, comparing “provincial morality” to “artificial walls” We have become a world power so we can no longer on our action just follow the principles of right and wrong as accepted in our own country, nor can we remain isolated geographically protected by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In other words, the U. S. can no longer pursue a policy of isolationism.
P 3: Victorian: showing the middle-class respectability, prudery, bigotry, etc, generally attributed to Victorian England
gentility: the quality of being genteel; now, esp. excessive or affected refinement and elegance
The rejection…inevitable: In any case, America could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.
boom v.: to grow or develop rapidly; flourish
roar v. : to make or produce a loud noise
roaring: very active or successful; brisk;
impersonality: the lack or absence of a personal or human character; the quality or state of not involving personal feelings or the emotions
aggressive: implies a bold and energetic pursuit of one’s ends, connoting, in derogatory usage, a ruthless desire to dominate and, in a favorable sense, enterprise, initiative, etc.
code: any set of principles or rules of conduct; a moral code
well-bred: of good upbringing; well-mannered and refined
The booming…competitive age: After WWI, America became a highly industrialized country. There were big successful factories operating everywhere. Business became huge corporations devoid of any human feelings and the ruthless desire to dominate was exercised on a large scale. In this new atmosphere, the principles of polite, courteous and considerate behaviour and conduct that were formed in a quieter and less competitive age (before WWI) could no longer exist.
medium: environment
to battle for success: metaphor, they had to fight as in a battle in order to become successful
War or no war…for success: With or without a war, as one generation followed another, the young people found it increasingly difficult to accept standards of behaviour that seemed in no way to be related to the noisy, busy world of business, and it was in this bustling business world that they were expected to become successful
catalytic agent: a person or thing acting as the stimulus in bringing about or hastening a result
agent: an active force or substance producing an effect; a chemical agent
breakdown n.: the act or process of failing to function/continue
The war acted…social structure: The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure. It’s a metaphor, the war being compared to a catalytic agent
precipitate v.: to throw from or as if from a great height; to cause to happen, esp. suddenly/prematurely
by precipitating…violent energies: by throwing our young people suddenly and unexpectedly into a World War, which was a form of mass murder, we released the violent energies which the young people has so far held in check or repressed
obsolescent adj.: being in the process of passing out of use or usefulness
which, after the shooting…society: when the war was over, the young people used their newly released violent energies, both in Europe and America, to destroy the 19th century society that was getting old and becoming unacceptable
P 4: challenge: anything, as a demanding task, that calls for special effort or dedication
mores: customs, esp. the fixed or traditional customs of a society, often acquiring the force of law
Thus…to date: Thus in a world where everything was changing, our young people had to take up the demanding task of reforming our traditional social customs in order to keep up with this changing world.
tempt v.: to try to get (sb.) to do wrong, esp. by a promise of reward
air: an outward appearance; general impression or feeling given by sth.
naughty adj.: indecent; improper
sophistication: the state of being artificial, worldly-wise, urbane etc
pose: a way of behaving or speaking that is assumed for effect; pretense
Bohemian: a person, esp. an artist, poet, etc, who lives in an unconventional, nonconforming way; having or displaying a very informal and unconventional way of life
it was tempted…immorality: in America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to shirk their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily. They pretended to live like unconventional artists or poets, breaking the moral code of the community.
faddishness: the following of fads
novelty n.: the quality of being novel; newness
hectic adj.: characterized by intense activity, confusion, or haste
perversion n.: a sexual practice/act considered abnormal or deviant
pattern: a regular, mainly unvarying way of acting or doing; behaviour patterns
The faddishness…pattern of escape: The young people did many of the following foolish and wild things in their attempt to escape their responsibilities. They went in for all kinds of fads, spent money freely on transitory pleasures and momentary novelties. They pretended to be wildly gay and experimented with all kinds of sensations, including those produced by sex, drugs, alcohol and perversions.
fatigue n.: physical or mental weariness resulting from exertion
an escape…responsibilities: the young people could do all these things in their attempt to escape their responsibilities because after the WWI there was general prosperity in the country and people were tired of politics, economic restrictions and international responsibilities.
