wset_level_3_-_key_wines_table

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wset_level_3_-_key_wines_table

Wine(Region/Area)ColourGrapeVarietiesClimatic&SoilinfluencesGrapegrowing&WinemakinginfluencesStylePriceNotes(Similarities,specificities)BordeauxACBordeauxSupérieurACRedCabFranc,CabSauvignon,MerlotModeratemaritimewith:1)warmingeffectfromGulfstream2)h

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导读Wine(Region/Area)ColourGrapeVarietiesClimatic&SoilinfluencesGrapegrowing&WinemakinginfluencesStylePriceNotes(Similarities,specificities)BordeauxACBordeauxSupérieurACRedCabFranc,CabSauvignon,MerlotModeratemaritimewith:1)warmingeffectfromGulfstream2)h

Wine (Region/Area)	Colour	Grape Varieties	Climatic & Soil influences	Grapegrowing & Wine making influences	Style	Price	Notes (Similarities, specificities)
Bordeaux AC Bordeaux Supérieur AC	Red	Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot	Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream 2) hi rainfall from Atlantic Gravel	Mostly no oak	Dry Medium body Blackberry + cedar notes	**	Bordeaux Supérieur = +0.5% min alcohol + mainly red
Bordeaux AC Bordeaux Supérieur AC	White	Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc	Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream 2) hi rainfall from Atlantic Gravel	No MLF Can be fermented and matured in new oak	Grassy elderflower Toasty if oak aged	**
Bordeaux/Haut Médoc AC	Red	Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot	Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream 2) hi rainfall from Atlantic Gravel	Top quality aged in new oak barriques	Very structured Hi tannins Hi acidity Concentrated blackcurrant Toasted oak Can age for decades	***	1855 classification with 5 rank system + cru bourgeois
Bordeaux/ Pauillac AC	Red	Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot	Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream 2) hi rainfall from Atlantic Gravel	Top quality aged in new oak barriques	Very structured Hi tannins Hi acidity Concentrated blackcurrant Toasted oak Can age for decades	****+	Most powerful and structured of the Haud Medoc AC
St Julien AC	Red	Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot	Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream 2) hi rainfall from Atlantic Gravel	Top quality aged in new oak barriques		****+	Mid way between Pauillac and Margaux
Margaux AC	Red	Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot	Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream 2) hi rainfall from Atlantic Gravel	Top quality aged in new oak barriques		****+	More elegant
Pessac Léognan AC	Red	Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot	Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream 2) hi rainfall from Atlantic Gravelly soils well suited for Cab Sauv.		Lighter body vs. Haut Medoc More fragrant	****+	1987 Cru Classé chateaux list
Graves AC	Red	Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot	Gravel		Less complex vs. Pessac	***	1959 Cru Classé list of Châteaux
Saint Emilion AC Saint Emilion Grand Cru AC	Red	Merlot, Cabernet Franc	1) well drained plateau with limestone and gravel (Grand Cru) 2) escarpments with clay limestone soils (Grand Cru) 3) sandy soils at foot of escarpment (lighter wines)	Lo yielding Aged in new French oak	Mod to hi tannins Soft and rich mouthfeel Complex red berry fruit and plum aromas Can age for decades	** **+	1955 Grand Cru system from Grd Cru Classé to 1er Grand Cru classé A & B
Bordeaux/Entre 2 mers AC	White	Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc	Sandier soil	Best unoaked	Dry	**
Pessac Léognan AC	White	Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc			Dry	****
Sauternes AC Barsac	White	Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc	Cooling influences of Garonne + Ciron Misty autumn conditions	Noble rot+ Passerillage (drying grape on the vine) Late harvest with several tries Lo yields Grape selection Fermented and aged in new oak barrels	Sweet Hi alcohol Lusciously sweet vs. hi acidity Rich texture Orange marmalade aromas Notes of apricot, honey and vanilla	****	Barsac can use Sauternes or Barsac Others: 1eres cotes de Bordeaux AC, Loupiac AC
