
(2): Actually, in those five sentences, (d) is not an order, it is a expression of best wishes. So if in ranking their illocutionary force, it should rank in other four sentences, that is: a, e, b, c.
(3): (c) and (d) both have the SAV “please”, but they do not have the feeling of ordering. For (c), it is just a sentence of polite formula, an offer, but not a request; for (d), as to (c), shows a good wish to other.
(4): In this two situations, we do not dealing with the same speech act. When we say “Here you are”, it is more or less a directives, and the illocutionary act of it is “take it quickly”. But in the second situation, it is more a declarations or require of commission that to be the host of this city. To different situations and different hearers, the speak acts are also different.
6. (1): (a): It violates the Condition 4, that “a promise is a pledge to do something for you, not to you”, and it should be to the advantage of the promise.
(b): SAV is not appropriate. The word “warn” can not use here.
(c): The lawn will turn brown in autumn is a natural phenomenon and this does not need to make a promise.
(2): The new formulation was close because it was more acceptable for the customer, and
clearer than the older one.
(3): I think the fires one is directive, and the second one are both representative and directive. They have small difference in speech act.
(4): Yes, the addition is necessary. Because the first one is do directive and so directly, and it is not so polite, and even a little offended.
7. (1): Considering the political and social condition, we can find that in 1920, there was a Dry Law came into in America. So we can infer that this recipe was written in the opposite way on purpose. So on the surface, they are all injunctions or negative orders, but actually what they want to express be positive. But just out of the fear of law, they wouldn’t be expressed so directly.
These speech acts are representatives and expressives. For the last one, it is a warning. It means that if you make beer with this yeast secretly, please be careful and do not be caught by the government. So I think it belongs to the speech act of expressives.
(2): When two people are in great angry and quarreled with each other, sometime they would speak in the opposite way on purpose, lust like the example. Such as “Good!” under this condition, this word does not mean “well”, but “bad”.
(3): According to Grace’s Cooperative Principle, this text violates the principle of quantity and relation. But just this violation shows the special intention and meaning of this text.
8. (1): This sentence expresses the speech act of expressives.
(2): I think that this notice just aims to warn passengers take care of their luggage or their properties because of the darkness when the train entered into the tunnel. The size of the billboard is big and the color is noticeable.
9. (1): Speech acts: representatives; directives.
(2): These speech acts are more polite and serious, and formal. Some of sentences are imperative.
(3): The level of politeness is negative, and also creates a distance between the Agriculture and customers. It is a gentle politeness.
(4): The second and the last sentences are more serious and political. They are practically imperatives.
(5): Yes, I think they will cooperate upon reading the text. According to the principles of cooperation and face, the officials can communicate with the customers with least cost of maximum benefit under this politeness and warning.
(6): In my opinion, the first sentence – Agriculture’s Beagle Patrol, our dogs don’t bite!- has the correct perlocutionsry effect.
(7): Commissives. I think in the first part of the mark, there is also a commission in it, a commission of the dog doesn’t bite.
(8): a. Representatives:
Preparatory condition: must contain for uttering and receiving a preparation, and must be assertions about a state of affairs in the world.
Sincerity condition: who assets a proposition as true dose so in force of the speaker’s belief.
Essential condition: it should carry the values ‘true’ or ‘false’.
b. Directives:
Preparatory condition: must obtain for uttering and receiving a direct.
Sincerity condition: the speaker must truly want the hearer to do something.
Essential condition: must embody an effort on the part of speaker to get the hearer to
do something; operate a chance in the world by means of creating an obligation in the hearer.
