柳州地区民族高中
I. Goals:
1.To develop students’ listening prediction skill.
2.To practice how to predict before and in listening.
3.To arouse the students’ awareness of the importance of doing prediction in listening.
II. Important teaching points:
1.To review some words and phrases related to listening.
2.To improve listening skills.
III. Difficult teaching points: How to predict.
IV. Teaching methods: Task-based language Teaching, Communicative Approach
VI. Teaching Aids: Computer
VII. Teaching Procedures: Present a topic to the class.
所谓预测就是根据前文所提供的“线索”推断后文可能出现的意思。预测不是漫无边际的“瞎猜”,它必须要有一定的客观依据。
听前预测:
一、根据题干进行预测。
预测本身具有趣味性,听者一旦对听力材料有了方向,发生了兴趣,注意力必定会高度集中,获取更多更有用的信息对文章的理解也就会更全面、更透彻。 例如听力考试常出现以Where提问的问句,考生要通过对话的具体情节和背景判断对话发生的地点。一般来说,特定场景的用语和关键词是基本固定的,考生要对此多了解,熟悉明白。在遇到Where does the conversation take place?/ Where does sb. work?/ What’s his job?之类的问题时,就会派上用场。如:restaurant: menu, bill, order, tip, beer, soup .hotel: luggage, single room, double room, room number, check in(out). hospital: take medicine, temperature, pill, headache, fever, examine. store: on sale, size, wear, color, style, price, change, bargain, fit. school: professor, exam, course, term, dining hall, playground.
以2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷I)听力试题第5题听力材料为例:
5. Where does the conversation most probably take place?
A. In a restaurant. B. In an office. C. At home.
看听力原文:
W: OK, Time to go home.
M: I can't. I haven't finished the report about the newly opened restaurant.
W: Well, if you carry on working like that, you'll make yourself ill.
分析:虽然在对话中home, office两个词都出现过,但我们还要把握关键处,从"haven't finished the report和carrying on working”来判断答案是B。
特别提醒:对于前五道简短对话,要根据问题的类型,从第二个讲话者的答语中来捕捉关键词
如: (08湖北4) What do we know about the woman’s jacket?
A. It is sold at a lower price. B. Its color is her favorite. C. It is her sister’s size.
听力原文
M: You look smart in this red jacket.
W: Thank you. A really good bargain,I think. You can get one for your sister. It goes on sale today.
M: Yes, but what size she takes.
二、根据词语在选项中出现的频率来预测。
在句子结构差别较大的情况下,我们还可以根据单词或词组在选择项中出现的频率来预测听力原文的有关内容。一般来说,某些单词或词组在选择项中出现的频率比较高,听力原文中使用它们的可能性就比较大。例如:
例1 What time does the last train leave for London?
A. At 8:13 am. B. At 8:13 p.m. C. At 8:30 p.m.
13和p.m出现了两次,可预测答案是B.
听力原文: W: New City Railway Station.
M: Good morning. Could you tell me the time of the last train to London, please?
W: Last train to London? Yes, sir. 8:13 in the evening, change at Goldberg.
M: Thank you very much.
特别提醒:
1. 要注意区分-teen和-ty这两个词尾的发音区别,如13和30、14和40、15和50,及five和fifth的发音;辨别多位数,如电话号码,门牌等。
2. 计算时间,钱款,距离,年龄,人或物的数量等;听出数字间的关系,更要听清问题,因为对运算方法的要求通常寓于问题中。注意 more, less, as much(many)as, another, double, a couple of; to, past, quarter;
如:(2008青岛)What was the total cost for both tickets?
A: $ 100. B. $ 150. C. 200.
听力原文: W: How much would it cost for my daughter and me to go to Washington?
M: It’s only 100 dollars full fare for you and half fare for your daughter as she is below one meter.
三、根据选择项的异同进行预测
对于句子较长、句子成分较多的选择项,我们可以用区分、比较选择项的共同点和不同点的方法来寻找与听力原文相联系的潜在信息。高考中选项较长时,一般是竖向排列,因此,我们可以用竖向分离的方法将它们的共同点和不同点区分开来。如:
A. He often visits the department.
B. He has not found the department.
C. He wants to go to the department.
我们用两条竖线将上面例题选择项中的主语、谓语和宾语分开,从而更加清楚地看出,它们的主语部分都是相同的,宾语部分基本上相同,不同的部分是谓语,而不同的部分正是听音中要弄清的重点问题。在听音时就将注意力和视线的落点都集中在谓语部分上。对于句子结构差别很大,无法从字面上区分异同的选择项,要设法从语义和内容中寻找一些共同点和不同点。例:
四、根据前后几个问题的题干及选项来预测。
听长对话或者独白时,一般有3~4个问题,听前可以充分利用问题中的相关信息大胆猜测答案。然后再有针对性地听,及时一更正。比如,2001广东高考听力最后一段独白有这样2道题:
( 19) Why did the speaker get a parking ticket?