Cahors AC	Red	Malbec, Merlot, Tannat	Maritime climate but no cooling influences	Aged in oak for the best	Deep colour Hi tannins Intense dark berry fruits Can age -> cedar, earth	***	Malbec min 70%
Madiran AC	Red	Tannat	Maritime climate but no cooling influences		Deep colour Hi tannins Concentrated black fruit	***
Bergerac AC	Red	Cab Sauvignon, Cab Franc , Merlot	Maritime climate but no cooling influences		Bordeaux-style	**	Also whites and rosés
Monbazillac AC	White	Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc	Maritime climate but no cooling influences		Sweet	**
Jurancon AC	White	Petit Manseng	Maritime climate but no cooling influences		Sweet Hi acidity	***	Also dry white
Cotes de Gascogne IGP	White	Ugni Blanc and others	Maritime climate but no cooling influences		Dry; Aromatic; Crisp ;Light Green apples	*
Chablis AC 1er cru Grand Cru	White	Chardonnay	Northern continental climate Limestone+kimmeridgian clay Portlandian clay (usually Petit Chablis) 1er cru: well exposed slopes Grand cru: hillside across the river		Hi acidity Stony or smoky minerality Basic: Austere with green plum fruit 1er cru: riper fruit (lemon) Grd Cru: some oak flavours Can age -> complex smoky flavours	* ****+	1er cru (40): Montée de Tonnerre, Vaillons & Fourchaume Grand crus (7): Les Clos, Grenouilles, La Moutonne

Cote de Nuits Villages AC	Red	Pinot Noir	Northern continental climate Mostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposure Limestone+marl Guyot pruning	Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturation	Red fruit flavours: cherry, raspberry, strawberry) Usually full bodied Med to hi tannins Med to hi acidity	***	Also whites (Chardonnay)
Cote de Nuits 1er crus Grands Crus	Red	Pinot Noir	Northern continental climate Mostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposure Limestone+marl Guyot pruning	Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturation	Fullest bodied Pinot Noir in Burgundy Most longed-lived	****+	Most famous villages: Gevrey Chambertin AC Vougeot AC Vosne Romanée AC Nuits St Georges AC Only 1 red grand crus in Cote de Beaune (Aloxe Corton) Also in white (chardonnay)
Bourgogne Hautes Cotes de Nuit	Red	Pinot Noir	Northern continental climate Mostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposure Limestone+marl // Guyot pruning	Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturation	Lighter body less concentration vs. village	**
Cotes de Beaune Villages AC	Red	Pinot Noir	Northern continental climate Mostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposure Limestone+marl // Guyot pruning	Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturation	Red fruit flavours: cherry, raspberry, strawberry) Usually full bodied Med to hi tannins & acidity	***	Only red. Blend from any villages except Volnay, Pommard, Aloxe, Beaune.
Cotes de Beaune 1er Crus Grands Crus	White	Chardonnay	Northern continental climate Beaune	Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturation Lo yields		****+	Most famous villages: Meursault AC Puligny Montrachet AC Chassagne Montrachet AC Beaune AC Pommard AC Volnay AC Aloxe Corton AC whites
Bourgogne Hautes Cotes de Beaune	Reds	Pinot Noir	Northern continental climate Mostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposure Limestone+marl Guyot pruning		Lighter body less concentration vs. village	**	Also in whites (Chardonnay)
Bourgogne Cote Chalonnaise AC	Reds/Whites	Pinot Noir Chardonnay	Northern continental climate Mostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposure Limestone+marl Guyot pruning	Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturation	Mature more quickly	**	Less prestigious Rully AC - W Givry AC - R Mercurey AC -R Montagny AC –W
Macon AC	White	Chardonnay		MLF	Good balance of fresh apple +citrus Crisp acidity Med to full body	*	Macon Superieur AC = higher level of ripeness vs. Macon AC Also reds (Pinot Noir or Gamay)
