Homer Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家： Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides 喜剧家：Aristophanes 历史学家： Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学： Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I’ll move the World” Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno (the Stoics) 4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克 2.教和圣经 Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。 Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布教为国教。 Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 3.中世纪 开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败 5-11世纪 a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054,教堂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church 反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas Aquinas(Scholasticism)写了Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy(层次，等级) of society is God’s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ’s Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science Dante(但丁) Chaucer 4.文艺复兴与宗教改革 14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio Petrarch 文艺复兴早期的艺术家： Giotto Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello Giorgione 意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家： Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader John Calvin Rabelais Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人 Montaigne Cervantes Thomas More Shakespeare 作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麦克白>><<奥瑟罗>><<李尔王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大欢喜>><<罗密欧与朱丽叶>><<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就 Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父 Vesalius Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492, Columbus发现了America 1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497,da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope 5. 17世纪 Copernicus Kepler Kepler’s Law (the three laws of planetary motion)德 国the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo Newton Leibniz Milton Areopagitica， Bacon Hobbes Locke 英国在英国中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell the man of action John Milton the man of thought Descartes 笛卡尔 Corneille 高乃依 Racine Moliere 很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum 16，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利 法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre 英国最著名建筑：St. Paul’s Cathedral 6.启蒙运动the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke’s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世纪两大著名运动： The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S. The French Revolution（17）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792 French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu 法国启蒙运动的先驱 Voltaire Rousseau Diderot English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体 Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel
