2016年6月英语六级真题及答案(全三套-无听力)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the use of robots. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more robots take the place of human beings in industry as well as people's daily lives. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

例文

The evolution of modem robot technology seems to be a mixed blessing. Optimists say that more robots will lead to greater productivity and economic growth, while pessimists complain that we will experience the greatest unemployment crisis in human history. As for me, the world where robots substitute manual and mental labor is delightful rather than fearful.

There is no doubt that human society is benefiting tremendously from robots. On the one hand, industrial robots can assist in carrying out dirty, dull and dangerous tasks while offering increased productivity and safety. On the other hand, domestic robots can provide household services, freeing human beings from the boredom of the daily chores. We aren't giving robots "easy jobs

Robots are very likely to permeate much of our daily life in the coming years, but it is not necessary to worry they will snatch jobs from us, because we will assign more challenging jobs to them.

Part III Reading Comphension

Section A

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Let's say you love roller-skating. Just the thought of __26_N_ on your roller-

skates brings asmile to your face. You also know that roller-

skating is excellent exercise. You have a __27_I_attitude toward it.

This description of roller-

skating __28D__ the three components of an attitude: affect,cognition, and behavior. You love the activit y; it's great fun. These feelings __29_C_ the affectiveor emotional component; they are an important ing redient in attitudes. The knowledge wehave about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an a ttitude. You understand the health __30_B_ that the activity can bring. Finally, attitudes have a behaviora l component.Our attitudes __31L__ us to go outside to enjoy roller-skating.

Now, we don't want to leave you with the __32_E_ that these three components always worktogether __3 3_H_ . They don't; sometimes they clash. For example, let's say you love pizza(affective component); ho wever, you have high cholesterol and understand (knowledge component) that eating pizza may be bad f or your health. Which behavior will your attituderesult in, eating pizza or __34_A_ it? The answer depen ds on which component happens to bestronger. If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime, yo ur emotions and feelingsprobably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best foo d for yourhealth. In that instance, you have pizza for lunch. If you are at home trying to decide where togo for dinner, however, the knowledge component may __35_J_ , and you decide to go whereyou can eat a healthier meal.

A.avoiding

B.benefits

C.highlight

D.illustratesE.impression

F.improves

G.inquiring

H.perfectly

I.positive

J.prevail

K.primarily

L.prompt

M.specifications

N.strapping

O.typical

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The Changing Generation

[A] It turns out today's teenagers aren't so scary after all. Results of USA WEEKEND'S Teens & Parents survey reveal a generation of young people who get along well with their parents and approve of the way they're being raised. They think of their parents with affection and respect. They speak with Mom or Dad when they have a problem. Most feel that their parents understand them, and they believe their family is the No. 1 priority in their parents, lives. Many even think their parents are cool! Although more than a third have an object in their rooms they would like to keep secret from their parents, rarely is it anything more alarming than a diary or off-color (低俗的) book or CD.

[B] Such results may seem surprising against the background of shocking incidents that color the way the mass media portray the young. In October 2000, , the same month the survey was taken, the Washington-based Center for Media and Public Affairs wrote in its publication Media Monitor that, in a recent month of TV news coverage of American youth, just 2% of teens were shown at home, and just 1% were portrayed in a work setting. In contrast, the criminal justice system accounted for nearly one out of every five visual backgrounds. No wonder parents worry their own kids might spin out of control once they hit the turbulent waters of adolescence.

[C] The overall facts ought to reassure us. The survey shows us that today's teens are affectionate, sensible and far happier than the angry and tortured souls that have been painted for us by stereotypes. From other sources, we also know teenage crime, drug abuse and premarital sex are in general decline. We, of course, need to pay attention to youngsters who are filled with discontent and hostility, but we should not allow these extreme cases to distort our view of most young people.

[D] My own research at the Stanford Center on Adolescence uses in-depth interviews with small samples of youngsters rather than large-scale surveys. Still, in my studies and others I have read, I find the same patterns as in USA WEEKEND'S survey. Today's teenagers admire their parents and welcome parental guidance about important matters such as career choice—though certainly not Mom and Dad's advice on matters of personal taste, such as music or fashion. When we ask teens to choose a hero，they usually select an older family member rather than a remote public figure. Most teens say they enjoy the company of both parents and friends.

[E] Contrary to some stereotypes, most adolescents believe they must be tolerant of differences among individuals (though they do not always find this easy in the cliquish (拉帮结派的) environment of high school). Many of them volunteer for community service with disadvantaged people. One prevalent quality we have found in teens, statements about themselves, their friends and their families is a strikinglypositive emotional tone. By and large, these are very nice kids, and as the band The Who used to sing, "The kids are alright."

