
According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal speaker /hearer, i.e. an idealized but not a real person who would have a complete knowledge of language. This means a person’s ability to create and understand sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.Performance is the actual use of the language by individuals in speech and writing.
Speakers’ linguistic knowledge permits them to form longer and longer sentences by joining sentences and phases together or adding modifiers to a noun. whether you stop at three, five or eighteen adjectives, it is impossible to limit the number you could add if desired. Very long sentences are theoretically possible, but they are highly improbable.
Evidently, there is a difference between having the knowledge necessary to produce sentences of a language, and applying this knowledge. It is a difference between what you know, which is your linguistic competence, and how you use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension, which is your linguistic performance.
When we speak, we usually wish to convey some message. At some stage in the act of producing speech, we must organize our thoughts into strings of words. Sometimes the message is garbled. We may stammer, or pause, or produce slips of the tongue. We may even sound like the baby, who illustrates the difference between linguistic knowledge and the way we use that knowledge in performance.
Linguistic competence is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language, it is in contrast to the concept of Linguistic performance, the way the language system is used in communication. The concept was first introduced by Noam Chomsky[1] as part of the foundations for his Generative grammar, but it has since been adopted and developed by other linguists, particularly those working in the generativist tradition. In the generativist tradition competence is the only level of language that is studied, because this level gives insights into the Universal Grammar, that generativists see as underlying all human language systems. Functional theories of grammar tend to dismiss the sharp distinction between competence and performance, and particularly the primacy given to the study of competence.
According to Chomsky, competence is the 'ideal' language system that makes it possible for speakers to produce and understand an infinite number [nb 1] of sentences in their language, and to distinguish grammatical sentences from ungrammatical sentences. This is unaffected by "grammatically irrelevant conditions" such as speech errors.[1]
Competence versus performance
"Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-community, who knows its (the speech community's) language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of this language in actual performance." ~Chomsky,1965[1]
Chomsky differentiates competence, which is an idealized capacity, from performance being the production of actual utterances. According to him, competence is the ideal speaker-hearer's knowledge of his or her language and it is the 'mental reality' which is responsible for all those aspects of language use which can be characterized as 'linguistic'.[2] Chomsky argues that only under an idealized situation whereby the speaker-hearer is unaffected by grammatically irrelevant conditions such as memory limitations and distractions will performance be a direct reflection of competence. A sample of natural speech consisting of numerous false starts and other deviations will not provide such data. Therefore, he claims that a fundamental distinction has to be made between the competence and performance.[1]
Chomsky dismissed criticisms of delimiting the study of performance in favor of the study of underlying competence, as unwarranted and completely misdirected. He claims that the descriptivist limitation-in-principle to classification and organization of data, the "extracting patterns" from a corpus of observed speech and the describing "speech habits" etc. are the core factors that precludes the development of a theory of actual performance.
Competence and components of grammar
One's competence is defined by the grammar,[nb 2][3] or set of language rules, that is represented mentally and manifested based on his or her own understanding of acceptable usage in a given linguistic idiom. Therefore, grammatical competence defines an innate knowledge of rules rather than knowledge of items or relations. According to Chomsky, it is regarded to be innate because one does not have to be trained to develop it and will still be able to apply it in an infinite number of unheard examples.[4]
The core components of the grammar are included in the speaker's linguistic competence and these components corresponds to five of the major subfields of linguistics:Phonetics: Phonology: Morphology: Syntax: Semantics:
Linguictic performance
In linguistics, performance has two senses:[1]
(1) A technique used in phonetics whereby aspiring practitioners of the subject are trained to control the use of their vocal organs
(2) A term used in the linguistic theory of transformational generative grammar, referring to language being seen as a set of specific utterances produced by native speakers
It is also one of the two elements in Chomsky's performance-competence distinction, which relates to Language production (parole), with an emphasis upon how this is different from Competence, or the mental knowledge of language itself. Linguistic performance does not simply reflect the intrinsic sound-meaning connections established by the system of linguistic rules. It involves many other factors, such as extra-linguistic beliefs concerning the speaker and the situation play a fundamental role in determining how speech is produced, identified and understood. Furthermore, it is governed by principles of cognitive structure such as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) that are technically not considered to be aspects of language.
Communicative competence
Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.
The term was coined by Dell Hymes in 1966,[1] reacting against the perceived inadequacy of Noam Chomsky's (1965) distinction between competence and performance.[2] To address Chomsky's abstract notion of competence, Hymes undertook ethnographic exploration of communicative competence that included "communicative form and function in integral relation to each other".[3] The approach pioneered by Hymes is now known as the ethnography of communication.