Macon villages AC Macon +village name AC	White	Chardonnay			Soft Chardonnay More ripeness, body & character vs. Macon AC	**	Can be a blend
Maconnais/Pouilly Fuissé AC	White	Chardonnay	Northern continental climate Mostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposure Limestone+marl Guyot pruning Amphiteatre like slopes (natural suntrap)	Barrel ageing (new oak)	Rich Hi alcohol 14% Full bodied Ripe peach & melon Savoury nutty flavours from new oak	***	Communal appellation
Beaujolais AC	Red	Gamay	Warm dry climate Granite soils	Wire training Spur pruned and shoots tied together to hold vertically Mainly Carbonic maceration	Lo tannins Light body Fruit-driven Kirsch, bananas, bubblegum and cinnamon	*
Beaujolais Villages AC 10 Crus	Red	Gamay	Warm dry climate Rolling hills Granite soils	Free standing vines Gobelet training Some oak ageing (large VATs)	Lo to Med tannins Light body Red fruit	*	10 Crus Chénas AC Juliénas AC Morgon AC Fleurie AC Chiroubles AC Régnié AC Moulin a vent AC Saint Amour AC Cote de Brouilly AC Brouilly AC
Alsace AC	White Reds	Pinot Gris, Riesling, Gewurtzraminer Muscat Sylvaner Pinot Blanc Pinot Noir Edelzwicker	Cool, sunny dry climate with long dry autumns Vosges protection from winds & rain East facing slopes = best sites	Slopes -> low training + orientation to maximise sun exposure + hand harvesting Plain -> high training to minimise spring frost Double Guyot Minimal wine alteration/treatment Stainless steel or very old oak cask for fermentation No MLF	Dry to off dry Aromatic Med alcohol Pinot Blanc: Dry, full bodied, spicy Sylvaner: Best drunk young Pinot Noir: Light fruity red Far less concentration and weight of Burgundy Pinot Noir	***
Alsace Grand Cru AC	White	Riesling, GewurtzraminerPinot Gris Muscat	Cool, sunny dry climate with long dry autumns Vosges protection from winds & rain East facing slopes = best sites	Slopes -> low training + orientation to maximise sun exposure + hand harvesting Plain -> high training to minimise spring frost Double Guyot Minimal wine alteration/treatment Stainless steel or very old oak cask for fermentation No MLF Use of passerillage for VT and SGN	Riesling: Full bodied, dry, med alcohol, hi acidity, mineral character Gewurtzraminer: Golden colour Aromatic spicy nose of lychees, roses, baking spices Full bodied with oily texture Med to Lo acidity Hi alcohol Good with smoked fish, strong cheese+Asian dishes Pinot Gris: Rich, full bodied, hi alcohol but less aromatic and colourful Muscat: Grapey Muscat flavour, dry	****	Also in: VT: 14% (Riesling/Musct) 15.5% (Gewurtz/PGris) Selection Grains Nobles: 16.4% (Riesling/Musct) 18.2% (Gewurtz/PGris) Cousins: Auslese for VT BeerenAuslese for SGN
Muscadet AC Muscadet de Sevre et Maine AC Muscadet de Sevre et Maine sur Lie AC	White	Melon Blanc	Maritime climate with Atlantic ocean giving short mild winters and evenly rainfall. Warm summers Muscadet region on rolling slopes surrounding Nantes Muscadet de Sevre -> Lac de Grandlieu Mostly schist & gneiss Good retention and drainage	Wire training growing to allow machine harvesting Spring debudding Fermentation in large old casks No ageing Sur lie ageing for 3 months	Dry/Austere Fresh Fine bubbles beading the rim of the glass Med- alcohol Sur lie -> more yeasty character Drink young with shellfish	*
Anjou-Saumur/ Coteaux du Layon AC	White	Chenin Blanc	Sheltered valley by river layon	Passerillage	Sweet Fresh fruit Hi acidity Med+ alcohol Botrytised (orange marmalade & honey)	***	Quart de Chaume AC Bonnezeaux AC
Anjou-Saumur/Savennieres AC	White	Chenin Blanc	North bank of Loire Air circulation + well exposed vineyards		Dry austere young due to hi acidity Full bodied Can age -> honey + smokey mineral flavours	***	Close to Vouvray in style
Touraine/Vouvray AC	White	Chenin Blanc	Northeast of Tours Tuffeau chalky soil allows large root development + good drainage + hi acidity driven by hi calcium content for ripenin	Passerillage	Fresh apple to exotic fruit Richer + rounder with age Botrytis for sweet wines	***	Still, sparkling Dry, medium dry or sweet
