
四级考试“改错的目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力”。改错题的主要错误类型有主谓不一致、时态和语态错误、连接词误用、形容词与副词错误、反义词误用、非谓语动词错误、关系代词错误、介词错误、缺漏和赘述、句子结构等等。考生在做改错题时,首先应通读短文,对文章有个大致的了解。然后,仔细读出现10个错误的所在行,一般来说,每个错误基本都可以归入上述的某一个错误类型,看有没有出现语法错误和词汇错误。如果通过细读确认没有语法错误和词汇错误,那就把细读扩大到该行上下各二、三行,有时甚至要联系该行所在的自然段,这时的重点必须转移到对文章的理解上来,从上下文的关系找出连接关系和逻辑关系的前后矛盾的错误。最后应再通读一篇改正后的文章,看整篇文章总体上是否连贯一致。
1、 反义词误用
这是短文改错中出现频率较高也是比较有特色的一种错误类型,这类错误必须在透彻理解上下文语义的基础上才能发现并改正。比较常见的错误有: a、派生反义词 如00年1月的72题将directly改为indirectly。 b其他反义词 如00年1月的77题将little改为much。
2、 连接词误用
连接词的错误虽然是属于传统的语法题范畴,但其用法主要根据上下文语义上的逻辑关系,也就是上下文的理解。连接词有很多种,有并列连词,如and, but, or等,主从连词,如because, if, after等,以及其他连接介词和副词,如however, despite等。曾经考查过的题目有00年6月的73题,将as改为than,这考查的是比较连词的搭配,根据上一行中之more即可确定改as为than。
3、 指代错误
这一般考查的是代词的指代,在文章当中如果说出现了代词,那么代词所指代的对象在前文中一定是出现过的,否则就会出现指代不清,所以出现代词时候,我们要注意它所指代的对象的单复数是否与代词一致。如03年9月的S9题将it改为they,因为它指代的是前面的复数名词new houses。再如02年6月的S9题,将it改为them,因为指代的对象是前文中的immigrants,仍然是个复数名词,当然同时还要注意区分主格和宾格。
4、 介词错误
这是改错中最常见的一种错误,当然这也包括一些用法搭配上的错误,这种错误在历年的考试当中出现的频率非常高。如00年1月的73题,将into改为on或onto,才能与planet相搭配。再如00年6月的10道改错题中有3道涉及到介词错误,分别是71、75和78题。做对这类题目最重要的是平常的积累,尤其是一些动词词组的搭配,虽然在词汇部分出现的已经很少了,但有可能在改错题中出现,当然这占的比重并不是很大,所以大家平常在英语学习当中适当注意即可。
5、 名词和冠词的错误
最近比较经常考查名词的错误的是关于名词的单复数问题,如00年1月的75题,将planet根据上下文改为复数形式。而对于冠词的考查,主要是单数名词前面一定要有一个冠词来修饰,如02年6月的S1题在new one前要加一个不定冠词a。
6、 非谓语动词
非谓语动词分为三类:不定式、动名词和分词。其中分词又分为现在分词和过去分词,其特点是:不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分,但就是不能单独做谓语,这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。这也是在四六级考试改错中常见的错误。如00年1月的78题将consider改为considering。
7、 主谓不一致
产生这种错误的主要原因是没有找对句子的主语,英语追求形式上的完美,所以有时候句子的结构非常复杂,这也是为什么我们一直强调难句分析在英语复习中的重要性。句子的结构一般是“主谓宾”或“主系表”,正确地找出各个句子成分对于阅读也是非常有帮助的。如02年6月的S7题,这一行中有一个倒装语序,所以有的同学会找不出句子的主语,因而找不到错误。答案是把lies改为lie,因为该句的主语是复数two myths。
8、 形容词与副词错误
这类错误一般是形容词与副词的误用,形容词一般用来修饰名词,而副词可以修饰动词和形容词,往往出题者就会把该用副词的地方误用为形容词。如03年12月的S3题应将relative改为副词形式relatively,因为它是用来修饰isolated的。
9、 并列结构
像有or或and连接的一般是并列结构,前后的形式一般来说应该是一样的,如03年12月的S6题,将politics改为political,与其他两个形容词economic和environmental相并列。
10、关系词的误用
这一类错误主要是针对定语从句的,读者可以找一本语法书对定语从句做个回顾复习。这几年考题中出现的错误有00年1月的79题中在定语从句中多了一个they,应该划去。
11、时态的错误
这也是改错中常见的考法。如00年6月76题考查的就是时态,综观短文,全部用过去时态,因而前后应该一致。
当然,除了以上提到的11大类错误之外,还有一些关于上下文逻辑错误,包括上下文语义矛盾和逻辑关系错误等等,这需要通读全文,了解大意方可作对。总之大家在平时复习时要善于总结,在考试时要耐心仔细才能将答对率提高..。
练习
(一)
Most people work to earn a living and they
produce goods and services. Goods are either
agricultural (like maize) or manufactured (like
cars). Services are such things like education, 1._________
medicine, and commerce. These people provide 2.__________
goods. some provide services. Other people provide
both goods or services. For example, in the same 3.__________
garage a man may buy a car or some service which
helps him maintain his car.
