
1、The purpose of the British education system
The purpose of the British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society but also to socialize children.
2、The relationship between education and social class
Britain is a society in which social class is still very important. Class inequality can be erased or continued according to educational policy. In Britain, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers-proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is still very important to your future. “The old boys network” refers to the elite groups of men who went to public schools like Eton and Winchester; and universities like Oxford and Cambridge. They dominate government, and are influential in banking, the media, the arts and education.
二、History
1、The influence of the church on schooling
Historically, education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed
were set up by churches. The influence of the church on schooling is still strong: religious education was the only subject which the state insisted all schools teach their pupils (other subjects were left up to schools to decide upon). Daily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life.
2. Great changes in British educational system after the Industrial Revolution.
(1) government involvement -in taking responsibilities for the education of children. In 1870, a law was passed to call for government–funded education.
(2) By 1880, attendance at school for children between 5 and 10 was compulsory. And by the end of the 1st world War the school leaving age was raised to 14 to dissuade children from leaving school to support their families.
(3) a new educational system emphasizing equality was constructed after the 2nd World war with the assistance of church and trade unions.
(4) Education Act in 1944, made entry to secondary schools and universities meritocratic (选择具备才能和高智力的人not because of their social class or their parents’ possession, but for the abilities they display) to make sure more children had access to a good education. All children were given the right to a free secondary education.
(5) The less elitist school system(英才教育制度) failed because entrance to school was based upon exam performance. In the 1960s, comprehensive schools (general education providing subjects ranging from academic such as literature and science to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry) were introduced all over the country, which ended the division between grammar schools and vocational schools. Entrance exams were abolished and schools were no longer allowed to let children compete for places.
(6) In 1976, the Labor Party started “the Great Education Debate” and was concerned about the inadequate skills of the labor force. In 19, the Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher thought job training was important and introduced a National Curriculum and unified subjects. Students have to pass national tests and schools are marked according to the success of their pupils in reaching national targets. The National Curriculum has reinforced competitions between schools. Good schools attract good pupils and therefore attract more funding; which means they can hire better teachers, buy more books and equipment and produce more good students.
3、Comprehensive school
In the 1960s, Comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country and are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.
4、Grammar school
It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at the age of 11, through an exam called “the 11-plus”. Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.
5、The national Curriculum
With the victory of the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher, education became a big political issues. While the new government thought that job training was very important, it felt schools were not paying enough attention in teaching pupils the traditional “three Re.” Therefore, in 19 the government introduced a National Curriculum. Now all children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English, mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language. They must also pass national tests and schools are ranked according to the success of their pupils in reaching national targets.
6、 Public school
In the private sector there are independent schools which are common, but confusingly, called public schools. (They are called public schools because they were originally seen as “public” alternatives to having private tutors in aristocratic households.) They receive their funding through the private sector and through tuition rates, with some government assistance. They are not part of the nation education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. Parents choose to pay fees in order to send their children have a better chance of getting into good universities and getting better jobs when they leave school.
三、The present Education System
1. The British education system is run by the state, which provides funding, oversees standard, and tried to make sure all British children receive a quality education.
2. Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.
3. Children between 5 ---11 go to primary school (state schools; co-educational or mixed schools).
4. Children between 11 ---19 go to secondary schools (90% of them are enrolled to
comprehensive schools without reference to their academic abilities).
Some children choose to attend grammar schools at the age of 11 through 11plus
examination.
﹡Compare the secondary schools
a. state schools ---- funded by local and central governments.
b. private schools = independent schools = public schools( because they were originally seen as public alternative to having private tutors in aristocratic households)---- funded by private sectors, through tuition rates and some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of the national education system. The quality of instruction and standard are obtained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspector of Schools.
c. grammar schools --- ( 11---) children have to take part in the 11+ ( 11 plus)
examination to be enrolled in a grammar school. Grammar schools are becoming rare in Great Britain except in Northern Ireland.
d. comprehensive schools---- in the 1960s, comprehensive schools (general education providing subjects ranging from academic such as literature and science to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry) were introduced all over the country, which ended the division between grammar schools and vocational schools. Entrance exams were abolished and schools were no longer allowed to let children compete for places.
5. Examinations after the secondary education
a. GCSE Examinations (General Certificate of Secondary Education) ----after 5
years of secondary education , English , Northern Irish and Welsh students sit the exams which is to assess their progress in their final 2 years of compulsory education. Then, they will decide what avenue of education they would like to follow based on the results of the examinations. They have a number of choices ----- quit school to find a job.
◆ prepare for university entrance examination 2 –year-further study after the GCSE ( in the 6 th form) then sit for the GCSE- Advanced) examination.
b. GNVQ----( General National Vocational Qualifications ) To sit the GNVQ for
vocational training or preparation for work.
注:GCSE exams(General Certificate of Secondary Education):中学毕业证。英国的义务教育制度到8岁结束。学生16岁后分流,一部分选择几门课进一步深造,通过高级水平考试,从而获得进入大学的资格。另一部分则以多种方式走向职业技术教育。
General Certificate of Education-Advanced: 高级水平测试结业证书。16岁的学生通过中学毕业考试后,想继续深造进高等学府,必须通过高级水平测试。从16岁到18岁的两年里,学生根据自己想读的大学专业选定数门有关课程学习,一般选三门。通过A级水平考试合格者都可以入大学深造。
c. GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualifications): 国家专业资格证书。这一证书是为职业技术学校毕业的学生设置的,共分5个级别,便于人们按阶梯逐步攀登,根据自己条件通过实际工作和专业培训又低级想高级发展。获四级国家专业资格证书想当于学士学位,获五级相当于研究生水平。
四、Higher Education
威尔士大学
Higher Education has a long history in the UK. Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centuries, while Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen from the 14th and 15th centuries. The rest were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. Universities, reflecting the trend throughout the education system, have traditionally been rather elitist. Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers and kinds of people that pursue higher education.
◆1. British universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government.
◆2. The UK has only one privately-funded university ----- the University of Buckingham.
◆3. British higher education has a long history in the UK--- Oxford and Cambridge date back to the 12th and 13th century; Scottish universities of St. Andrew, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen date back to the 14th and 15th century; the rest were built in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1960s a large number of universities were built. In 1992, the number grew when polytechnics and other higher education establishments were given the right to become universities. By 1994, Britain had 83 universities. In 1980, 1 in 8 pupils went to universities; by1990 it was 1 in 5; by 2000 it was 1 in 3.
※ Open University
Open University-- and open education------ in England it takes 3 years’ full time study to get the first degree for an open university learner; 4 years in Scotland. It was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and doesn’t demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a network of study centers. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.
注:Open University 开放大学。对任何人都开放, 无需学历证明。完成大学的必修课程后均可拿到大学文凭。开放大学的特点在于通过电视、广播、录象、函授等方式为学生提供就地学习的条件。开放大学不限年龄,最小的不到20岁,最大的90岁有余,大多在20至40多岁之间。
