
人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human later. Writers use foreshadowing of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
启蒙运动 18th century Enlightenment is an intellectual movement that originates in Europe. It stresses the power of human reason, the important of methods and discoveries in stead of God. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrates reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocates universal education.
新古典主义 mid 18th to 19th Neoclassicism is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, the theatre, musi,and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome).
感伤主义 the middle and later decades of the 18th Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. It is a pejorative term to describe false or superfacial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. In literature, it denotes "pathetic indulgence".
前浪漫主义 middle and later decades of the 18th It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic Novel ". The term arised from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.
浪漫主义 the end of 18th to the middle of 19th Romanticism is the artistic movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which was concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions. The movement is partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It stresses strong emotion as a source of aesthtic experience. Besides, Romanticism emphasizes intuition and imagination.
批判现实主义文学 later of the 19th 30s The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society form a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.
自然主义 It is one of the reflections of this pessimism and determinism in literature.
唯美主义 It begins to prevail in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. It declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aesthetiscists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde. The basic theory of it is "art for art's sake".
现代主义 20th century It is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective ,mainly concerned with the inner of an individual.
意识流 the 20th century The “stream of consciousness is one of the modern literary techniques, it attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character's thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories and mental images as the character experiences them. It is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.