Central vineyards/Sancerre AC	White	Sauvignon Blanc	Cool continental (close to Burgundy) East side / West of Loire Chalky well drained stony soils Low south-east south-west facings hills	Fermented slowly in large wooden casks Pneumatic presses + temp controlled stainless steel VATs	Hi acidity Drink young (generally)	**	Much more restrained vs. NZ Also reds (Pinot Noir)
Central Vineyards/Pouilly-Fumé AC	White	Sauvignon Blanc	Cool continental (close to Burgundy) East side / East side of Loire Chalky well drained stony soils		Dry Hi acidity	**	Close to Sancerre

N-Rhone/Cote Rotie AC	Red	Syrah	Continental: warm summers Granitic soil Winds prevent fungal diseases Best: steep south-facing slopes Strong sun exposure	Stakes/tepee growing Hand harvest Co-fermentation with Viognier to stabilise colour and tannins+aromatic intensity and viscosity	Deep colour Full bodied Hi tannins Black fruit, black pepper, floral aromas Spicy, floral freshness and textural elegance	****+	If Viognier added, max. 20% allowed
N-Rhone/Condrieu AC	White	Viognier	Continental: warm summers Granitic soil Winds prevent fungal diseases Steep well exposed terrace vineyards	Best: lo yielding Needs careful handling Use of new oak increasing	Dry Lo acidity Hi alcohol Rich Exotic apricot, spice and floral aromas	****+	Chateau Grillet AC: single property
N-Rhone/Hermitage AC	Red	Syrah	Continental: warm summers Granitic soil Winds prevent fungal diseases Well exposed steep slopes behind the town of Tain and along the Rhone	Possible to add Roussanne + Marsanne up to 15% for co fermentation	Deep colour Fullest bodied Rhone wine Hi tannins Black fruit, black pepper, floral aromas Can age very well	****+
N-Rhone/Crozes-Hermitage AC	Red	Syrah	Continental: warm summers Granitic soil Winds prevent fungal diseases North-> slopes South -> Flat plain	> Possible to add Roussanne + Marsanne up to 15% for co fermentation > Carbonic maceration for less expensive light wines > Oak-ageing for expensive wines	Lighter machine harvested with carbonic maceration to full bodied complex concentrated wines	**	Less prestigious higher volume region
S-Rhone/Cotes du Rhone Cotes du Rhone village AC	Red	Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, others	Mediterranean Flatter terrain vs. N-Rhone Hi winds	> Grenache bush trained low to the ground to protect from wind & warmth from soil > Carbonic maceration frequent Storage in stainless steel > More stringent yields and minimum alcohol to reach for	Medium bodied Fruity Simple & soft More body, structure and spiced red fruit flavours vs. generic	*	18 Villages: greater percentage of Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre Can be found in Northern rhone as well
S-Rhone/Chateauneuf du Pape AC	Red	Grenache Syrah, Mourvedre	Mediterranean East bank of the Rhone Reasonably flat Wide range of soils Galets soil that reflect and absorb heat during the day and redistribute it at night		Full bodied Hi alcohol Concentrated spiced red fruit flavours	****	1st area to get AC Rosé not permitted Part of the 7 crus: Vacqueyras, Gigondas, Lirac, Tavel, Beaume de Venise, Vinsobres
S-Rhone/Lirac / Tavel	Rosé	Cinsault, Grenache	Mediterranean West bank of Rhone		Full bodied Intense flavour	**	Tavel: only rosé Lirac: reds & whites too
Southern/Cotes du Roussillon	Reds	Syrah, Grenach, Mourvedre, Carignan	Mediterranean Rugged and mountainous Long sunlight hours, low rainfall + strong winds		Concentrated	*	Also rosé & whites
Rheingau/Rudesheim, Geisenheim, Johannesberg	White	Riesling	Cool continental with potentially wet summers Northern bank of Rhein + Main river Modestly steep hills south facing + protection of Taunus hills to the North Rudesheim: steeper hills	Vineyards planted in rows up the slope or terraced Handwork Stakes with canes tied at the top to maximise sun exposure Minimal adjustments to the wine Stainless steel VATs or large oak vessels	Medium to full body Hi acidity Ripe peach flavour	to **+	Geisenheim: world famous wine research centre
