
2.2 The Origin of American Individualism........................................................................3
2.3.The Development of American Individualism.............................................................4
3.The Performance of American Individualism in Various Areas.............................................5
3.1 The Performance in Politics.........................................................................................5
3.2 The Performance in Education.....................................................................................5
3.3 The Performance in society.......................................................................................6
4.The Evaluation of American Individualism............................................................................7
5. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................8
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................9
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................10
A Study on American Individualism
Abstract: Individualism stress personality and uniqueness, with the development of American society,individualism,regard as elite in American culture ,is being acclaimed by American for a long time.It is the symbol of the nation as well as the principle part of the culture.The main theme is self choice ,to the success.it plays an important role in American society,including economics, politics, culture, even people themselves and their lives.In globalization era ,it is brought to other countries ,such as China.Thus we faced a great task to accept the good aspects and bad aspects.we should cope with these in a wise way.
Key words:American individualism; value ;culture
摘要:国美个人主义强调个人,,平等。随着美国的发展,个人主义长期以来被认为是美国文化历史中的精华部分。它是美国文化的象征也是原则。美国个人主义的主题是自我选择,自我成功。它在美国社会的各个领域中占有很重要的地位,比如说经济,政治,文化甚至人们自己以及他们的生活。在及国际全球化的时代,它被带到了其他国家,比如说中国。它有好的一面也有坏的一面,我们应该用着一种科学的方式应对。
关键词:美国个人主义; 价值观; 文化
1. Introduction
1.1 Brief Description of the Thesis
Individualism is the very core of American culture and the main value in America.We can say that individualism has been influencing all the fields of politics,economics and society,even the character of the nation. The self--reliance, Individual freedom, equal competition which are emphasized is different from the concept of individualism in China. Individualism is a western concept, and the origin can be traced back to the period of Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. In the period of immigration and Westward movement, Individualism was intensified. Although over self--centered can bring negative effect, from the whole historical point of view, there is no big social events which violate the stable situation, this is because the concept of commitment has been in the heart of Americans for a long time.
Individualism is perhaps the primary concept that, transcending such categories as race, gender, class, age and region, unites Americans across time and space to give coherence to the national experience. From the earliest beginnings of the republic to the post-modernist present, the rights of the individual citizen and his or her place in the scheme of things has been of primary importance to American philosophers, artists, political theorists, theologians and others concerned with articulating national values and principles.
1.2 Structure of the Thesis
There are five parts of this paper. The first part is the brief introduction of the paper, mainly introduce the important position of American Individualism in American. The second part summarize the Individualism, including origin, development.The third part is the most vital one, in this chapter, this paper talk about the performance of American Individualism in various areas. The fourth part is the evaluation of Individualism and the conclusion of the whole paper.
2.On the Term of American Individualism
2.1The Conception of American Individualism
The embodiment of American Individualism can be depicted in three aspects, from which we put emphasis on there of them.
Self-reliance
One of the most attractive characters of most American people is their self-reliance, which is generally considered as the basic of individual freedom, another essential character of individualism of America. Children in the United States, as long as they are18-year old, have to earn their daily bread by themselves, while senior citizens are also quite used to living alone instead of sharing the same ceiling with their children. No wonder that we may hear people always say ‘Thanks, but I can manage it throughout the country in the America.
Individual Freedom
Much unlike the Europeans’thoughts on‘freedom’—just as what Tocqueville went after, an entire free without any strings attached [3]—the equivalent in America seems to be more reasonable, not meaning that one can do anything at will, but entitling people the right‘to education’,‘to work’,‘to freedom of thought,conscience and religion’, ‘to freedom of peaceful assembly and association’, etc.[4] The basis of all of these rights are “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”, declared by The Declaration of Independence . Of course, all of these freedoms and rights should be under the control of the States’ legal system.