Prohibition: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes; specifically in the U. S., the period (1920-1933) of prohibition by Federal law
Prohibition…illicit: The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful added a sense of adventure.
much publicized: reported often and widely in newspapers and magazines
orgy: any wild, riotous, licentious merrymaking; debauchery放荡
manifesto n.: a public declaration of principles, policies, or intentions, esp. of a political nature
Greenwich Village: section of New York City, on the lower west side of Manhattan, noted as a center for artists, writers etc, it is formerly a village
the much-publicized…escapism: the much publicized wild and riotous life of the intellectuals in Greenwich Village and their defiant open declarations of their motives and intentions provided the young people with a philosophy that could justify their escapism
spree n.: overindulgence in an activity
And like…ran out: And like most wild, riotous lives led by the escapist, this one also ended when the escapists didn’t have any more money to spend.
crash n.: a sudden economic or fiscal failure
sober up: cause sb. to become sober
the crash…to sober up: a metaphor, comparing the wild, riotous living of the escapists to a party and the escapists to drunken revelers. The Great Economic Depression which started in the U. S. in 1929 brought the young escapists back to their senses and stopped the wild, riotous lives they were living.
P 5: the stalemate of 1915-1916: this refers to the stalemate on the Western Front in Europe. Grueling trench warfare took place, but the battle lines remained virtually stationary for three years
insolence of Germany towards the U. S.: this refers to the sinking of the Lusitania. The U.S. declared itself a neutral nation at the beginning of WWI. At the outset, Germany and Britain each sought to terminate U.S. trade with the other. Exploiting its naval advantage, Britain gained the upper hand and almost ended U.S. trade with Germany. Americans protested this interference, but when German submarines, known as U-boats, began to use unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915, American public opinion turned against Germany. Then on May 7, 1915, a German submarine attacked a British passenger liner, the Lusitania, killing 1,195 people, including 128 Americans. Washington condemned the attacks, which led to a brief respite 间歇in German attacks. In the presidential race of 1916, President Wilson won reelection on the campaign slogan “He Kept Us Out of War.”
In February 1917, however, Germany reinstated the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. Ending diplomatic ties with Germany, Wilson still tried to keep the U. S. out of the war. But Germany continued its attacks, and the U. S. found out about a secret message, the Zimmermann (German diplomat) telegram, in which the German government proposed an alliance with Mexico and discussed the possibility of Mexico regaining territory lost to the U. S. Resentful that Germany was sinking American ships and making overtures to Mexico, the U. S. declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.
to declare our status as a belligerent: to declare war, America entered the war rather late, on April 6, 1917.
jingoism n.: extreme nationalism characterized esp. by a belligerent foreign policy沙文主义
our young…flags: our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war
John Dos Passos’ U. S. A. : in his finest achievement, the trilogy U. S. A. (1937), composed of the 42nd Parallel (1930) 1919 (1932) and The Gig Money (1936), he developed the kaleidoscopic万花筒的technique of Manhattan Transfer (1925), by skillfully weaving together narration, stream of consciousness, biographies of representative figures, and quotations from newspapers and magazines. In this immensely successful novel, Dos Passos first experimented with the techniques for which he is best known: the “newsreel” technique, whereby he inserted fragments of popular songs and news headlines into his text; and the “camera eye” technique, whereby he provided short, poetic responses to give the author's point of view.
fun: amusement, sport, recreation, adventure, etc. The young idealistic people thought fighting in a war was sth. adventurous and romantic
they wanted…belly up: the young people wanted to take part if the glorious adventure before the whole war ended
For military…occupation: The young people eagerly enlisted under foreign flags to fight in the war because, in 1916-1917, they still considered military service a romantic occupation.
