Herman Melville
(1819-11)
•I. Literary Status
• sea novelists, cannibal novels
•II. Life and Career
•Little education – began to work early
• bank clerk, salesman, a farm-hand, school teacher
•A. Going out to sea
•B. friendship with Hawthorne (1850)
•Life experience: born in New York City, his father died and left large debts and his mother lived with her family. He dropped school early and went to work as a bank clerk, salesman, farmhand, school teacher and a seaman; in 1841 he signed on a whaling cruise to the South seas. His sea experiences and adventures furnished him with abundant material, and resulted in five novels that brought him wide fame as a writer of sea stories.
•Friendship with Hawthorne: in 1850 he met Hawthorne and they became good friends. He read Hawthorne’s books and was deeply impressed by Hawthorne's black vision. He changed the original scheme of Moby Dick. Melville and Hawthorne represented a position of tragic humanism in their time. In 1886, he became a customs official in NY, holding this post until the end of his death.
•III. His View of the World
•Tragic humanism
•Black view of the world
Herman Melville
(1819-11)
•IV. His major works:
•His novels:
•Typee (1846); Omoo (1847)
•Mardi (1849); Redburn (1849)
•White Jacket (1850)
•Moby Dick (1851)
•Pierre (1852); Confidence Man (1857)
•Billy Budd (unfinished)
•His poetic work: Clarel
•His short stories:
•“Bartleby”, “Benito Cereno”
Herman Melville
(1819-11)
•V. His masterpiece: Moby Dick
•1. Essence:
•a. Herman Melville’s masterpiece is Moby Dick, one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.
•b. To get to know the 19th century American mind and America itself, one has to read this book.
•c. It is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc. in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.
•d. But it is at first a Shakespeare tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe.
•2. Content:
• Ishmael, Pequod, Ahab, Moby Dick
•Ishmael,feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the ship, Pequod. The Captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to kill him. The Pequod makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refused to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat, and on the second it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.
Herman Melville
(1819-11)
•3. Idea: his bleak view of the world
•The world is at once Godless and purposeless.
•Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile.
•Man can observe and manipulate nature in a prudent way, and he must ultimately place himself at the mercy of nature.
•Man cannot influence and overcome nature at its source. Once he attempts to seek power over nature, he is doomed.
•The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly.
•Melville never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: his is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay” .
•The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaninglessness were expressed in Melville’s works.
Herman Melville
(1819-11)
•4. Themes and subjects:
•A. Alienation: he found existing on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. (e.g. Ahab)
•B. criticism against Emersonian self-reliant individual:
• Man cannot influence and overcome nature at its source. Once he attempts to seek power over nature, he is doomed. The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly.
•C. Rejection and Quest:
•Melville’s heroes were forever trying to escape from their corrupt societies and into a better place to live.
Herman Melville
(1819-11)
•5. Symbolism in the novel Moby Dick
•A. the voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.”
•B. the Pequod is the ship of the American soul and consciousness.
•C. Moby Dick is a symbol of evil to some, of goodness to others, and of both to still others.
•D. The whiteness of Moby Dick is a paradoxical color, signifying death and corruption as well as purity, innocence and youth; it represents the final mystery of the universe.
•He is paradoxically benign and malevolent, nourishing and destructive, massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.
•Comment on Moby Dick:
•Although the narrator sees insanity in Ahab, Melville’s emotional sympathy is with the deficient Ahab. He begins with a noble intention to crush evil, but in taking this to the extreme, he becomes evil himself. He is destroyed by his consuming desire to root out evil. Moby Dick is a symbol to represent cruel, brutal, malicious powers of nature. Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity & thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings. So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse. In this way, the author constructs a complicated statement about American view of nature.
•The novel can be understood from three levels:
•1. It is a novel of journey and whale catching.
•2. It is a conflict between Captain Ahab and Moby Dick. (conflict between man and nature)
•It is a story of Ishmael, his thought about human body’s ego realization, the relationship between man and nature, man and God, man and man, etc.
•6. His writing style
•(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.
•(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.
•(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.
•(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.
Herman Melville
(1819-11)
•7. The revival of Melville
•A dedicated artist
•There was, to be sure, a great deal of Ahab in him.
•“I have written a wicked book”
•Born in the 19th century, Melville did not receive recognition until the 20th century.
• In the 1920s, a Columbia scholar, G. M. Weaver, did solid work in reviving him.
The End