Mosel/Bernkastel, Piesport	White	Riesling	Cool continental with potentially wet summers Bernkastel/Piesport in middle Mosel along the Mosel river before it joins the Rhine up north Steep slopes with a south facing aspect and stony soil to maximise sun exposure and warmth	Vineyards planted in rows up the slope or terraced Handwork Stakes with canes tied at the top to maximise sun exposure Minimal adjustments to the wine Stainless steel VATs or large oak vessels	Light body Lo alcohol Hi acidity Medium sweetness Floral green fruit character	to **+	Michelsberg – Grosslage from the flat area of Mosel
NiederOsterreich /Wachau	White	Gruner Veltliner	Moderate Cool continental with hi continentality and diurnal range Cooling Northerly winds Northern bank of the Danube river	Traditionally no oak ageing	Green grapes, salad, white pepper + mineral notes	***	Other reknowned areas: Kamptal, Kremstal Riesling too
Hun/Tokaji	White	Furmint Harslevelu Sarga Muscotaly (Muscat Blanc a petits grains	Continental climate with short, cold winters and long warm summers Foothills of the Carpathian mountains Slopes + southerly exposures+long dry autumns+humidity from Bodrog and Tisza rivers	Grape selection while picking between aszu and szamorodni Tokaji: berries macerated with base wine during/after fermentation for 36hours Press+maturation for min 3 years with 2 in oak barrels	Deep amber Hi acidity Intense aromas of orange marmalade, apricot & honey	****	Puttonyos system to express level of sweetness 0 to 5
Piemonte/Barolo DOCG + Barbaresco DOCG	Red	Nebbiolo	Mediterranean climate with cooling effect from altitude 2 distinct soils: 1)Blue tortonian soils -> softer fruitier early maturing (Barolo) 2)Beiger Helvetian soil -> more structured and longer to mature (Monforte) Best south facing sites	Vineyard: key to prevent disease + lo yielding grape Hail risks Winery: keep to manage ripeness and tannins. Tradi: long maceration Modern: use of rotary fermenters new oak barriques Min 3 years ageing with 18mths in oak Riservas 5 years with 18mths in oak	Pale colour Hi alcohol Hi acidity Hi tannins Structural rigidity Red fruit, rose, liquorice, hay	****	Barbaresco DOCG = very similar, less structure, same price Langhe DOC = best value Nebbiolo **
Veneto/Valpolicella DOC	Red	Corvina, Rondinella, Molinara	Limestone+granite slopes		Light Fruity Sour cherry character Herbal notes with black fruit Drink young with duck, ham or salami	*	Most red DOC after Chianti Bardolino similar style but from Lake garda area Valpolicella Classico zone: Illesi hills ~ Good Beaujolais
Veneto/Valpolicella Amarone	Red	Corvina, Rondinella, Molinara,	Limestone+granite slopes	Passito: grapes dried after picking in special lodges	Full bodied Hi alcohol Rich Hi acidity Nose of chocolate, dark rum and leather	****
Veneto/Valpolicella Recioto	White	Corvina, Rondinella, Molinara	Limestone+granite slopes	Passito: grapes dried after picking in special lodges	Sweet wine Full body; Rich Lighter in alcohol vs. amarone	****
Veneto/Soave DOC	White	Garganega	East of Valpolicella area Volcanic hills with basalt subsoil		Hi acidity Pronounced floral notes of camomile and iris	*	#1 wine in volume Classico zone -> Soave Classico Superiore
Tuscany/ Chianti DOCG/ Chianti Classico DOCG	Red	Sangiovese	Mediterranean Altitude 500m + Hi diurnal range => firm acidity Rolling hills with clay over limestone	Min 80% Sangiovese Use of oak botte or French barriques	Hi acidity Sour cherry fruit Earthy dusty aromas	**
Tuscany/Brunello di Montalcino DOCG	Red	Sangiovese (brunello)	Warmer drier climates vs. other Chianti zones + cool maritime breeze from south west for cool evenings/nights Clay over limestone Rolling hills	Barrique becoming standard Min 5 years ageing	Full body Rich Hi alcohol	****
Tuscany/Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG	Red	Sangiovese (prugnolo)	Clay over limestone with % of sand => lack of finesse East to south east slopes Warmer evenings Best sites: lower vineyards	Min 2 years ageing 3 years for Riserva Botte replaced by new oak barriques	Full bodied > Chianti Hi alcohol > Chianti Less finesse vs. Chianti/Brunello	***