[F] How much is today's spirit of harmony a change from our more turbulent past? A mere generation ago, parent-child relations were described as "the generation gap". Yet even then reports of widespread youth rebellion were overdone: Most kids in the '60s and 70s shared their parents, basic values. Still, it is true that American families are growing closer at the dawn of this new millennium (千年). Perhaps there is less to fight about, with the country in a period of tranquility and the dangers of drug abuse and other unwholesome behavior well known. Perhaps in the face of impersonal and intimidating globalization, a young person's family feels more like a friendly haven than an oppressive trap. And perhaps parents are acting more like parents than in the recent past. Within just the past five years, I have noticed parents returning to a belief that teenagers need the guidance of elders rather than the liberal, "anything goes" mode of child-rearing that became popular in the second half of the 20th century.

[G] But missing from all these data is the sense that today's young care very much about their country, about the broader civic and political environment, or about the future of their society. They seem to be turning inward—generally in a pro-social manner, certainly with positive benefits for intimate relationships, but too often at the expense of a connection with the present and future world beyond, including the society they will one day inherit.

[H] Recently, we examined more than 400 essays on the "laws of life" that teens from two communities had written as part of an educational program initiated by the John Templeton Foundation in Radnor, Pa. In those essays, and in follow-up interviews with a few of the teenagers, we found lots of insight, positive feeling and inspirational thinking. But we also found little interest in civic life beyond the tight circles of their family and immediate friends.

[I] For example, only one boy said he would like to be president when he grows up. When I was in high school, dozens in my class alone would have answered differently. In fact, other recent studies have found there has never been a time in American history when so small a proportion of young people have sought or accepted leadership roles in local civic organizations. It is also troubling that voting rates among our youngest eligible voters—18- to 24-year-olds—are way down: Little more than one in four now go to the polls, even in national elections, compared with almost twice that many when 18-year-olds were first given the vote.

[J] In our interviews, many students viewed politics with suspicion and distaste. " Most politicians are kind of crooked (不诚实的)" one student declared. Another, discussing national politics, said, “I feel like one person can't do that much, and I get the impression most people don't think a group of people can do that much." Asked what they would like to change in the world, the students mentioned only personal concerns such as slowing down the pace of life, gaining good friends, becoming more spiritual, becoming either more materially successful or less materially oriented (depending on the student's values), and being more respectful of the Earth, animals and other people. One boy said, "I'd rather be concentrating on artistic efforts than saving the world or something."

[K] It is fine and healthy for teens to cultivate their personal interests, and it is good news when young people enjoy harmonious relations with their family and friends. But there is also a place in a young life for noble purposes that include a dedication to the broader society, a love of country and an aspiration to make their own leadership contributions.

[L] In the past, the young have eagerly participated in national service and civic affairs, often with lots of energy and idealism. If this is not happening today, we should ask why. Our society needs the full participation of its younger citizens if it is to continue to thrive. We know the promise is there—this is a well-grounded, talented, warm-hearted group of youngsters. We have everything to gain by encouraging them to explore the world beyond their immediate experience and to prepare themselves for their turn at shaping that world.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

36. Not many young people eligible for voting are interested in local or national elections these days.I

37. Parents are concerned that their children may get involved in criminal offences once they reach their teens.B38. Even during the turbulent years of last century, youth rebellion was often exaggerated in the media.F

39. Teenagers of today often turn to their parents for advice on such important matters as career choice.D

40. The incidence of teenage crime and misbehavior is decreasing nowadays.C

41. Young people should have lofty ideals in life and strive to be leaders.K

42. Some young people like to keep something to themselves and don't want their parents to know about it.A

43. It is beneficial to encourage young people to explore the broader world and get ready to make it a better place.L

44. Many teenagers now offer to render service to the needy.E

45. Interviews with students find many of them are only concerned about personal matters.J

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertised to consumers under changes proposed by the Federal Trade Commission.

The commission's revised "Green Guides" warn marketers against using labels that make broad claims, like "eco-friendly". Marketers must qualify their claims on the product packaging and limit them to a specific benefit, such as how much of the product is recycled.

"This is really about trying to cut through the confusion that consumers have when they are buying a product and that businesses have when they are selling a product," said Jon Leibowitz, chairman of the commission.

The revisions come at a time when green marketing is on the rise. According to a new study, the number of advertisements with green messages in mainstream magazines has risen since 1987, and peaked in 2008 at 10.4%. In 2009, the number dropped to 9%.

But while the number of advertisements may have dipped, there has been a rapid spread of ecolabeling. There are both good and bad players in the eco-labeling game.

In the last five years or so, there has been an explosion of green claims and environmental claims. It is clear that consumers don't always know what they are getting.

