oracle数据库常用的操作命令

2、sqlplus /nolog 或sqlplus system/manager 或./sqlplus system/manager@ora9i;

3、SQL>connect / as sysdba ;（as sysoper）或

connect internal/oracle AS SYSDBA ;(scott/tiger)

conn sys/change_on_install as sysdba;

4、SQL>startup; 启动数据库实例

5、 查看当前的所有数据库: select * from v$database;

select name from v$database;

desc v$databases; 查看数据库结构字段

7、怎样查看哪些用户拥有SYSDBA、SYSOPER权限:

SQL>select * from V_$PWFILE_USERS;

Show user;查看当前数据库连接用户

8、进入test数据库：database test;

9、查看所有的数据库实例：select * from v$instance；

如：ora9i

10、查看当前库的所有数据表：

SQL> select TABLE_NAME from all_tables;

select * from all_tables;

SQL> select table_name from all_tables where table_name like '%u%';

TABLE_NAME

------------------------------

_default_auditing_options_

11、查看表结构：desc all_tables;

12、显示CQI.T_BBS_XUSER的所有字段结构：

desc CQI.T_BBS_XUSER;

13、获得CQI.T_BBS_XUSER表中的记录：

select * from CQI.T_BBS_XUSER;

14、增加数据库用户：(test11/test)

create user test11 identified by test default tablespace users Temporary TABLESPACE Temp;

15、用户授权:

grant connect,resource,dba to test11;

grant sysdba to test11;

commit;

16、更改数据库用户的密码：(将sys与system的密码改为test.)

alter user sys indentified by test;

alter user system indentified by test

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~``

Oracle 常用指令 SQL> show all --查看所有68个系统变量值

SQL> show user --显示当前连接用户

SQL> show error　　 --显示错误

SQL> set heading off --禁止输出列标题，默认值为ON

SQL> set feedback off --禁止显示最后一行的计数反馈信息，默认值为"对6个或更多的记录，回送ON"

SQL> set timing on --默认为OFF，设置查询耗时，可用来估计SQL语句的执行时间，测试性能

SQL> set sqlprompt "SQL> " --设置默认提示符，默认值就是"SQL> "

SQL> set linesize 1000 --设置屏幕显示行宽，默认100

SQL> set autocommit ON --设置是否自动提交，默认为OFF

SQL> set pause on --默认为OFF，设置暂停，会使屏幕显示停止，等待按下ENTER键，再显示下一页

SQL> set arraysize 1 --默认为15

SQL> set long 1000 --默认为80

说明：

long值默认为80，设置1000是为了显示更多的内容，因为很多数据字典视图中用到了long数据类型，如：

SQL> desc user_views

列名 可空值否 类型

------------------------------- -------- ----

VIEW_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

TEXT_LENGTH NUMBER

TEXT LONG

SQL> define a = '''20000101 12:01:01''' --定义局部变量，如果想用一个类似在各种显示中所包括的回车那

样的常量，

--可以用define命令来设置

SQL> select &a from dual;

原值 1: select &a from dual

新值 1: select '20000101 12:01:01' from dual

'2000010112:01:01

-----------------

20000101 12:01:01

问题提出：

1、用户需要对数据库用户下的每一张表都执行一个相同的SQL操作，这时，一遍、一遍的键入SQL语句是很麻烦的

实现方法：

SQL> set heading off --禁止输出列标题

SQL> set feedback off --禁止显示最后一行的计数反馈信息

列出当前用户下所有同义词的定义，可用来测试同义词的真实存在性

select 'desc '||tname from tab where tabtype='SYNONYM';

查询当前用户下所有表的记录数

select 'select '''||tname||''',count(*) from '||tname||';' from tab where tabtype='TABLE';

把所有符合条件的表的select权限授予为public

select 'grant select on '||table_name||' to public;' from user_tables where 《条件》;

删除用户下各种对象

select 'drop '||tabtype||' '||tname from tab;

删除符合条件用户

select 'drop user '||username||' cascade;' from all_users where user_id>25;

快速编译所有视图

----当在把数据库倒入到新的服务器上后(数据库重建)，需要将视图重新编译一遍，

----因为该表空间视图到其它表空间的表的连接会出现问题，可以利用PL/SQL的语言特性，快速编译。

SQL> SPOOL ON.SQL

SQL> SELECT'ALTER VIEW '||TNAME||' COMPILE;' FROM TAB;

SQL> SPOOL OFF

然后执行ON.SQL即可。

SQL> @ON.SQL

当然，授权和创建同义词也可以快速进行，如：

SQL> SELECT 'GRANT SELECT ON '||TNAME||' TO 用户名;' FROM TAB;

SQL> SELECT 'CREATE SYNONYM '||TNAME||' FOR 用户名.'||TNAME||';' FROM TAB;