Rioja/Rioja DOCa	Red	Tempranillo, Garnacha, Mazuelo Graciano	Northern spain Along the Ebro river Sheltered by Cantabrian mountains 3 sub-regions: 1. Alavesa – 800m altitude+chalky soils+Atlantic influences lightest Riojas+finesse 2. Alta – 500-800m+limestone-based clay+Atlantic influences 3. Baja – warmer continental climate+heavy+lo rainfall great for Garnacha Tinta+Graciano	Low bush vines with gobelet system Wire training now allowed and growing Tempranillo dominant for fruit (ripe strawberry/plum) Garnacha for body+alcohol Graciano to add powerful black fruit+ acidity+tannins+structure Barrel maturation = key Tradi: long American oak barriques ageing Now: longer maceration+ French new oak shorter ageing	Deep colour Hi tannins Lo acidity Full body Fruit+obvious oak characteristics	to *+	Mazuelo = Carignan = Carinena Specific ageing reqs: Joven -> None Crianza -> 24 mths with 12mths in cask Reserva -> 36 with 12 mths in cask Gran Reserva -> 60mths with 24mths in cask
Rioja/Rioja DOCa	White	Viura, Malvasia, Garnacha Blanca	Northern spain Along the Ebro river Sheltered by Cantabrian mountains 3 sub-regions: 1. Alavesa – 800m altitude+chalky soils+Atlantic influences 2. Alta – 500-800m+limestone-based clay+Atlantic influences 3. Baja – warmer continental climate+heavy+lo rainfall Viura main grape	Tradi: long American oak ageing golden colour, savoury flavours Now: low temp fermentation, stainless steel for maximum fruit		***	Specific ageing reqs: Joven -> none Crianza -> 18mths Reserva -> 18 with 6 mths in oak Gran Reserva -> 48 mths with 12mths in oak
Catalunya/Priorat DOC	Red	Grenache Carinena, Cab Sauvignon, others	Steeply terraced vineyards Good sun exposure+warmth from Llicorella soil (red slate+mica sparkling in the sun) Cooling effect of altitude especially at night Soil poor in nutrients but good water retention	Lo yields Handwork Ageing in new French oak	Deep colour Full bodied HI tannins Hi alcohol (min 13.5%) Fresh black fruit+toasty oak flavours	****	Also White and Rosé
Ribera del Duero DOC	Red	Tempranillo	Continental climate mitigated by hi altitude Hi sunlight+Hi diurnal range perfect for Tempranillo	Long maceration Short ageing in new oak barrels (growingly French)	Dark colour > Rioja Powerful > Rioja Anstrigent tannins > Rioja Dar fruit and plum character	****	Rosé as well No whites
Galicia/Rias Baixas DO	White	Albarino	Maritime climate -> humid conditions Northwest of Spain	Pergola system to protect grapes from fungal diseases Gentle handling and temperature control	Dry Delicate, fragrant, fruity Med alcohol Hi acidity Drink now	**
Douro	Red	Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz	Warm maritime (west) to hot continental (east) Steep hillsides terraces at 200 to 850m Schistose soil for good drainage/retention+reflecting heat during cool nights		Ripe fruit Lively acidity Spicy + tannic Finesse + structure	**	Tinta Roriz = Tempranillo Barca Velha – most famous Portuguese red from Douro
Napa/Napa valley AVA	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon/ Merlot	California North Coast: btw Macamayas and the Vaca mountains Mediterranean climate Hot and dry with cooling from fog from mountains (Davis II + III) Lo rainfall // Spring frosts: big issue	Irrigation needed (esp. In north) Long hang time of the fruit + hi tech winemaking Use new French oak	Extremely expressive Cab Sauvignon Opulent complex ripe flavours Powerful toasty	to **+
Napa/Rutherford AVA + Oakville AVA	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon	California North Coast (Napa county) Volcanic soil, relatively fertile but free draining Between the Macamayas and the Vaca mountains Hot and dry with cooling from fog from mountains (Davis II) Rutherford: gravelly clay soil Spring frosts: big issue	Long hang time of the fruit + hi tech winemaking Oil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost Use new French oak	Med to hi alcohol Soft tannins Ripe dark cherry fruit Powerful	* to **+	Both part of Napa valley floor Opus I -> Oakville AVA