A. His car was parked for too long.
B. His car took up too much space.
C. He left his car in a wrong place.
(20)Which of the following words describes the day the speaker had?
A. exciting B. unlucky C. tiring 答案是B.
又拿2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷I)听力试题第6段听力材料为例:
6. Why did the woman go to New York?
A. To spend some time with the baby.
B. To look after her sister.
C. To find a new job.
7. How old was the baby when the woman left New York?
A. Two months. B. Five months. C. Seven months.
8. What did the woman like doing most with the baby?
A. Holding him. B. Playing with him. C. Feeding him.
预测第6题的答案是A。
听中预测:
一、在听的过程中,根据谈话者的身份、谈论内容及他们之间的关系进行推测。
a) The room rents for 20 dollars a week. (landlady)
b) The fare is on the meter.
c) I failed in the maths test.
d) My two front teeth are very sensitive to hot and cold.
e) There are two emergency exits, two on either side of the plane.
二、通过语法关系进行推理。
人们讲话时所用的句型形式虽然各异,有肯定、否定、疑问、长句、短句、简单句、并列句、复合句、主动态、被动态等。但相对来说,下列五种类型的句子在口语中出现频率比较高:
例一,比较句。
比较句一般用来比较或对比两种或两种以上相同或不同的可比的东西或人。表示对比的信号词常有than, on the other hand, in contrast, conversely, on the contrary, instead, unlike等,听到句子的前半部,我们完全能够根据句子的结构预测出后半句的内容。如:
a) The task is much more difficult than I had imagined.
b) Unlike Mary, Susan is very good at running.
例二,条件句。
常有明显话语标记的表示条件的词有:if, even if, unless, once, in case, whether or not, in the event( that) , provided( that),后半句将要出现的就是以此词为条件的内容。如:
a) I shall go there unless it rains.
b) If I had come yesterday, I would have seen him.
例三,叙述一连串事件的句子。
在表示一系列事情时,有一个表示时间先后次序的词如:first, second, third, then, next, last, finally, before, after等如:
a) He did not come until late in the evening.
b) Mary went to bed after she had finished her homework.
例四,因果句。
句子中常常会有一些表示原因和结果的信号词如:because, as, for, since, now that, so, thus, therefore, as a result, consequently等。如:
a) Some students were late for school because of the bad weather.
b) Jack worked very hard at his lessons, I think, therefore, he got good marks.
例五,以情态动词加动词完成时态所构成的句子。
这种句子可分为两类:第一类是由could/ might/ may/ must+动词完成时,对过去或现在发生的行为表示怀疑、猜测。
例如:It may have rained last night.
第二类是由should+动词完成时,用于肯定句中表示事实上没有实现的动作,用于否定句中表示发生了不该发生的动作。例如:
a) John should have gone to the post office this morning.
b) Maria shouldn't have called John last night.
三、从说话人口气、语音语调上预测。
口语的语音语调是说话者表达意义的重要手段之一,听话者有时可以通过说话者的语音语调来预测下句话的含义。在A,B两人的对话中,如果B是附和或赞成,往往说“Yes”,“I agree”,“Sure”,“I think so”等。
例:(09全国I) 3. What does the woman mean?
A. Cathy will be at the party.
B. Cathy is too busy to come.
C. Cathy is going to be invited.
听力原文
M: Shouldn’t we invite Cathy to the party tonight?
W: Inviting Cathy? She is the one who’s planning the whole thing.
综上所述,预测可以激发听者的兴趣和好奇心,可以调动他们的学习积极性。心理学研究表明,只有注意力高度集中才能把听的材料理解得更深刻。
预测教会听者获取具体信息的方法,预测可减少盲目追求听懂某个词,某个词组的毛病,加深对整篇文章的理解,以提高听力理解的程度。
预测可帮助听者即刻激活已有记忆,使音义形成快速的联系。听音时,所熟悉的内容能自然地从记忆中“跳出”,有助于提高听者的理解力。事实证明,预测是提高听力的个有效方法。
总之,快速而细致地阅读试卷上的问题和选项,作好听前预测,带着问题去听,有助于集中精力,变“被动”为“主动”,达到快速、准确理解所接受信息的目的。尽管如此,提高听力能力要立足于平时的听,针对听力中的薄弱环节进行强化训练。“Practice makes perfect.”只要多听、勤练、广泛实践,增强语感,同学们的听力就一定能提高。
Practice:
1.Where are the two speakers?
A.At a hotel.
B.In a bank.
C.In a store. C
2.At what time did the man think they will leave?
A. 7:13. B. 7:25. C. 7:30. C
3. (09湖北)What is the man worried about?
A. The match may be delayed.
B. Their car may go out of control.
C. They may arrive late for the game. C
4. Why did the policeman give the man a ticket?
A. He drove fast. B. He took a wrong way.
C. He went through the red light. A
5. What happened to the man in class?
A. He failed his exam. B. He took the wrong book.
C. He couldn’t find his paper. B
6. What did the man forget to do?
A. Lock his car. B. Wind up his clock.
C. Save the files in the computer. C