
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________
A. contact B. communication
C. relation D. community
2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang
3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?
A. Transferability B. Duality
C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness
4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___Creativity_______.
5. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _____Metalingual function_____.
6. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance B. Competence
C. Langue D. Parole
7. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics
8. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
9. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study.
10. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __Langue________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
11. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __competence________.
12.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
(1) Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F
(2) F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French(Swiss) linguist. F
(3)All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms(有的有有的没有). F
(4)A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic(synchronic) study of language. F
(5)Speech and writing came into being at much the same time不对 in human history. F
13. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above
14. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n] (alveolar) B. [m] C. [ b ] D. [p]
15.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. Voiceless B. Voiced
C. Glottal stop D. Consonant
16. Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.
A、 mouth B、 lips
C、 tongue D、 vocal cords
17.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).
A. palatal B. alveolar
C. bilabial D. dental
18.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
(1). [p] is a voiced (voiceless) bilabial stop. F
(2). Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F
19.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _frication_________.
20.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without ____obstruction______.
21.Answer the following questions. (20%)
(1) What is acoustic phonetics?(中国人民大学,2003)
Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.
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(2) What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?(南开大学,2004)
When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.
22. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. Voiceless B. Voiced
C. Glottal stop D. Consonant
23. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A. [i:] B. [ u ] C. [e] D. [ i ]
24.Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone B. phone
C. phoneme D. morpheme
25. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues B. tagmemes
C. morphemes D. allophones
26. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
(1)When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. T
(2)Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. F
(3)According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T
27. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ____tongue______ and the lips.
28. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the ___height_______ to which that part of the tongue is raised.
29. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __minimal pair________.
30.____Phoneme______ is the smallest linguistic unit.
31.__Coarticulation________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.
32.In English there are a number of ____vowels glides______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
33.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学,1999)
(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop [p=]
(2) low front vowel [æ]
(3) lateral [l]
(4) velar nasal [ŋ]
(5) voiced interdental fricative []
34. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation B. tone
C. pronunciation D. voice
35. Decide whether the following statements are true or false
(1) All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. T
(2) The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. F
36. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.(2007)
A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics
37. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A. lexical words B. grammatical words
C. function words D. form words
38. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.
A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational
39. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.
A. three B. four C. five D. six
40. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems
41. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation
42. The stem of disagreements is __________.
A. agreement B. agree
C. disagree D. disagreement
43. All of them are meaningful except for __________.
A. lexeme B. phoneme
C. morpheme D. allomorph
44.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
(1) Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. T
(2) Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. F
(3) In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base. T
(4) In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F
(5) Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F
45.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ___solid_______, ____hyphenated______ and ___open_______.
46.All words may be said to contain a root __morpheme________.
47.A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __close________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to ____open______ class.
48.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ____affix______ and _____root_____.
49.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? (厦门大学,2003)
Free morpheme and bound morpheme
Root, affix and stem
Inflectional affix and derivational affix
50.__________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition
51.The word TB (tuberculosis )is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending
52.The words like sitcom is formed by __________.
A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy
53.The word “motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________in morphology.
A backformation B conversion C blending D acronym
54.The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example of
A. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning
C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning
55. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.
56.__________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
57.__________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
58.Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II (武汉大学,2004)
I II
(1) acronym a. foe
(2) free morpheme b. subconscious
(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO
(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed
(5) prefix e. calculation
(UNESCO :United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization )
58. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?
A. A simple sentence. B. A coordinate sentence.
C. A complex sentence. D. None of the above.
59. Syntax is the study of
A. language functions. B. sentence structures.
C. textual organization. D. word formation.
60.60. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.
A. the city B. Rome
C. city D. the city Rome
61. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.
A. endocentric B. exocentric
C. subordinate D. coordinate
62. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
63. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. (北京第二外国语大学,2004)