Napa/Mount Veeder AVA	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon	California North Coast (Napa county) No cooling effect from fog but 800m Volcanic soils Mediterranean climate	Long hang time of the fruit + hi tech winemaking Lo yields Oil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost Use new French oak	Hi alcohol Firm tannins Spicy Well structured Ripe, dark fruit > Oakville/Rutherford	* to **+
Napa/Los Carneros AVA	Red	Pinot Noir	North Coast of California Cooling effect from ocean (Davis I) San Pablo bay’s fog in the morning blocking part of the sun	Oil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost	Ripe red fruit flavour (red cherry, strawberry)	* to **+	Also Chardonnay
Sonoma/Russian river valley	Red	Pinot Noir	North Coast of California Cool conditions; often foggy Sandy+gravelly Along Russian River	Oil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost	Elegant Ripe red fruit flavour (red cherry, strawberry)	* to **+	Also Chardonnay
Sonoma/Alexander Valley	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon	North Coast of California Proximity to oceanic fog+wind ingress through coastal gaps Significantly warmer Fertile valley	Long hang time of the fruit + hi tech winemaking Oil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost Use new French oak	Soft textured Full bodied	* to **+
Sonoma/Dry Creek Valley	Red	Zinfandel	North Coast of California Proximity to oceanic fog+wind ingress through coastal gaps Clayey, gravelly soils (stony hillsides)	Old vine Zinfandel Oil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost	Vigorous reds	to **+	Zinfandel = Primitivo Also Sauvignon
US/Central valley/Lodi	Red	Zinfandel / Cabernet Sauvignon	Central Valley of California Cooler vs. rest of Central valley (Davis III-IV) and similar to Napa thanks to cooling breezes from San Francisco bay	Hi yields Old vines	Full body Hi alcohol Concentrated red berries	to **+	Reputation for Zinfandel
Chile/Aconcagua region/Casablanca sub region	White	Chardonnay / Sauvignon Blanc	North of Chile (north of Santiago) Chile: warm Mediterranean climate Cooling influences from Andes (east) and Pacific Ocean (west). Morning mists and afternoon winds from the ocean	Irrigation		*	Also Pinot Noir ~San Antonio neighbouring subregion
Chile/Central Valley/Rapel/Colchagua zone + Cachapoal zone	Red	Carmenere/Cab Sauvignon/Syrah	Just South of Santiago Chile: warm Mediterranean Cachapoal: no ocean breezes -> warm Colchagua: large and more varied, influence of Rapel river	Irrigation	Full bodied reds	** * to ****+
Arg/Mendoza/Uco Valley	Red	Malbec/Cabernet Sauvignon Bonarda	Arg: continental climate with cooling effect from altitude + large diurnal range Mendoza: True desert conditions Altitude + snow-melt from Andes (west) Altitude key to cool temp and to increase diurnal range Uco Valley: highest in Mendoza 1400m Summer hail: regular hazard	Drip+flood irrigation Organic possible thanks to dry conditions	Hi acidity Fresh Can age	to	Mendoza: 70% of ARG wine production Bonarda:
Arg/Mendoza/Lujan de Cuyo	Red	Malbec	Arg: continental climate with cooling effect from altitude + large diurnal range Mendoza: True desert conditions Altitude + snow-melt from Andes (west) Altitude key to cool temp and to increase diurnal range Lujan de cuyo: 1000m	Drip+flood irrigation Organic possible thanks to dry conditions	Soft, round, sweet spice from old Malbec vines	**	Mendoza: 70% of ARG wine production
Arg/Mendoza/Maipu	Red	Malbec/ Syrah/ Cabernet sauvignon	Arg: continental climate with cooling effect from altitude + large diurnal range Mendoza: True desert conditions Altitude + snow-melt from Andes (west) Altitude key to cool temp and to increase diurnal range Maipu: 700m hi	Drip+flood irrigation Organic possible thanks to dry conditions Large wineries + bulk wine	Elegant Fresh floral aromas	*	Mendoza: 70% of ARG wine production Also Bonarda
SA/Coastal/Stellenbosch district	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon Shiraz	Just inland from False bay and by mountains Good sufficient rainfall in winter and Variety of soil, aspect and altitude -> terroir Best terroir: hillside wtih acid soils	Bordeaux style blends Cab+merlot	Dark, plummy	* to**** * to ***