Individual equality
In general, most Americans are fairly indifferent to the identity of social rank and belong themselves to the middle class. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.” And we can’t get a more valuable heritage from Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King. Quite different from Europe, the idea of equality in the United States assumed that everyone has equal opportunities rather than social positions. That is to say, each person has equal chance to achieve his success; however, the results of their work vary greatly from person to person. Based on personal equality, individual competition then has evolved into a life attitude throughout the daily life of the American people. In the United States, a fair social competition is protected by both political principles and organizational structures, ensuring an advantageous environment for personal equally competition.
2.2 The Origin of American Individualism
The origin of American individualism can be traced back to the beginning years of its history, when first American immigrants came to the North American continent looking for better life and shaking off the yoke of European feudal tradition and the oppression from all kinds of powerful classes. It is determined that elements of anti-yoke and searching for freedom should be the American people’s character. This was the original explanation of American individualism. Concerning this, what American people are always proud of is the Declaration of Independence: “we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”
2.3 The Development of American Individualism
This has not always been the state of affairs in America, and we are reminded of just this fact by much of the best scholarship in colonial and early national history in recent years. The crucial role of Protestant Christianity in making the early American social and political ethos has been repeatedly emphasized. For example, the political scientist Barry Alan Shain has made the case that it was not Enlightenment liberalism but a very constrained form of communitarian Reformed Protestantism that best represented the dominant social and political outlook of early America. The political theorist Michael Sandel has argued that, until the twentieth century, America's public philosophy was based largely on the "republican" assumption that the polity had a formative, prescriptive, "soul craft" function to perform in matters of the economy, the family, church-state relations, personal morality, free speech, constitutional law, privacy, productive labor, and consumption.In retrospect,however it is hard to see those earlier perspective as fatally fragile.certainly by the middle of the nineteenth century
The immense human suffering and social dislocation wrought by industrialization was another stimulus to anti-individualistic thinking. One can see some elements of this critique emerging idiosyncratically in the antebellum years—for example,one of the most widely read books of the nineteenth century, Edward Bellamy's 1888 fantasy Looking Backward, an effort to imagine a perfected postindustrial Boston, reconstituted as a socialist cooperative commonwealth in the year 2000. Bellamy openly reviled individualism, proposing in its place a post-Christian "religion of solidarity," which would radically de-emphasize the self, and instead emphasize social bonds over individual liberty (and traditional Christian doctrine).
3. The Performance of American Individualism in Various Areas
3.1 The Performance in Politics
Political individualism in its most common, though not its only meaning—is a fundamental belief in the protection of the rights of the individual against the incursions of the state and of political power. However, there are many dimensions of individualism and it is possible to be an ‘individualist’ in several different fields. In general usage, an ‘individualist’ denotes a person with a distinctive or unusual personal style, who stands out from the mass. In metaphysics or ontology individualism is a belief that the universe consists fundamentally of individual particulars, separable entities. The opponents of individualism in this sense are holists or monists. The typical holist belief is that the relations (usually systematic relations in some sense) between entities have a more fundamental existence than the entities themselves.
The central question about individualism concerns the connections between these different dimensions. To what extent are they associated and what is the form of the association? Margaret Thatcher is often quoted as saying, ‘There is no such thing as society, but only individuals’, an overtly ontological statement which is ethically and politically suggestive. She actually added the words ‘and families’, which two words can be taken as the thin end of a more collectivist philosophical wedge. The connections between many of these dimensions is not logical entailment: there is no contradiction in being a philosophical monist, yet believing that individual initiative is the chief engine of economic progress or that persons possess rights which should be protected from the power of the state. But a desire for ideological consistency creates an association between the different dimensions of individualism.
3.2 The Performance in Education
In the education of the United States, the American have trained young children’s personality, encourage and motivate children self-reliance ever since their childhood.For example,in the early morning,the mother will put the baby infant daughter into the high-legs chair,and then to prepare breakfast for the children.Mother select different baby cereals and pasta.Every kind of packing and colors are distinct.Then let them to choose their favorite color.Do like this can encourage children to form their own views and make decisions,is the training methods American use to educate their children and cultivate the unique personality of children.