A handful of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against companies accused of using misleading environmental labels. In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits (集体诉讼) were filed against SC Johnson for using "Greenlist" labels on its cleaning products. The lawsuits said that the label was misleading because it gave the impression that the products had been certified by a third party when the certification was the company's own.

"We are very proud of our accomplishments under the Greenlist system and we believe that we will prevail in these cases," Christopher Beard, director of public affairs for SC Johnson, said, while acknowledging that "this has been an area that is difficult to navigate."

Companies have also taken it upon themselves to contest each other's green claims.

David Mallen, associate director of the Council of Better Business Bureau, said in the last two years the organization had seen an increase in the number of claims companies were bringing against each other for false or misleading environmental product claims.

"About once a week, I have a client that will bring up a new certification I've never even heard of and I'm in this industry, said Kevin Wilhelm, chief executive officer of Sustainable Business Consulting. "It's kind of a Wild West, anybody can claim themselves to be green." Mr. Wilhelm said the excess of labels made it difficult for businesses and consumers to know which labels they should pay attention to.

46. What do the revised "Green Guides" require businesses to do?

A) Manufacture as many green products as possible.

B) Indicate whether their products are recyclable.C) Specify in what way their products are green.

D) Attach green labels to all of their products.

47. What does the author say about consumers facing an explosion of green claims?

A) They can easily see through the businesses' tricks.

B) They have to spend lots of time choosing products.

C) They have doubt about current green certification.

D) They are not clear which products are truly green.

48. What was SC Johnson accused of in the class-action lawsuits?

A) It gave consumers the impression that all its products were truly green.

B) It gave a third party the authority to label its products as environmentally friendly.

C) It misled consumers to believe that its products had been certified by a third party.

D) It sold cleaning products that were not included in the official "Greenlist".

49. How did Christopher Beard defend his company's labeling practice?

A) There were no clear guidelines concerning green labeling.

B) His company's products had been well received by the public.

C) It was in conformity to the prevailing practice in the market.

D) No law required the involvement of a third party in certification.

50. What does Kevin Wilhelm imply by saying "It's kind of a Wild West" (Line 3，Para. 11)?

A) Businesses compete to produce green products.

B) Each business acts its own way in green labeling.

C) Consumers grow wild with products labeled green.

D) Anything produced in the West can be labeled green.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

America's education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next.

That's why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It's not just about education, but about poverty and justice.

It's true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn't teachers' unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers' ，unions have schools at least as awful as those in union states. Some Chicago teachers seem to think that they shouldn't be held accountable until poverty is solved. There're steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting.

I'd be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation's worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union seems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers.

There's solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact.

Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20%, and it's as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two.

The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raised the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28.

How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that's a challenge. But researchers are improving systems to measure a teacher's performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, ifs usually possible to tell which teachers are failing.

Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That's an insult to students.

Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers.This isn't a battle between garment workers and greedy bosses. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.

51. What do we learn about America's education system?

A) It provides a ladder of opportunity for the wealthy.

B) It contributes little to the elimination of inequality.

C) It has remained basically unchanged for generations.

D) It has brought up generations of responsible citizens.

52. What is chiefly responsible for the undesirable performance of inner-city schools?

A) Unqualified teachers. C) Unfavorable learning environment.

B) Lack of financial resources. D) Subconscious racial discrimination.

53. What does the author think the union should do to win popular support?

A) Assist the city government in reforming schools. C) Demand higher pay for teachers.

B) Give constructive advice to inner-city schools. D) Help teachers improve teaching.

54. What is the finding of the gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars?

A) Many inner-city school teachers are not equal to their jobs.

B) A large proportion of inner-city children often miss classes.

C) Many students are dissatisfied with their teachers.

D) Student performance has a lot to do with teachers.

55. Why does the author say the Chicago unions demand is an insult to students?

A) It protects incompetent teachers at the expense of students.

B) It underestimates students, ability to tell good teachers from poor ones.

C) It makes students feel that they are discriminated against in many ways.

D) It totally ignores students，initiative in the learning process.

旗袍（qipao）是一种雅致的中国服装，源于中国的满族（Manchu Nationality）。在清代，旗袍是王室女性穿着的宽松长袍。上世纪20 年代，受西方服饰影响，旗袍发生了一些变化。袖口（cuffs）变窄，袍身变短。这些变化使女性美得以充分展现。如今，旗袍经常出现在世界级的时装秀上。中国女性出席重要社交聚会时，旗袍往往是她们的首选。很多中国新也会选择旗袍作为结婚礼服。一些有影响的人士甚至建议将旗袍作为中国女性的民族服饰。

Qipao is an elegant type of Chinese dress that originates from the Manchu Nationality. In the Qing Dynasty, it was a loose gown worn by females of the royal family. In 1920s，it underwent some changes due to the influence of western dress. Its cuffs became narrower and the length was shortened as well. Such changes allow the beauty of female to be fully displayed. Nowadays Qipao is not only frequently seen on world-class fashion shows, but also the first-choice dress for Chinese women to attend some important social gatherings. Moreover, many Chinese brides choose it as their wedding gowns. Some influential figures even have suggested making Qipao a national dress for Chinese women.