§What do the writers mean in saying “magnolia-scented” soap opera?
magnolia-scented: it may have the literal meaning of having the scent of the magnolia. The soap opera was put up by companies selling magnolia-scented soap. It may also mean “very sweet and cloying” because the magnolia flower has a very sweet scent. Finally, it may also mean “of, relating to, or resembling the South of pre-civil war days.”
soap opera: a daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic, sentimental nature; it is so called since many original sponsors were soap companies
fracas n.: a noisy, disorderly fight or quarrel
§The original meaning of the verb dissolve is “to reduce (solid matter) to liquid form”; what does it mean here in the sentence?
dissolve: (in motion pictures or TV) to fade or make fade into or out of view 淡入淡出
The strife…San Juan Hill: The civil war of 1861-1865 was always portrayed in the movies and in stories as a highly sentimental drama (nostalgic to people from the southern states) and the war with Spain in 18 always ended in a scene in a movie showing the one-sided victory at Manila or the Americans charging up San Juan Hill.
assembly orator: public speakers; eloquent and skilled public speaker
strenuous adj.: energetic or zealous
Furthermore…and exciting: Furthermore, many speakers at high school meetings told the boys that hard life of the war would help to form their character. These speakers convinced more than enough these boys, who were sensible in many other respects, that fighting in the European war would be of great value to them personally, in addition to being idealistic and exciting.
§Why is the word “intellectuals” put in quotes? Why did they join the ambulance corps?
the “intellectuals”…ambulance corps: “Intellectuals” is put in quotes to show that they were college-age students who considered themselves to be intellectuals and would be writers or those who had intellectual interests or tastes. They did not want to take part in the actual killing so they joined the ambulance corps.
merchant marine: privately owned and operated commercial vessels, registered under the American flag, engaged in foreign commerce, coastal trade, Great Lakes shipping, or towing operations on the inland waterways; here it refers to the vessels that helped to carry supplies and ammunitions in WWI.
the National Guard: volunteer military organization composed of the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. In times of peace National Guard units, located in each state, are under the jurisdiction of state governors and may be mobilized during natural disasters or civil disorders; they are also reserve components of the U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force. As such, the units may be ordered to active federal duty by the president in times of war or national emergency.
draft: the choosing or taking of an individual or individuals from a group for some special purpose, esp. for compulsory military service
So tremendous…for the draft: So great was the rush to enlist at the recruitment centers that the worried and troubled sergeants (who were in charge of the job) actually pleaded with the young volunteers to go home and wait until they were called up for service.
unabated adj.: sustaining an original intensity or maintaining full force with no decrease
P 6: spirit of carnival: festive spirit, spirit of revelry and merrymaking
high: characterized by sublime, heroic, or stirring events; exciting
a good taste of: metaphor, to have real or thorough experience of
Naturally…warfare: Naturally, the festive spirit and the enthusiasm for exciting military adventure disappeared once the eager young men experienced what 20th century warfare was really like
to: used to indicate result, they fought with distinction resulting in their lasting glory
distinction: the quality that makes one seem superior or worthy of special recognition; to serve with distinction
to their…distinction: the young people fought very bravely and well and as a result they will always be honored and admired
contingent n.: a share or quota, as of troops, contributed to a general effort分遣队
action: military combat in general
whose idealism…of action: the young men of college age were idealists so they joined the army early and took part in a lot of real fighting
bombast n.: grandiloquent, pompous speech or writing
Fourth-of-July bombast: pompous and patriotic speeches made during the Fourth of July celebrations
To them…years earlier: These young men felt very bitter when they returned to their home town which was almost unaffected by the war. The native people here were still taking pompously and patriotically as the young men themselves had done a few years ago. The young men who had seen considerable action were now disillusioned and hardened people.
recession n.: an extended decline in general business activity
open up: make available or accessible
problem: very difficult to deal with esp. to train or discipline a problem child
It was even…did exist: They felt more bitter because they couldn’t find jobs. Their old jobs were taken by those who stayed at home and did not fight in the war. There were no new jobs because of the economic recession and the few jobs that were there were given to non-veterans because the bosses felt the veterans were difficult people to handle
they had outgrown…understand: metaphor, comparing their unsuitability to growing too large for one’s clothes. These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families. They suddenly felt very confused and weary of the world. They and their relatives could not understand why this happened.