The work people do is called as economic 4.__________
activity. All economic activities taken together make
up the economic system of a town, a city, a country,
or the world. Such economic system is the sum-total 5.__________
of what people do and what they want. The work
people do either provides what they need or provides
the money with that they can buy essential 6.__________
commodities. Of course, most people hope to have
enough money to buy commodities and services which
are essential but which provide some particular 7. __________
personal satisfaction, such as toys for children, visits 8. __________
the cinema, and books.
The science of economics is basic upon the facts 9. __________
of our everyday lives. Economists study our everyday
lives and the general life of our communities in order
to understand the whole economic system of which we
are a part. They try to describe the facts of the
economy in which we live, and to explain how it
works. The economist methods should of course be 10. __________
strictly objective and scientific.
(二)
1 Computers have been designed to store information and compute complex problems. Some computers are so high advanced that they even can talk with operators. 1.__________
2 The doctor said that I only had to wait for a relative
2.__________
short time before he could have an interview with me.
3 You must make sure that your speech is clear and
easily to follow. Use examples, charts, and pictures if 3.__________
they will help you explain your points clearly. You
should treat your audience with respect.
4 The myth of the country as a Garden of Eden,
a few generations late, sends them flooding out again 4.__________
to the suburbs.
5 In the wild, tea plants become trees of
approximately thirty feet in high. 5.__________
6 Microwave ovens are generally more costlier than 6.__________
common ovens.
7 We are not necessary capable of doing such an 7.__________
exacting job.
8 There may be sound medicine reasons for accepting 8.__________
electrical shock treatment, but such reasons are totally
dependent on the balance of risks and benefits for the
patients.
9 Living is risky. Crossing the road, driving a car, flying,
swallowing an aspirin tablet or eating a chicken sandwich
— they can all be fatal. Clearly some risks worth taking, 9.__________
especially when the rewards are high.
10 Punctuality is a good habit, and unpunctuality is a bad
one. A few minutes delay may not be a serious matter. 10.__________
(三)
Most studies suggest that when women and men do the
same job and have the experience, pay rates tend to be
similar. Most of the dollar differences stem from fact that -------71.
women tend to be more recently employed and have more -------72.
years on the job. Whether women who have started a career
will attain pay equality with men rest on at least two factors. -------73.
First, will most of them continue part time at their jobs after -------74.
they have children? A break in their employment, or a decision -------75.
to work part time, will slow its raises and promotions
because it would for men. Second, will male-dominated -------76.
companies elevate women to higher-paid jobs at the different -------77.
rate as they elevate men? On some fields, this had clearly not -------78.
happened. Many men, for example, have committed their -------79.
lives to teaching careers, yet relative few have become -------80.
principals or headmasters.
(四)
Time spent in a bookstore can be enjoyable, if --71.
you are a book-lover or merely there to buy a book a
present. You may even have entered the shop
just to find shelters away a sudden shower --72.
Whatever the reasons, you can soon become totally
unaware of your surroundings. The desire to pick
up a book with an attractive dust jacket is
irresistible, even this method of selection ought --73.
not to be followed, as you might end up with a
rather bored book. You soon become engrossed in --74.
some book or other, and usually it is only much
later that you realise you have spent far much --75.
time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten
appointment -- without buying a book, of course.
This opportunity to escape the realities of
everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a
bookshop. There are not many places where it is
impossible to do this. A music shop is very much --76.
like a bookshop. You can wander round such places
to your heart's content. If it is a good shop, no
assistant will approach to you with the inevitable --77.
greeting: "Can I help you, Sir?" You needn't buy
anything if you don't want. In a bookshop an
assistant should remain the background until you --78.
have finished browsing. Then, only then, are his
services necessary. Of course, you may want to
find out where a particular section is, since when he --79.
has led you there, the assistant should retire
discreetly and look as he is not interested in --80.
selling a single book.
答案解析:
(一) Keys 1. like → as 2. Those → Some 3. or → and 4. called as→ call 5. Such → Such an
6. that → which 7. essential → nonessential or not 8. visits → visits to 9. basic → based
10. economist → economist’s (二) 1. high→highly。2. relative→relatively。
3. easily→easy。在该句中easy紧跟在系动词be之后,与clear并列,即“your speech is clear and easy to follow”。4. late→later。5. high→height。“in height”表示“在高度上”的意思,为固定搭配,没有in high的表达法。6. costlier→costly。costly是形容词,意思是昂贵的,它的比较级是more costly,costlier是错误形式。7. necessary→ necessarily。8. medicine→medical。9. worth前加are。本句有一个由“when”引导的时间状语从句,主句“Clearly some risks worth taking”缺少谓语动词,因为worth是形容词,一般于“be worth doing”。
10. minutes→minutes’。本句中minutes是名词,不能直接修饰后面的名词delay,应该用名词所有格形式。 (三) 71. from fact -> from the fact 72. recently -> frequently 73. rest -> rests 74. part -> full
75. its -> their 76. because -> as 77. different -> same 78. On -> In 79. men -> women
80. relative -> relatively
(四)71. if – whether 72. (away) from 73. (even) although 74. bored -- boring
75. (far) too 76. impossible – possible 77. / 78. (remain) in 79. since – but 80. (as) if