2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第2套) Part I Writing

例文

People nowadays use social networking sites very frequently, such as Weibo and Wechat, whichhave made us more connected than ever. Yet for all this close contact, we are becoming moresocially awkward . The harm of replacing real-

life contact with virtual conversation, in myopinion, involves two aspects: it made us put on masks and ho ld up shields.

In a virtual world, we tend to create an image that rarely looks like us. We post messages orpictures to sh ow we are humorous, with a good taste, and living a fabulous life. As a result, wefail to present our real se lf and dare not to be ourselves. Another unpleasant thing aboutvirtual conversation is that it encourages u nimaginable violence of language. The Internet hasbecome a shield in many ways， exempting us from t he consequence we should takeresponsibility for even though we make dreadful and malicious comments sometimes. Thisundoubtedly mins the quality of social interaction that we need as human beings.

All in all, if we spend too much time interacting virtually, we will dedicate little effort to real-

world bonding. Consequently, our interpersonal relationship weakens gradually, and we will endup with u nprecedented alienation.

Part III Reading Comphension

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26___A_______ : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.

Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27__D________ of computational power and engineering advances will 28__F________ enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29__O________ use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.

But there are 30___C_______ to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器) operator will 31___H_______ someone's privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor's cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32____N______ of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing

33____J______ and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34___K_______ space for innovation?

Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built,

35___L_______ and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer's driving record, not the passenger's.

A. arises

B. ascends

C. bound

D. combination

E. definite

F. eventually

G. interfere

H. invade

I. manifesting

J. penalties

K. preserving

L. programmed

M. proximatelyN. victims

O. widespread

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statem ent contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraphfrom which the informatio n is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter. Answe r the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.

Reform and Medical Costs

[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and healthinsurance pre miums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer isthat no one has an easy fi x for rising medical costs. The fundamental fix—

reshaping how careis delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—

is likely to be achievedonly through trial and error and incremental (渐进的）gains.

[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the SenateFinance Co mmittee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise inmedical costs over the lo ng term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded,

"Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days iscontained in the se measures."

[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, ispropelled by tw o things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and thevolume of unnecessary care d elivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lotmore tests and treatments than a patient really needs.

[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to addressthose problem s, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.

[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes a nd other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savingsroutinely made in other industries w ith the help of new technologies and new ways to organizework. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. Ifprivate plans demanded similar productivity savings from provi ders, and refused to letproviders shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics s ayCongress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook That is far less likelyto happ en if Congress also adopts strong upaygo” rules requiring that any increase inpayments to providers be off set by new taxes or budget cuts.

[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax(消费税）

on health insurance plans thatcost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would m ost likely causeinsurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to thinktwice about w hether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project thatmost employers would shift m oney from expensive health benefits into wages. The House billhas no similar tax. The final legislation sh ould.

[G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients whohave tried t o understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought tosave money. When the heal th insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, itstrade group offered to provide standardize

d forms for automated processing. It estimated thatstep would sav

e hundreds o

f billions of dollars over th

e next decade. The bills would lock thatpledge into law.

[H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-

driven medicalsystem to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires openi nvestments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminatingredundant tests, pre venting drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.

[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—

doctors are rewarded for thequantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—

is a primary reason that the cost ofcare is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to acceptfixed payments tocare for a particular illness or for a patient's needs over a year. No one knows how to m akethat happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. Theyinclude such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient's needswith an eye on both co st and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure theseriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. Forthe most part, these experiments rely on incentive pa yments to get doctors to try them.

[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expandedand the bad o nes are dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission tomonitor the pilot programs a nd recommend changes in Medicare's payment policies to urgeproviders to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as awhole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.

[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which smallbusinesses and in dividuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a publicoption. All the plans would ha ve to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy tocompare. To get access to millions of new c ustomers, insurers would have a strong incentiveto sell on the exchange. And the head-to-

head competition might give them a strongincentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer p rofit margins or demandingbetter deals from providers.

[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to thefierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save muchmoney. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather thanusing Medicare rates, as many reformers wanted. [M] The president's stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how wellvarious treatm ents work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate (前列

腺)cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-

lowering drug any better than its commoncompetitors? The pending bills would spend additional money t o accelerate this effort.

[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care.

(That would betrue only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments prov ento be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not require, as they should, that the results of thesestudies be use d to set payment rates in Medicare.