whip up: to rouse; excite
their energies…by the war: the war released their inhibited energies and destroyed their innocence and simplicity
curb v.: to check, restrain, or control as if with a curb
resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence: to resume living and behaving simply and innocently as the former Victorian social structure required them to do. If they did this, they would be deceiving themselves because they knew this Victorian morality was now outmoded and wrong
they were being…for democracy”: these veterans returning from the war were disillusioned people but filled with violent energy released by the war. They knew they did not fight to make the world safe for democracy but for the imperial interests of the different nations. They knew the old Victorian social structure in the U. S. was out-of-date and should be changed. Yet they were now being asked to hold in check these energies released by the war and to start living and behaving as they did before the war started.
sodden adj.: expressionless, stupid, or dull, esp. from drink
The returning veteran…profiteers: The returning veteran soldiers also had to face the stupid cynicism of the victorious allies in Versailles who acted as cynically as Napoleon did. They had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people. And they also had to face the self-satisfied patriotic air of the war profiteers.
give: to bend, sink, move, break down, yield, etc. from force or pressure
Something…give: (Under this force and pressure) something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.
after a short period…of behavior: after a short period of bitter indignation, the young people reacted by completely overthrowing the polite and refined standards of behavior.
P 7: Greenwich Village…pattern: metonymy, The writers and artists living in Greenwich Village set the example which other young intellectuals throughout the country followed.
dubious reputation: a reputation that was questionable, shady
Bohemianism and eccentricity: the two words here are more or less synonymous, both emphasizing the odd and unconventional lives of the intellectuals and artists
The village had…eccentricity: Greenwich Village had long been widely but unfavorably known for its unconventional and nonconforming way of life.
harbor v.: to provide a place, home, or habitat for
Babbittry: (after George Babbitt, title character of a satirical novel 1922 by Sinclair Lewis) a smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indifferent to cultural values
it was only natural…artistic center: metonymy, “pens” standing for their writing and “Babbittry” for qualities once displayed by George Babbitt. It was only natural that hopeful young writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.
to pour out…sensation: they employed their newly acquired creative strength to write vigorously; to demolish the old world (by attacking everything that represented it); to scoff at the morality that their grandfathers respected (by living Bohemian and eccentric lives), and by spending all their time, energy and money on art, love and the pursuit of new sensations.
P 8: Soon…non-intellectuals: Soon there appeared many young people who were not writers or artists but who imitated them.
defy v.: to oppose or resist with boldness and assurance
own little matchsticks: metaphor, misdeeds compared to matchsticks, they helped to intensify the flame of revolt
conflagration n.: a large, destructive fire
to add…“flaming youth”: metaphor, the revolt of the young compared to a conflagration. Many other young people began to intensify and spread this revolt of the young by their own misdeeds (breaking the law and living unconventional lives)
it was…flame: metonymy and metaphor, the young intellectuals living in Greenwich Village helped to keep the revolt alive and to spread it throughout the country
“Bohemian”…fad: living Bohemian lives became a craze or passing fashion
fast: living in a reckless, wild, dissipated way; a fast crowd
set n.: a group of persons sharing a common interest
Each town…unconventionality: Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives
country club: a suburban club for social and sports activities, usu. featuring a golf course
§What is the main difference between the country club class and its less affluent imitators?
this self-conscious…the nation: deliberately living an unconventional life soon became a common thing among rich young people (those who could afford to join country clubs). It also became a common feature among less rich people throughout the country.
pulpit n.: clerics considered as a group神职人员的总称
§What rhetorical device has been used in this sentence?
Before long…irresistible: metonymy, pulpit representing the church. Before long this movement was officially accepted as a fact by the church, by the movies and magazines, and by the advertising agencies, but they showed their recognition in different ways. The church denounced it from the pulpit. The movies and magazines pretended to denounce it but in reality succeeded in making it more attractive by depicting it as sth. naughty. The advertising agencies encouraged it indirectly by playing up sex attraction in their advertisements selling from cigarettes to automobiles.
Belleau Wood: small forest in France; site of a battle in WWI, fought between German and U.S. troops in Belleau Wood, a wooded tract less than 2.6 sq km (1 sq mi) in area, located northeast of Paris. A German drive toward Paris had been halted, and the Germans were entrenched 用壕沟围住in Belleau Wood when on June 6, 1918, they were attacked by a U.S. Marine brigade attached to the Second Division of the American Expeditionary Force and commanded by General James Guthrie Harbord. The marines repeatedly attacked, fighting through matted underbrush and over rocky ground. On June 24 they launched a final successful drive to capture Belleau Wood. The American casualties were more than 7800 officers and men killed, wounded, and missing. The German losses were also severe.