命令列表：

假设当前执行命令为：select * from tab;

(a)ppend　　　　 添加文本到缓冲区当前行尾　　　　a order by tname　结果：select * from tab order by tname;

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（注：a后面跟2个空格）

(c)hange/old/new 在当前行用新的文本替换旧的文本　c/*/tname　　　　　结果：select tname from tab;

(c)hange/text　　从当前行删除文本　　　　　　　　c/tab　　　　　　　结果：select tname from ;

del　　　　　　　删除当前行

del n　　　　　　删除第n行

(i)nput 文本　　 在当前行之后添加一行

(l)ist　　　　　 显示缓冲区中所有行

(l)ist n　　　　 显示缓冲区中第 n 行

(l)ist m n　　　 显示缓冲区中 m 到 n 行

run　　　　　　　执行当前缓冲区的命令

/　　　　　　　　执行当前缓冲区的命令

r　　　　　　　　执行当前缓冲区的命令

@文件名　　　　　运行调入内存的sql文件，如：

SQL> edit s<回车>

如果当前目录下不存在s.sql文件，则系统自动生成s.sql文件

，

在其中输入"select * from tab;"，存盘退出。

SQL> @s<回车>

系统会自动查询当前用户下的所有表、视图、同义词。

@@文件名　　　　 在.sql文件中调用令一个.sql文件时使用

save 文件名　　　将缓冲区的命令以文件方式存盘，缺省文件扩展名为.sql

get 文件名　　　 调入存盘的sql文件

start 文件名　　 运行调入内存的sql文件

spool 文件名　　 把这之后的各种操作及执行结果"假脱机"即存盘到磁盘文件上，默认文件扩展名为.lst

spool　　　　　　显示当前的"假脱机"状态

spool off　　　　停止输出

例：

SQL> spool a

SQL> spool

正假脱机到 A.LST

SQL> spool off

SQL> spool

当前无假脱机

exit　　　　　　 退出SQL*PLUS

desc 表名　　　　显示表的结构

show user　　　　显示当前连接用户

show error　　　 显示错误

show all　　　　 显示所有68个系统变量值

edit　　　　　　 打开默认编辑器，Windows系统中默认是notepad.exe，把缓冲区中最后一条SQL语句调入afiedt.buf文件中进行编辑

edit 文件名　　　把当前目录中指定的.sql文件调入编辑器进行编辑

clear screen　　 清空当前屏幕显示

二．Oracle sqlplus语句编辑命令

首先我们输入这样一条指令：

SELECT emp_id, emp_name

FROM Employees

input 命令可以接着上一条指令的后面添加语句，比如在上述语句运行后输入：

input WHERE emp_age > 30

便可得到如下指令：

SELECT emp_id, emp_name

FROM Employees

WHERE emp_age > 30

ln 命令用于指定对以输入的第n行语句进行操作，比如在上述语句运行后输入：

l1则当前选中的语句行即为

SELECT emp_id, emp_name

（语句前有"*"表示）

a 命令用于直接在当前行的末尾加上字符，比如在上述语句运行后输入：

a , emp_dept

则执行的指令变为：

SELECT emp_id, emp_name, emp_dept

FROM Employees

WHERE emp_age > 30

c 命令用于修改当前语句中的字符，比如在上述语句运行后输入：

c /emp_name/emp_age/则执行的指令变为：

SELECT emp_id, emp_age, emp_dept

FROM Employees

WHERE emp_age > 30

del n 命令用于删除第n行指令，比如在上述语句运行后输入：

DEL 3

则执行的指令变为：

SELECT emp_id, emp_age, emp_dept

FROM Employees

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

oracle里常用命令详细讲解【2】

第一章：日志管理

1.forcing log switches

sql> alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints

sql> alter system checkpoint;

3.adding online redo log groups

sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]

sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members

sql> alter database add logfile member

sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,

sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of th

e online redo logfile

sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'

sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups

sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members

sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files

sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '

b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:"oracle"oradb"log');

c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:"oracle"oradata"oradb"redo01.log',

sql> dbms_logmnr.new);

d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:"oracle"oradata"oradb"redo02.log',

sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);

e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:"oracle"oradb"log"oradb.ora');

f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters

sql> v$logmnr_logs);

g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

第二章：表空间管理

1.create tablespaces

sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"file1.dbf' size 100m,

sql> 'c:"oracle"oradata"file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]

sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)

sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace

sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"user_data01.dbf'

sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace

sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:"oracle"oradata"temp01.dbf'

sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting

sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;

sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

5.taking tablespace offline or online

sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;

sql> alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace

sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.droping tablespace

sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files

sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data01.dbf' size 200m

sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually

sql> alter database datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace

sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data.dbf'

sql> to 'c:"oracle"app_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database

sql> alter database rename file 'c:"oracle"oradata"app_data.dbf'

sql> to 'c:"oracle"app_data.dbf';