[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatmentsproven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. Butoverall, we suspect that spendin g would come down through elimination of a lot ofunnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments. [P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiatedrug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretarywould get better deals than pr ivate insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. Itdoes in other countries.

[Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpracticeawards do dri ve up insurance premiums for doctors in high-

risk specialties, and there is someevidence that doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performing test s and treatmentsprimarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likelytransfer m oney fr om health expenses into wages.F

37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find ithard to infl uence lawmakers.J

38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.A

39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.G

40. Republicans and t he insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public

insurance plan.L

41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests andprevent drug interactions.H

42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven upmedical expenses.C

43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated forthe amount of care rather than its effect.I

44. Contrary to analysts' doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered throughnegotiation.P

45. Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.K

Section C

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinishe d statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D..You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with asingle line through the centre. Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, fanners in developing countries are usingraw sewag e (下水道污水）to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, accordingto a new report—and it may not be a bad thing.

While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by thesocial and ec onomic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.

"There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers ofurban consum ers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.

The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relativelyinexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes.Unlike developed cities, however , these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, andrivers effectively become sewers (下水道). When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-

causingbacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million peopledie ea ch year because of diarrhea-related (与腹泻相关的) diseases, according to WHO statistics.More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and alack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues t hat the socialand economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the healthrisk s.

Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the freewater and nut rients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries toescape poverty.

Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh waterconsumption.

In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep fannersin business. I n some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipestransporting waste to local rivers. Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. Butfrequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spreadas fertilizer.

In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked,minimizing the risk o f transmitting water-

borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and oftennecessary, alternative.

In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mudcontains th e same critical nutrients.

"Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said.

"We needto accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be usedin a griculture for good reason."

46. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?

A. Its risks cannot be overestimated.

B. It should be forbidden altogether.

C. Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.

D. It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.

47. What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation?A. Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually becom e contaminated.

B. It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.

C. Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.

D. It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.

48. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel's attitude towards the use of untreatedhuman waste in a griculture?

A. Favorable.

B. Skeptical.

C. Indifferent.

D. Responsible.

49.What does Pay Drechsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste forfarming?

A.They have been somewhat exaggerated.

B. They can be dealt with through education.

C. They will be minimized with new technology.

D. They can be addressed by improved sanitation.

50. What do we learn about James Bartram's position on the use of human waste for farming?

A. He echoes Pay Drechsel's opinion on the issue.

B. He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally's conclusion.

C. He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis.

D. He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways andmicrowaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs.Which makes it odd that the kitch en has become the heart of the modem house: what thegreat hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.

The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is nowworth $170 billion, five times the country's film industry. In the year to August 2007, IKEA, aSwedish furniture chai n, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a"major" kitchen overhaul in 2006, c alculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering $54,000;even a "minor" improvement cost on average $ 18,000.

Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson& Cornish , a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-

style onewhich would cost ￡145,000-155,000—excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its bigselling point is that nobody else will have it: "You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in theworld."

The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design showcasefor the mode m family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the early 20thcentury, kitchens were smo ky, noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back ofthe house, and as far from living space a s possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were forservants, and the aspiring middle classes wanted not hing to do with them.

But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became amatter of inte rest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinkingabout the kitchen was Ca tharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In AmericanWoman's Home, published in 1869, the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach tohousehold management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promoteorder.

Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American,Christine Frederi ck, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work,Household Engineering: Scie ntific Management in the Home, was based on detailedobservation of a housewife's daily routine. She bor rowed the principle of efficiency on thefactory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor. Frederick's central idea, that stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relationthat useless ste ps are avoided entirely

51. What does the author say about the kitchen of today?

A. It is where housewives display their cooking skills.

B. It is where the family entertains important guests.

C. It has become something odd in a modem house.

D. It is regarded as the center of a modem home.

52. Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?

A. It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.

B. No duplicate is to be found in any other place.

C. It is manufactured by a famous British company.

D. No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.

53. What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect?

A. Improved living conditions.

B. Women's elevated status.

C. Technological progress.

D. Social change.

54. What was the Beecher sisters' idea of a kitchen?

A. A place where women could work more efficiently.

B. A place where high technology could be applied.

C. A place of interest to the educated people.

D. A place to experiment with new ideas.

55. What do we learn about today's kitchen?

A. It represents the rapid technological advance in people's daily life.

B. Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s.