Chateau Thierry: town in Northern France, on the Marne; scene of intensive fighting in WWI; part of the Second Battle of the Marne马恩河, in World War I. It is notable in American history as the first victorious action of American troops in that war.
who had been playing…Chateau-Thierry: At the time the young soldiers were fighting the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, their younger brothers and sisters at home, who were still very small, were playing with marbles and dolls.
vulgar: of, characteristic of, belonging to, or common to the great mass of people in general; common; popular; a vulgar superstition
who had suffered…rebellion: metaphor, comparing living unconventional lives to playing with toys. these young brothers and sisters did not take part in the war, so they had no feeling of real disillusionment or loss. Nevertheless they began to imitate the manners of their elders and live the unconventional and nonconforming lives of those who were rebelling against society.
Their parents…new gaiety: At first the parents of these younger people were shocked by the decadent lives of their children, but soon they themselves and their friends began to adopt the new Bohemian and eccentric way of life.
the “wild party”…Floral heights: living and acting in wild, unconventional ways had become as common a sight and an accepted mode of American life as the flapper, the Model T, or the Dutch Colonial home in Floral Heights.
P 9: Meanwhile…to standardization: The true intellectuals who started the revolt against society did not feel pleased or honored by the imitation of their life-style by so many people. What they really wanted was to change America. They wanted the American people to respond more readily and deeply to art and culture, to be less greedy for material gain, and not to accept standardization so easily.
avid adj.: marked by keen interest and enthusiasm; greedy
rotary adj.: a part or device that rotates around an axis
Instead…Rotary luncheon: People did not pay attention to their ideas. Instead their Bohemian manners and behavior were imitated by everybody. This wild and eccentric way of life became as standard and conventionalized as a Rotary luncheon.
diatribe n.: a bitter, abusive denunciation
boobery: smug, self-satisfied, conformist墨守陈规者in cultural matters
Flaming diatribes…society: They began to write bitter, abusive criticism denouncing the materialism and cultural Babbitry of American society
the rallying point…America: metaphor, comparing the book to a rallying point. The critical articles written by sensitive persons (young intellectuals) disgusted with America were to be found in the book
burden: repeated, central idea; theme; the burden of a speech
The burden…being ignored: The main theme of all the articles in the book was that people were not paying serious attention to what the most gifted and intelligent people (the young intellectuals) were saying
adjunct n.: sth. attached to another in a dependent or subordinate position
Journalism…moneymaking: Journalism is only a tool that helps businessmen to make money.
keep up with the Joneses: to strive to get all the material things one’s neighbors or associates have
American family…inadequate: American families spend so much of their time on making money and strive so hard to get all the material things their neighbors have that their lives have become joyless, standardized, hypocritical and sexually unsatisfying.
show the way: to tell sb. how to get to a certain place; be an example to
§What are the rhetorical devices used in this sentence?
1.personification, America could see and hear nothing except the shining gleam and the ringing sound of the dollar; 2. metaphor, comparing America to a blind and deaf person; 3. metonymy, “glint and ring of the dollar” standing for “attraction of wealth and money”; The American people are not moved or stirred by anything. They are only conscious of money and wealth.
§The original meaning of “remedy” is medicine or therapy, that relieves pain, cures disease, or corrects a disorder, but what does it refer to here?
remedy n.: sth. that corrects an evil, a fault, or an error
§Why does the phrase “they do things better” put in quotes?
Perhaps it is because it was so written in one of the articles collected in the book Civilization in the U. S.
there was little…better: the young sensitive intellectuals could find no cure for their worries and anxieties in America, so they emigrated to Europe where everything was done in a better way.
follow suit: to follow the example set
most if its…followed suit: most of the writers who contributed to the book Civilization in the U. S. did as they advised other people to do and left for Europe. Many more artistic people and those who hoped to become artistic people someday followed their example.