第三章：表

1.create a table

sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)

sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]

sql> [initrans

integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)

sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.copy an existing table

sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table

sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;

on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size

pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter

sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k

sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents

sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace

sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space

sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table

sql> truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table

sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column

sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;

alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused

sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;

alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;

alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000

data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引

1.creating function-based indexes

sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

2.create a B-tree index

sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace

sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]

sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0

sql> maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes

sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k

sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index

sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k

sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index

sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space

sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

第五章：约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred

sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;

set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints

sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints whil

e create a table

sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable

sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);

primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints

sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints

sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章：LOAD数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert

sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging

sql> select * from emp_old;

2.parallel direct-load insert

sql> alter session enable parallel dml;

sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging

sql> select * from emp_old;

3.using sql*loader

sql> sqlldr scott/tiger "

sql> control = ulcase6.ctl "

sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章：reorganizing data

1.using expoty

$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:"emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

2.using import

$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.transporting a tablespace

sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;

$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts

triggers=n constraints=n

$copy datafile

$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2

/sles02.dbf)

sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4.checking transport set

sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);

在表transport_set_violations 中查看

sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含

第八章： managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password

sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

2.user_provided password function

sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),

old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

3.create a profile : password setting

sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3

sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30

sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function

sql> password_grace_time 5;

4.altering a profile

sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3

sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5.drop a profile

sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6.create a profile : resource limit

sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2

sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost

dba_Users,dba_profiles

8. enable resource limits

sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

第九章：Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication

sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users

sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire

sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

2.change user quota on tablespace

sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users

;

3.drop a user

sql> drop user juncky [cascade];

4. monitor user

view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

第十章：managing privileges

1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

2.grant system privilege

sql> grant create session,create table to managers;

sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;

with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:

sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,

alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database

alter database archivelog,restricted session

sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until

4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users

5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

6.revoke system privilege

sql> revoke create table from karen;

sql> revoke create session from scott;

7.grant object privilege

sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;

sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

9.revoke object privilege

sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$

11. protecting the audit trail

sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

12.statement auditing

sql> audit user;

13.privilege auditing

sql> audit select any table by summit by access;

14.schema object auditing

sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;

15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts

16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

第十一章： manager role

1.create roles

sql> create role sales_clerk;

sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;

sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;

2.modify role

sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;

sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;

3.assigning roles

sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;

sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;

sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4.establish default role

sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;

sql> alter user scott default role all;

sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;

sql> alter user scott default role none;

5.enable and disable roles

sql> set role hr_clerk;

sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;

sql> set role all except sales_clerk;

sql> set role none;

6.remove role from user

sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;

sql> revoke hr_manager from public;

7.remove role

sql> drop role hr_manager;

8.display role information

view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_priv

ivs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat

2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback

> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)

> shutdown immediate

> cp files /backup/

> startup

5.restore to a different location

> connect system/manager as sysdba

> startup mount

> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';

> alter database open;

6.recover syntax

--recover a mounted database

>recover database;

>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';

>alter database recover database;

--recover an opened database

>recover tablespace user_data;

>recover datafile 2;

>alter database recover datafile 2;

7.how to apply redo log files automatically

>set autorecovery on

>recover automatic datafile 4;

8.complete recovery:

--method 1(mounted databae)

>copy c:"backup"user.dbf c:"oradata"user.dbf

>startup mount

>recover datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf;

>alter database open;

--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)

>copy c:"backup"user.dbf c:"oradata"user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)

>recover datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' or

>recover tablespace user_data;

>alter database datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' online or

>alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)

>startup mount

>alter database datafile 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' offline;

>alter database open

>copy c:"backup"user.dbf d:"oradata"user.dbf

>alter database rename file 'c:"oradata"user.dbf' to 'd:"oradata"user.dbf'

>recover datafile 'e:"oradata"user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;

>alter tablespace user_data online;

--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)

>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;

>alter database create datafile 'd:"oradata"user.dbf' as 'c:"oradata"user.dbf''

>recover tablespace user_data;

>alter tablespace user_data online

5.perform an open database backup

> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;

> copy files /backup/

> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;

> alter system switch logfile;

6.backup a control file

> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';

> alter database backup controlfile to trace;

7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)

> shutdown abort

> cp files

> startup

8.recovery of file in backup mode

>alter database datafile 2 end backup;

9.clearing redo log file

>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;

>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

10.redo log recovery

>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:"oradata"redo03.log' size 1000k;

>alter database drop logfile group 1;

>alter database ope

n;

or >cp c:"oradata"redo02.log' c:"oradata"redo01.log

>alter database clear logfile 'c:"oradata"log01.log';