C. It has been transformed beyond recognition.

D. Many of its functions have changed greatly.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 深圳是中国广东省一座新开发的城市。在改革开放之前，深圳不过是一个渔村，仅有三万多人。20世纪80年代，中国创建了深圳经济特区，作为实施社会主义市场经济的试验田。如今，深圳的人口已超过1,000 万，整个城市发生了巨大的变化。到2014年，深圳的人均(per-capita)GDP已达25,000美元，相当于世界上一些发达国家的水平。就综合经济实力而言，深圳居于中国顶尖城市之列。由于其独特的地位，深圳也是国内外企业家创业的理想之地。

Shenzhen is a newly-

developed city in Guangdong Province, China. Before the reform andopening up, it was no more than a fi shing village with a population of just over 30,000. In the1980s, the Chinese government established She nzhen special economic zone to pilot thesocialist market economy. Today, Shenzhen boasts a population of more than 10 million, andthe whole city has changed dramatically.

By 2014, the per-

capita GDP of Shenzhen has reached 25,000 USD, which would rival that ofsome developed countries. In terms of comprehensive economic strength, Shenzhen is listedas a top-

tier city in China. Thanks to its unique position, it is an ideal place for entrepreneursfrom home and abroa d to start businesses.

2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第3套)

Part I Writting

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on e-learning. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more study online instead of attending school. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

例文

With the rapid development of science and technology in modem times, an increasing number of people prefer studying online to attending school. What will happen if e-learning prevails and even replaces classroom learning?

For one thing, more people can access high-quality courses globally, such as Harvard free online courses. Therefore, even rural people will also get access to abundant and updated knowledge. For another, people can decide when and where they take the online courses much more freely. Thus they will no longer be bothered by problems like transportation and accommodation. As a result, learning cost will be so largely decreased that people can afford to apply for more courses they are interested in.

However, for people who have bad self-discipline and learning habits, it is difficult to commit themselves to study. They will fall behind and actually learn little since nobody supervises them. What's worse, e-learning can't offer human interaction in real life. It is due to the lack of face-to-face interaction with teachers and classmates that people will feel isolated and gradually lose basic social skills.

To sum up, that more people turn to e-learning will have both advantages and disadvantages. In my opinion, e-learning should be seen as a complement but not a replacement of traditional classes.

Part III Reading

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Pursuing a career is an essential part of adolescent development. "The adolescent becomes an adult when he26____O______ a real job." To cognitive researchers like Piaget, adulthood meant the beginning of an27___K_______ .

Piaget argued that once adolescents enter the world of work, their newly acquired ability to form hypotheses allows them to create representations that are too ideal. The28_H_________ of such ideals, without the tempering of the reality of a job or profession, rapidly leads adolescents to become29____J______ of the non-idealistic world and to press for reform in a characteristically adolescent way. Piaget said: "True adaptation to society comes30___A_______ when the adolescent reformer attempts to put his ideas to work."

Of course, youthful idealism is often courageous, and no one likes to give up dreams. Perhaps, taken31_N_________ out of context, Piaget's statement seems harsh. What he was32__E________ , however, is the way reality can modify idealistic views. Some people refer to such modification as maturity. Piaget argued that attaining and accepting a vocation is one of the best ways to modify idealized views and to mature.As careers and vocations become less available during times of33___M_______ , adolescents may be especially hard hit. Such difficult economic times may leave many adolescents34___D_______ about their roles in society. For this reason, community interventions and government job programs that offer summer and vacation work are not only economically __35_B_ but also help to stimulate the adolescent's sense of worth.

A. automatically

B. beneficial

C. capturing

D. confused

E. emphasizing

F. entrance

G. excited

H. existence

I. incidentally

J. intolerant

K. occupation

L. promises

M. recession

N. slightly

O. undertakes

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Can societies be rich and green?

[A] our economies are to flourish, if global poverty is to be eliminated and if the well-being of the world's people enhanced—not just in this generation but in succeeding generations—we must make sure we take care of the natural environment and resources on which our economic activity depends." That statement comes not, as you might imagine, from a stereotypical tree-hugging, save-the-world greenie (环保主义者), but from Gordon Brown, a politician with a reputation for rigour, thoroughness and above all, caution.

[B] A surprising thing for the man who runs one of the world's most powerful economies to say? Perhaps; though in the run-up to the five-year review of the Millennium (千年的）Goals, he is far from alone. The roots of his speech, given in March at the roundtable meeting of environment and energy ministers from the G20 group of nations, stretch back to 1972, and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.

[C] "The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world," read the final declaration from this gathering, the first of a sequence which would lead to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 and the World Development Summit in Johannesburg three years ago.[D] Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups—many for conferences such as this year's Millennium Goals review—and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.

[E] Managing ecosystems sustainably is more profitable than exploiting them, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. But finding hard evidence to support the thesis is not so easy. Thoughts turn first to some sort of global statistic, some indicator which would rate the wealth of nations in both economic and environmental terms and show a relationship between the two.

[F] If such an indicator exists, it is well hidden. And on reflection, this is not surprising; the single word "environment" has so many dimensions, and there are so many other factors affecting wealth—such as the oil deposits—that teasing out a simple economy-environment relationship would be almost impossible.