AUS/South-eastern Australia	Red	Shiraz+Cabernet	Aus: predominantly mediterranean Mainly from Murray-Darling and Riverina Dry and Hot	Irrigation from Murrumbidgee River Blends rather than co fermentation	Bulk wine	*	Also Semilllon sweet wines from long autumn (Botrytised) + Cheap Chardonnay-Sémillon blends
AUS/South Australia/Barossa Valley	Red	Shiraz	AUS: Mediterranean climate Barossa: Hot dry climate Ironstone+limestone soils	Old bush vines American oak	Full bodied Soft earthy spicy Dark ripe fruit Can age -> leather, spice caramel notes	* to****
AUS/South Australia/Eden Valley	White	Riesling	AUS: Mediterranean climate Eden valley: Moderate to warm climate with varying altitude. Cooler sites for Riesling	Unoaked	Medium body Slightly off dry Hi acidity Intense lime citrus	**	Also reds from Shiraz Also Chardonnay
AUS/South Australia/Adelaide Hills	White	Chardonnay	AUS: Mediterranean climate Adelaide Hills: Moderate climate+400m altitude+sandy loam with poor water retention+dry summers	Irrigation often necessary during growing season	Complex elegant Hi acidity Distinct citrus + stone fruit	to **	Also Pinot Noir and sparkling Also Sauvignon Blanc
AUS/South Australia/Clare valley	White	Riesling	AUS: Mediterranean climate Clare: hot but cooled by afternoon breezes + cool nights. Up to 500m high Various soils including terra rossa	Unoaked	Dry Citrus+Lime HI acidity Can age -> petrol, honey, toast	***	Also Shiraz
AUS/South Australia/McLaren Vale	Red	Shiraz	AUS: Mediterranean climate McLaren Vale: Just south of Adelaide Sea afternoon breezes tempering climate		Dark fruit aromas Soft ripe tannins	* to ****
AUS/Limestone Coast/Coonawarra	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz	Part of South Australia/Limestone coast Cold currents from the Antarctic -> cool to moderate maritime climate +Terra rossa soil		Cab: intense structured with cassis+eucalyptus/mint Can age	***
AUS/Yarra valley	Red	Pinot Noir	Victoria/Port Phillip zone By Melbourne Moderate maritime climate Hi rainfall Various soils		Rich in fruit (strawberries, raspberries, plums and dark cherries) Ripe and soft tannins Some oak flavours		Also Chardonnay (melon fig and white peach) + Sparkling wines
AUS/Hunter valley	Red	Shiraz	High cloud cover + ocen breezes reduce heat in summer Hi rainfall in growing season Well draining soils	Canopy management to prevent rot	Red fruit flavours (raspberries and cherries) Soft tannins Earthy undertone	***	Also dry Sémillon (lo sugar/hi acidity)
AUS/Margaret River	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot	Warm maritime climate ~Bordeaux Hi rainfall but mainly winter		Elegant restrained to fruity Powerful Tannins slightly earthy Structure and complexity
AUS/Margaret River	White	Chardonnay	Warm maritime climate ~Bordeaux Hi rainfall but mainly winter	Barrel ageing and MLF to add complexity	Concentrated stone fruit aromas Hi acidity		Also Sauvignon Blanc
NZ/Marlborough	White	Sauvignon Blanc	NZ: cool to moderate maritime climate 1. Wairau: cool climate with hi diurnal range 2. Awatere: drier, cooler and windier higher acidity wines with tomato character	Hi tech hygiene, temperature control, anaerobic winemaking and screwcaps purity of fruit Risk of frost Most wines blended	Intense aromas of capsicum, gooseberry but also herbal notes, passion fruit, tomato, Hi fruit concentration Hi acidity Can age -> asparagus	**	Marlborough plantings: ¾ of Sauvignon BLc Also Chardonnay * and Pinot Noir *
NZ/Hawke’s Bay	Red	Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot	NZ: cool to moderate maritime climate Warmest area with longest sunshine hours Varied soils, aspect & altitudes	Bordeaux type blends		***
NZ/Central Otago	Red	Pinot Noir	Moderate to cool continental due to influence of Southern Alps foothills Long periods of sunshine Hot summers Hi diurnal range in growing season		Hi alcohol	***

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