
MEMORIAL TO THE MURDERED JEWS OF EUROPE, BERLIN, GERMANY, 1998
阿道夫・卢斯说建筑就是纪念碑和坟墓。就是说,每一个生命都可以用石头、墓碑、十字架等做纪念。而这一切被大和广岛事件这样的大规模所改变。由于这种事件的发生,使得个体的死亡不再一定代表特定个性生命的终结,它可能代表着更大的悲剧。从而建筑也不能再像以前那样去纪念某个逝去的生命。以前那种为个体而建立的生存和消亡的符号标志必须改变。这种改变对于记忆和纪念物的意义产生了深远的影响。大恐怖波及程度是传统语言所无法表达的。对于大的记忆不堪回首。
我们的纪念设计身处一个充斥平庸的世界。这意味着,当似乎理性和有序的体系以超乎其宗旨的尺度和比例发生,它实际上已与人类理性绝缘,从而暴露看似有序的所有系统的内在的不安与潜在的混乱。所有僵化的秩序都注定失败。
我们的这一方案即表现一种看似理性的网格系统中存在的不定与混乱,和它将随着时间而解体的潜在可能。在看似稳定的系统中寻找不定性的设计过程中,我们从一套严格的网格开始。它包含2 700多个混凝土柱,每个柱为92cm,宽2.3m长,而高则介于0 ̄7.5m之间。柱间距92cm,只能容纳一个人穿行。柱阵的地平面与顶部形成的波浪形式间看起来随机而混乱,纯粹为了形式,但事实并非如此。每个个体都取决于这一柱网格和柏林城市网格相交错的断面。这两套系统相互作用,表示它们之间存在的不定关系。这种不定性或不规则性叠加于基地地貌与混凝土柱阵的顶面之上,创造出地表与柱顶面之间在视知觉和概念上的差异。这样地面与柱顶形成面之间记录了时间的差异。这种时间差异,如伯根所说,是编年与叙事时间和物理时间的差异。
实际上,这种网络结构的变异导致原本规则网格中模糊空间的出现。实际的空间密集、狭窄、深遂,在任意一点的感受都是多层次的。打破了格网轴线的统治地位,使得这一网格具有多向性。通过这一扰动,网格和城市街道秩序所产生的安全感的幻觉被打破。这造就了一个消逝和反思的场所,亦即回忆。
在《追忆逝水年华》一书中,普罗斯特认为记忆分为两种。一种是基于过去的怀旧,多愁善感,不切实际而以心愿记忆。另一种记忆则是鲜活地着眼于现在没有对记忆中的过去的怀旧情绪。
对于大的回忆不能是多愁善感式的怀旧,因为它从记忆中永远剥除了怀旧的可能。如今对它的记忆存在于现实中,它依然保留着过去的活力。
在这样的大前提下,我们试图表现一个概念,有别于怀旧的新的记忆,我们认为这一纪念物所经历的时间与人们经历和理解的时间是不同步的。传统的纪念碑通
过象征性的形式进行纪念。这种构筑物像传统建筑一样,
并不依赖时间而实现,而是即时性的、空间性的,其意
义一目了然。即使是迷宫这类传统建筑物,体验与获知
之间也存在时空连续性,人们出入均有目的。
我们的这一设计没有目的,没有终结,无始无终。个
人体验的时间并不保障对事物能加深理解,因为它无从
理解。并不基于时间而产生,由地面及柱顶形成面间所
记录的时间与参观经历的时间是不相关的。在这一环境
中没有怀旧,没有回忆,只有对于个人体验的生动记忆。
今天我们只有通过揭示现实才能了解过去。□
Adolf Loos said that architecture was about
monuments and graves. This meant that an
individual life could be commemorated by a stone,
a slab, a cross, or a star. All of this ended with the
Holocaust and Hiroshima, with the mechanisms of
mass death. Because of this, today, an individual
can no longer be certain to die an individual death.
Thus architecture can no longer remember life as it
formerly did. The markers that were formerly symbols
of individual death, and of individual life, must be
changed. This change has had a profound effect
on the idea of both memory and monument. The
enormity and scale of the horror of the Holocaust is
such that any attempt to represent it by traditional
means is inevitably inadequate. The memory of the
Holocaust can never be a nostalgia.
Our monument is in the context of the enormity
of the banal. It suggests that when a system
supposedly rational and ordered grows out of scale
and out of proportion to its intended purpose, it in
fact loses touch with human reason. It then begins
to reveal the innate disturbances and the potential
for chaos in all systems of seeming order; all closed
systems of a closed order are bound to fail.
Our project manifests the instability inherent in
what seems to be a system, here a rational grid,
and its potential for dissolution in time. In the search
for the instability in a system perceived as stable,
the design begins from a rigid grid structure of some
2 700 concrete pillars, each 92 centimeters wide
and 2.30 meters long and of heights varying from
zero to 7.5 meters. The pillars are spaced 92
centimeters apart to allow only for individual
passage through the grid. The difference between
the ground plane and the top plane of the pillars
appears to be random and arbitrary, a matter of
pure expression. However, this is not the case. Each
plane is determined by the intersections of the
voids of the grid of pillars and the gridlines of the
larger site context of Berlin. The two systems interact
in such a way as to describe a zone of instability
between them. These instabilities or irregularities
are superimposed on both the topography of the
site and on the top plane of the field of concrete
pillars, creating both a perceptual and conceptual
divergence between the topography of the ground
and the top plane of the pillars. Thus a different time
is inscribed between the ground and the top. This
time, according to Henry Bergen, is the difference
between time as chronological and narrative and
time as duration.
In effect, a slippage in the grid structure causes
indeterminate space to develop in what would
appear to be a rigid order. The actual spaces
condense, narrow, and deepen, opening to a
multilayered experience from any point. This
agitation in the field shatters the axial directionality
of the grid and makes it omni-directional. In this, it
destroys the illusion of the security of the order of
the internal grid and of the frame of the street grid.
This makes for a place of loss and contemplation,
which is memory.
In a prescient moment in Remembrance of
Things Past, Marcel Proust suggests that there are
two different kinds of memory. One is a nostalgia
located in the past and touched with a
sentimentality that remembers things not as they
were but as we want to remember them. The other
memory is a living one, active in the present, with
no nostalgia for a remembered past.
The Holocaust cannot be remembered in a
sentimental nostalgia, because it forever ruptured
nostalgia from memory. Its memory today can only
be a living condition in which the past remains
active in the present.
In this context, our monument attempts to present11 总体模型/Site modle
22 总平面/Site plan
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3 混凝土立方体在约翰索尔工厂加工情形,2003年8月/Stele are manufactured offsite in a factory in
Johannesthal, August 2003
4 第一批安装的方桎,2003年8月/First stelae installed on site, August 2003
5 2003年10月现场/Stele installed on site, October 2003
6 2003年10月现场,地面铺装细部/Paving stones on site,October 2003