[G] The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a vast four-year global study which reported its initial conclusions earlier this year, found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably— working with nature rather than against it—might be less profitable in the short term, but certainly brings long-term rewards.

[H] And the World Resources Institute (WRI) in its World Resources 2005 report, issued at the end of August, produced several such examples from Africa and Asia; it also demonstrated that environmental degradation affects the poor more than the rich, as poorer people derive a much higher proportion of their income directly from the natural resources around them.

[I] But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment, in rich and poor parts of the world alike, whether through unregulated mineral extraction, drastic water use for agriculture, slash-and-burn farming, or fossil-fuel-guzzling (大量消耗) transport. Of course, such growth may not persist in the long term—which is what Mr. Brown and the Stockholm declaration were both attempting to point out. Perhaps the best example of boom growth and bust decline is the Grand Banks fishery. For almost five centuries a very large supply of cod (鳕鱼) provided abundant raw material for an industry which at its peak employed about 40,000 people, sustaining entire communities in Newfoundland. Then, abruptly, the cod population collapsed. There were no longer enough fish in the sea for the stock to maintain itself, let alone an industry. More than a decade later, there was no sign of the ecosystem re-building itself. It had, apparently, been fished out of existence; and the once mighty Newfoundland fleet now gropes about frantically for crab on the sea floor.

[J] There is a view that modem humans are inevitably sowing the seeds of a global Grand Banks-style disaster. The idea is that we are taking more out of what you might call the planet's environmental bank balance than it can sustain; we are living beyond our ecological means. One recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this "ecological overshoot of the human economy

[K] Whether this is right, and if so where and when the ecological axe will fall, is hard to determine with any precision—which is why governments and financial institutions are only beginning to bring such risks into their economic calculations. It is also the reason why development agencies are not united in their view of environmental issues; while some, like the WRI, maintain that environmental progress needs to go hand-in-hand with economic development, others argue that the priority is to build a thriving economy, and then use the wealth created to tackle environmental degradation.

[L] This view assumes that rich societies will invest in environmental care. But is this right? Do things get better or worse as we get richer? Here the Stockholm declaration is ambiguous. "In the developing countries," it says, "most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development." So it is saying that economic development should make for a cleaner world? Not necessarily; "In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialisation and technological development," it continues. In other words, poor and rich both over-exploit the naturalworld, but for different reasons. It's simply not true that economic growth will surely make our world cleaner.

[M] Clearly, richer societies are able to provide environmental improvements which lie well beyond the reach of poorer communities. Citizens of wealthy nations demand national parks, clean rivers, clean air and poison-free food They also, however, use far more natural resources—fuel, water (all those baths and golf courses) and building materials.

[N] A case can be made that rich nations export environmental problems, the most graphic example being climate change. As a country's wealth grows, so do its greenhouse gas emissions. The figures available will not be completely accurate. Measuring emissions is not a precise science, particularly when it comes to issues surrounding land use; not all nations have released up-to-date data, and in any case, emissions from some sectors such as aviation are not included in national statistics. But the data is exact enough for a clear trend to be easily discernible. As countries become richer, they produce more greenhouse gases; and the impact of those gases will fall primarily in poor parts of the world.

[O] Wealth is not, of course, the only factor involved. The average Norwegian is better off than the average US citizen, but contributes about half as much to climate change. But could Norway keep its standard of living and yet cut its emissions to Moroccan or even Ethiopian levels? That question, repeated across a dozen environmental issues and across our diverse planet, is what will ultimately determine whether the human race is living beyond its ecological means as it pursues economic revival.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

36. Examples show that both rich and poor countries exploited the environment for economic progress.I

37. Environmental protection and improvement benefit people all over the world.C

38. It is not necessarily true that economic growth will make our world cleaner.L

39. The common theme of the UN reports is the relation between environmental protection and economic growth.D

40. Development agencies disagree regarding how to tackle environment issues while ensuring economic progress.K

41. It is difficult to find solid evidence to prove environmental friendliness generates more profits than exploiting the natural environment.E

42. Sustainable management of ecosystems will prove rewarding in the long run.G

43. A politician noted for being cautious asserts that sustainable human development depends on the natural environment.A

44. Poor countries will have to bear the cost for rich nations's economic development.N

45. One recent study warns us of the danger of the exhaustion of natural resources on Earth.J

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Interactive television advertising, which allows viewers to use their remote controls to click on advertisements, has been pushed for years. Nearly a decade ago it was predicted that viewers of "Friends

So the news that Cablevision, an American cable company, was rolling out interactive advertisements to all its customers on October 6th was greeted with some skepticism. During commercials, an overlay will appear at the bottom of the screen, prompting viewers to press a button to request a free sample or order a catalogue. Cablevision hopes to allow customers to buy things with their remote controls early next year.

