2. Culture-loaded words: words that carry culture messages, the typical of which are in a certain culture backgrounds or contexts. For example: in English, “lover” does not mean “爱人” which in Chinese means one’s spouse, lover in English refers to a man in love with or having a sexual relationship with a woman outside of marriage. So one culture-loaded word may mean different things to people from different cultures.
3. Overloaded translation: Absolute equivalence is almost impossible in translation. Sometimes the target language carries more message than the source language. It’s unavoidable in translation, anyway we’d try to avoid. Information in the source language can be divided into four parts: semantic, pragmatic, cultural, aesthetic. To have these four completely conveyed is quite difficult. For instance, jealous has more semantic meaning than “醋意” because jealous not only refers to relationship between man and woman.
4. under-loaded translation: Absolute equivalence is almost impossible in translation. Sometimes the target language carries less message than the source language. It’s unavoidable in translation, anyway we’d try to avoid. Information in the source language can be divided into four parts: semantic, pragmatic, cultural, aesthetic. To have these four completely conveyed is quite difficult. For instance, if “初试云雨情” is translated as “first test of love”, then it conveys semantic and pragmatic meaning but lack of cultural and aesthetic meaning.
5. diachronic: it studies the meanings of words during(over) a rather long historical period of different significance. Language exists in time and changes through time. We can study a meaning as it exists at any one time or over a period of time. The meaning of a word that changes through time is a diachronic meaning. Diachronic meaning of a word is open-ended. The relationship between D.M and SM: the study /description of D.M is based on the study /description of S.M. Diachronic analysis should be based on the influence on the semantic chain by its semantic change. For example: nice stupid-ignorant-lazy-wanton-coy-modest-fastidious-refined-precise-aggreable-subtle-slender-critical-accurate-dainty- appetizing- pleasant this is a semantic chain. Another example: My ships are safely coming to road. (Merchant of Venice)
6. synchronic meaning attributes to synchronic linguistics, which studies the changes of a language during a certain historical period now or in the past. Synchronic analysis should be based on pragmatics.
7. Context: It means the total environment or situation in which the meaning of an utterance can be determined. It can be linguistic environment, paralinguistic environment and non-linguistic environment. Function of the context: 1) absolute 2) determinacy 3) explanation 4) debarment. For example: Tom won the butterfly. Butterfly can be swim, woman and ticket. So context is the sole determiner of meaning without which meaning doesn’t exist.
8. deixis: it refers to any linguistic form used to “point”, and depends on the addresser and addressee sharing the same context. The correct use of deixis can clearly show the speaker’s social status, occasion and information, etc. in order to let the interlocutor or the reader to identify the object of the speech or text, thus to fulfill the communication. It can be divided into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, psychological deixis and social deixis.
9. translation gap: Gaps in translation are the main points of the cultural clash. E.A. Nida points out :”Effective communication in one language is difficult enough …Absolute equivalence in translation is never possible.” Incompatibility actually exists between any two languages. Though English has a large vocabulary of over a million words, lexical gaps and semantic gaps are frequent occurrences in communication between English and Chinese.
10. literature fussiness: it is the ambiguity which leads to literal gap. It leaves enough space for readers to imagine. It arises to indeterminacy by appealing structure which attract the readers to read on. It is where the value and difficulty of literary works lies.
11.information: the meaning conveyed in morphemes, words, phrases, tones, gestures and facial expressions. A message includes pieces of information. Information unit includes: what’s known , what’s new. It is divided into semantic information, conceptual information cultural information and aesthetic information.
12.uncertainty / inderminacy: 1). the same meaning may be reflected in different expression this is determined by the flexibility of language, and the flexibility leads to indeterminacy.
2). the change of meaning of a word is variable 3). the same expression may be ambiguous
13.translation gap: Gaps in translation are the main points of the cultural clash. E.A. Nida points out :”Effective communication in one language is difficult enough …Absolute equivalence in translation is never possible.” Incompatibility actually exists between any two languages. Though English has a large vocabulary of over a million words, lexical gaps and semantic gaps are frequent occurrences in communication between English and Chinese.
14. literature fussiness: it is the ambiguity which leads to literal gap. It leaves enough space for readers to imagine. It arises to indeterminacy by appealing structure which attract the readers to read on. It is where the value and difficulty of literary works lies.
15. information: the meaning conveyed in morphemes, words, phrases, tones, gestures and facial expressions. A message includes pieces of information. Information unit includes: what’s known , what’s new. It is divided in to semantic information, conceptual information cultural information and aesthetic information.