P 10: common denominator: a characteristic, element, etc, held in common
In no sense…of the times: The “lost generation” was in no ways a literary movement. It was only a name given by Gertrude Stein to the American expatriates living in Paris. Yet the attitude of these expatriate writers influenced other writers and their attitude was also expressed in most of the writings of their time.
Treaty of Versailles: city in NC France, near Paris, here it refers to the peace treaty signed at the end of WWI between Germany and the Allies. It was negotiated during the Paris Peace Conference held in Versailles beginning January 18, 1919. Represented were the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy; the treaty was signed on June 28, 1919, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles (The U.S. did not ratify the agreement but signed a separate Treaty of Berlin with Germany on July 2, 1921.). The treaty mandated a number of restrictive and compensatory measures for Germany, including massive demilitarization and financial reparations.
The war…was dead: The horrors and senselessness of war, the power politics of Versailles that displayed no regard for the sincere ideals for which the war was supposed to have been fought, convinced these young men and women that the world no longer cared for things of the spirit, for intellectual pursuits, or for the refinement of thought and feeling.
the defeated aesthete: John Andrews is a character in Dos Passos’ first successful novel Three Soldiers (1921). He is highly sensitive to art and beauty but fails to succeed in life.
§What does the phrase “try to find their souls” mean?
who tried…Left Bank: all these novelists, dramatists, poets and critics who lived in Antibes and on the Left Bank tried to discover their true moral or spiritual nature while living in these places
who directed…native land: these people wrote bitter and critical articles, stories, etc., attacking the U. S., their native land.
drift v.: to be carried along by currents of air or water
who, almost…homesickness: almost everyone of them came back one after another within a few years to the U. S. because they all felt unhappy and depressed at being away from home and family.
to produce works…society: they came back to the U. S. and their experience of a more urbane and worldly-wise society (of Europe).
P 11: lost: spiritually or physically destroyed
uprooted: destroyed or removed completely; forced to leave an accustomed or native location
write off: to drop from consideration
sterile: lacking imagination, creativity, or vitality; non-productive
could never be written…self-pity: no one could ignore this period and consider it non-productive for this decade produced many famous writers such as Dos Passos, Hemingway, Eugene O’Neill, F. Scott Fitzgerald, etc. Even in a moment of self-pity these writers themselves cannot but admit that their decade was a very productive one.
flay: to strip off the skin or outer covering of; to assail with stinging criticism
flayed…country: they bitterly attacked the smug, self-satisfied, conventional and materialistic people in the U. S. but loved America
and in so doing…experience: in the process of doing the above thing, these young intellectuals produced the liveliest, freshest and most stimulating literary works that America had so far ever seen.
The Lost Generation is a term used to refer to a collective group of artists and writers who settled in Europe in the wake of the First World War. Members of this group lived in Europe in the 1920s and early 1930s, and they had a profound impact on society and the arts. The generation is referred to as “lost” not because it has faded from memory, but because the individuals often expressed a sense of emotional confusion, feeling lost in their own society.
Many members of the Lost Generation saw combat in World War I, sometimes as volunteers who traveled to Europe early, protesting America's lack of involvement in the early years of the war. Others lived through the war in Europe, or had close relationships with people who had. As a result, many had a deep sense of disillusionment created by the violence of the war, with many members viewing the war as an extended act of senseless brutality that destroyed the innocence that dominated society at the turn of the 20th century.
Members of the Lost Generation often lived a very bohemian lifestyle. They challenged conventional attitudes about appropriate behavior, especially for women, and many also expressed disdain when it came to morality, especially around sexuality. As they struggled with their disillusionment, members also questioned society as a whole, and targeted the arts with barbed commentary that suggested that most artists were simply repeating the work of previous generations.
Some well-known members of the group include Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Lost Generation included the modernist movement in art and writing, along with the Surrealist movement. Many members of this generation were deeply political, often holding radical political views that led to their marginalization in mainstream society. While some of these people are famous now, many attracted much less attention in their time; The Great Gatsby, for example, only sold 25,000 copies when it was released, although it is widely regarded as a classic in modern times.
The members of the Lost Generation struggled with shattered ideals about society, gender roles, diplomacy, morality, and other issues. Their commentary on society may not have been well-received at the time, but it went on to make icons out of many of them.