Debate has occurred regarding linguistic competence and communicative competence in the second and foreign language teaching literature, and scholars have found communicative competence as a superior model of language following Hymes' opposition to Chomsky's linguistic competence. This opposition has been adopted by those who seek new directions toward a communicative era by taking for granted the basic motives and the appropriateness of this opposition behind the development of communicative competence.
communicative competence
Another functionalist theory advances the notion of communicative competence, which focuses on socially-situated performance, was developed by Dell Hymes in response to the abstract nature of linguistic competence.[22][23] Communicative competence is also sometimes referred to as pragmatic or sociolinguistic competence, especially when the emphasis is on how to interpret the speaker's intended meaning in a particular utterance, apart from the literal meaning.
The major criticism towards Chomsky's notion of linguistic competence by Hymes is the inadequate distinction of competence and performance. Furthermore, he commented that it is unreal and that no significant progress in linguistics is possible without studying forms along with the ways in which they are used. As such, linguistic competence should fall under the domain of communicative competence since it comprises four competence areas, namely, linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic.[25]
Use in education
The notion of communicative competence is one of the theories that underlies the communicative approach to foreign language teaching.[3]
Canale and Swain (1980) defined communicative competence in terms of three components:
1.grammatical competence: words and rules
2.sociolinguistic competence: appropriateness
3.strategic competence: appropriate use of communication strategies
Canale (1983) refined the above model, adding discourse competence: cohesion and coherence
A more recent survey of communicative competence by Bachman (1990) divides it into the broad headings of "organizational competence," which includes both grammatical and discourse (or textual) competence, and "pragmatic competence," which includes both sociolinguistic and "illocutionary" competence.[6] Strategic Competence is associated with the interlocutors' ability in using communication strategies (Faerch & Kasper, 1983; Lin, 2009).
Through the influence of communicative language teaching, it has become widely accepted that communicative competence should be the goal of language education, central to good classroom practice.[7] This is in contrast to previous views in which grammatical competence was commonly given top priority. The understanding of communicative competence has been influenced by the field of pragmatics and the philosophy of language concerning speech acts as described in large part by John Searle and J.L. Austin.
Competence vs. Performance
Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-communication, who know its (the speech community's) language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of this language in actual performance. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 3)
In this definition, Chomsky separates 'competence,' an idealized capacity, from the production of actual utterances, 'performance.' Additionally, competence, being an ideal, is located as a psychological or mental property or function (Lyons, 1996). This is in contrast to performance, which refers to an actual event.
This definition of linguistic competence has come to be associated with a rigid and narrowly defined concept of grammatical competence. Therefore, Hymes (1974) introduced the idea of 'communicative competence." This has become generally defined as 'the socially appropriate use of language" (Paulston, 1992, p. xiv).
Linguistic competence and performance
According to Chomsky, competence refers to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the linguistic system of the rules. When we talk about it, the speaker is an ideal speaker. It is someone who has a complete knowledge of the language, has the ability to create and understand sentences, even the sentence they had never heard before. One’s competence is insensible and is an abstract conception.
Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. It is sensible and is the actual use of the language by individuals in speech and writing. It is sensible, in other words, others can see and know how the person act or express.
In my opinion, competence and performance, they are all linguistic abilities. However, they are much different from each other. Competence is the ability to use the language, while performance is how people use language. With linguistic competence, we can form sentences by joining sentences and phases together or adding modifiers to a noun, as long as we can. We have the ability to speak due to competence. While performance requires people make their speech or writings more attractive, they should have different methods to speak and express. When they are in different situations, they will perform differently. In addition, they shall pay attention to how they perform, it depends on the roles they play in conversations.
As a teacher, it is quite important to have both competence and performance. For many of the teachers, they are equipped with abundant professional knowledge. As speakers of the language, they are professional and have great linguistic competence. While in the class, they are not just speakers, the most important role for them is: teacher. Then they should act as teachers and impart knowledge in a proper manner, but not just tell the knowledge. The act of telling can be done by everyone who majors in the language or studies it, a translator, an interpreter or just a language learner, etc.
I do think it will be much easier for a teacher to develop linguistic rather than try it for level of performance. But we need to pay attention to it. E.g. when we are having linguistic class, the teacher doesn’t only tell us the deep knowledge, but also gives us a lot of examples to get us understand it. Another example, when I learnt the word” Christmas” in middle school. The teacher told us a story about Christmas and taught us some more words. She wouldn’t just tell us how to spell and write the words, she thought of ways to make the word impressive for us. This is linguistic performance for a teacher in teaching.