The United States attaches great importance to the education of the students’personality development ,pays attention to the cultivation of creativity ,imagination,and encourage students to have their own personality. The United States does not advocate force-feeding the classroom teaching ,students are encouraged to challenge what classroom teachers say.They are good at thinking.
3.3 The Performance in Society
An individualist enters into society to further his or her own interests, or at least demands the right to serve his or her own interests, without taking the interests of society into consideration. The individualist does not lend credence to any philosophy that requires the sacrifice of the self-interest of the individual for any higher social causes. Jean-Jacques Rousseau would argue, however, that his concept of "general will" in the "social contract" is not the simple collection of individual wills and precisely furthers the interests of the individual.
Societies and groups can differ, in the extent to which they are based upon predominantly "self-regarding" (individualistic, and arguably self-interested) rather than "other-regarding" (group-oriented, and group, or society-minded) behavior. Ruth Benedict argued that there is also a distinction, relevant in this context, between "guilt" societies with an "internal reference standard", and "shame" societies with an "external reference standard", where people look to their peers for feedback on whether an action is "acceptable" or not.
4.The Evaluation of American Individualism
To assess the value of American Individualism, firstly we should know that the values of freedom and equality seemed as important constituents of individualism, had played a significant role in the American history especially from the Independence War to the Civil War. It is individual consciousness that had helped the immigrants and settlers to form a new nation, to fight against their enemies, and finally to establish a unified country. Until nowadays these American values are still inspiring people to struggle forward. When Bill Clinton, the forty-second President of the United States, addressed the students of Perking University in June, 1998, he said, “The struggle for individual freedom is the struggle for the nation's freedom. The struggle for your own character is the struggle for the nation's character.”
As we mentioned above, individualism in American could never touch anything illegal. Unfortunately, things of this kind just happen in the United States. Excessive freedom has led to chaos and frustration such as homosexuality, drugs-taking, violence, felony and so on. Of course these social problems are rather universal around the world, but statistic shows a close relationship between these problems and unreasonable individualism, which has brought about a string of potential dangers to the American society today.
5.Conclusion
To give a halt to discussion, we say individualism, core values among all the ideas of the America, have been playing and will continue to play a crucial role throughout the American history. The loftiest desire of most American people is tightly coupled to individualism: they believe in personal dignity, esteem independent thinking, and try their best to meet individual requirements, which have started the engine of the whole country. Aside from the positive side of the Americans’ individualism, it seems not so perfect on its other side, especially when it is deliberately exaggerated, undermining the integrated society from within. Anyway, to set proper measures to the development of individualism, then to reconstruct an opening, cooperating, and innovating American individualism by means of political, economical, social and cultural developments, will be a Herculean task for all Americans throughout a long time period in future.
Bibliography
[1] 梁汉平:《美国文化的核心——个人主义与美国社会经济发展》,改革与战略2006年第5期
[2] Looking Backward Edward Bellamy 高等教育出版社
[3] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
[4] About American Democracy(1835) Alexis de Tocqueville
[5] 杨云:《美国“个人主义”文化研究》,重庆工学院学报2008年第1期
[6]《美国文化解析》 济南出版社
[7]《当代美国文化》 社会科学文献出版社
[8] The People’s Choice:How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential
Election Paul F.Lazarsfeld 上海人民出版社
[9]《当代美国社会与文化》 高等教育出版社
[10]端木义万《美国文明》
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to all the teachers and friends who have given me great help and instruction on thesis.
My profound thankfulness primarily goes to my classmates, without their guidance and encouragement I would not have been able to complete this paper. Thank you fo teachers kindness and patience, and for their insightful comments and advice that are very helpful in the preparation of this paper. Specially I also want to say Thank you again. They have always been there for me and been supportive all the way.