Television advertising could do with a boost. Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year. The popularization of digital video recorders has caused advertisers to worry that their commercials will be skipped. Some are turning to the Internet, which is cheaper and offers concrete measurements like click-through rates—especially important at a time when marketing budgets are tight. With the launch of interactive advertising, "many of the dollars that went to the Internet will come back to the TV," says David Kline of Cablevision. Or so the industry hopes.

In theory, interactive advertising can engage viewers in a way that 30-second spots do not Unilever recently ran an interactive campaign for its Axe deodorant (除臭剂）, which kept viewers engaged for more than three minutes on average.

The amount spent on interactive advertising on television is still small. Magna, an advertising agency, reckons it will be worth about $138 million this year. That falls far short of the billions of dollars people once expected it to generate. But DirecTV, Comcast and Time Warner Cable have all invested in it.

A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of leading cable providers, aims to make interactive advertising available across America later this year. BrightLine iTV, which designs and sells interactive ads, says interest has surged: it expects its revenues almost to triple this year. BSkyB, Britain's biggest satellite-television service, already provides 9 million customers with interactive ads.

Yet there are doubts whether people watching television, a "lean back" medium, crave interaction. Click-through rates have been high so far (around 3-4%, compared with less than 0.3% online), but that may be a result of the novelty. Interactive ads and viewers might not go well together.

46. What does Colin Dixon mean by saying "It's been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years(Lines 4-5, Para. 1)?

A. Interactive television advertising will become popular in 10-12 years.

B. Interactive television advertising has been under debate for the last decade or so.

C. Interactive television advertising is successful when incorporated into situation comedies.

D. Interactive television advertising has not achieved the anticipated results.

47. What is the public's response to Cablevision's planned interactive TV advertising program?

A. Pretty positive.

B. Totally indifferent.

C. Somewhat doubtful.

D. Rather critical.

48. What is the impact of the wide use of digital video recorders on TV advertising?

A. It has made TV advertising easily accessible to viewers.

B. It helps advertisers to measure the click-through rates.

C. It has placed TV advertising at a great disadvantage.D. It enables viewers to check the sales items with ease.

49. What do we learn about Unilever's interactive campaign?

A. It proves the advantage of TV advertising.

B. It has done well in engaging the viewers.

C. It helps attract investments in the company.

D. It has boosted the TV advertising industry.

50. How does the author view the hitherto high click-through rates?

A. They may be due to the novel way of advertising.

B. They signify the popularity of interactive advertising.

C. They point to the growing curiosity of TV viewers.

D. They indicate the future direction of media reform.

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there're no quick or easy answers. There's work to be done, but workers aren't ready to do it—they're in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills. Our problems are structural, and will take many years to solve.

But don't bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak view. There isn't any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. Saying that there're no easy answers sounds wise, but it's actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursing real solutions.

The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states, with a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we're mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular?

Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment—in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious.

I've been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is "unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer." A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a fiscal stimulus adequate to the economy's needs—and suddenly industry was eager to employ those "unadaptable and untrained" workers.

But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling out economy and our society.

So what you need to know is that there's no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren't suffering from a shortage of needed skills; we're suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn't a real problem, it's an excuse—a reason not to act on America's problems at

a time when action is desperately needed.

51. What does the author think is the root cause of mass unemployment in America?

A. Corporate mismanagement.

B. Insufficient demand.

C. Technological advances.

D. Workers' slow adaptation.

52. What does the author think of the experts' claim concerning unemployment?

A. Self-evident.

B. Thought-provoking.

C. Irrational.

D. Groundless.

53. What does the author say helped bring down unemployment during the Great Depression?

A. The booming defense industry.

B. The wise heads' benefit package.

C. Nationwide training of workers.

D. Thorough restructuring of industries.

54. What has caused claims of huge structural problems to multiply?

A. Powerful opposition to government's stimulus efforts.

B. Very Serious People's attempt to cripple the economy.

C. Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries.

D. Economists, failure to detect the problems in time.

55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?

A. To testify to the experts' analysis of America's problems.

B. To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment

C. To show the urgent need for the government to take action.

D. To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家，中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究，这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学、从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作，使创新成果商业化。与此同时，无论在产品还是商业模式上，中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋，以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。

China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to catch up with the developed countries in science and technology as soon as possible, China has substantially increased research and development funds in recent years. Universities and research institutes in China are actively carrying out innovative researches, covering various high-tech fields such as big data, biochemistry, new energy, robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places to commercialize their innovations. Meanwhile, whether in products or business models, Chinese entrepreneurs are also striving to be pioneers in innovation to satisfy the changing and growing demands of both domestic and foreign consumer markets.