
在写作中,我们提倡简练,但不是说都用简单句。简单句的堆砌实际上是语言技巧不老练,甚至是语言水平低下的表现。在阅卷人看来,同样的一个意思若能够用较为复杂的句子结构来表达,其语言水平应该比只会用简单句来表达的语言水平高出一筹,即使有些语言错误也应比后者取得较高的分数,因为他们使用的语言难度较高。
当然我们反对过多地使用简单句并不是鼓励学生去可以追求长句、复杂句。我们要求根据表达内容使用不同的句子结构,实现句子结构的多变,产生较好的语言效果。以下是我们经常使用的方法:
一. 长短句结合
长句含有许多修饰语,适合表达准确而复杂的思想,解释观点或理论,描写细致的事物;短句语气较重,适合陈述重要的事实和想法。简单句与含有衔接词的复杂句交替使用,可以是整个段落生动、丰富、有节奏感,并产生鲜明的对比效果。
eg. 原文: I love fast cars. I want to drive every one of them. Speed is my life. It′s what I do my best.
在这短话中,四句简单句都没有有效的衔接,不能使人分清其中的逻辑联系,可优化为为:
I love fast cars. Even I want to drive every one of them because speed is my life and driving is what I do my best.
优化后的句子使用了一个短句和一个长句。第一句起概括的作用,第二句则解释说明。使人能分清主次,印象深刻。
二. 松散句与圆周句
在松散句中,主句在前,从句在后,将主要意识放在次次要意思之前,先说最重要的事情;在圆周句中,从句在前,主句在后,把最重要的意思放到最后面,并且直到最后一个词时集资的结构才完整。松散句简单、明白、自然和直接,适于自然有序的陈述情况、表达想法;圆周句复杂、郑重、文雅,容易形成意思上的高潮。
eg.
She will live no more than three months if she dose not have bone marrow transplantation. ( 松散句)
He even refused to change another copy for me just because I have opened it. ( 松散句)
Many people offered as much help as they could even though they did not know Angel
( 松散句)
Since it is important for college students to take an active part in social activities, the Student Union of university decides to organize a social practice during the summer holiday. 圆周
If I am elected as President, I will not let you down. ( 圆周句)
Since I came to the university, I have always been monitor of my class. ( 圆周句)
三. 倒装句
出于修辞的考虑,把句子成分前后倒置,这种现象叫倒装。倒装句可以强调、突出被倒装部分,达到较强的修辞效果,给读者留下深刻的印象。
eg.
Only in this way can you succeed in the end.
Only in this way can we put an end to piracy and create a healthy environment for both customers and producers.
Only by making good use of the Internet can we make a difference in our life.
四. 平行结构
英语中有许多句子使用相同的语法结构,由两个或多个并列连词连接,并在结构、词性、时态、数等方面保持一致,这就是平行结构。经常出现的连词有:both...and..., neither...nor..., either...or..., not only...but also..., rather than, nor, and, but, while, whereas, yet, as well as等。恰当的使用句子平行结构可以使句式丰富,增强表达力,而且琅琅上口,富于音乐的美感。如:
I like reading poetry because poetry can make me calm, pleased, and comforted.
In contrast, science books are usually serious, dull and difficult.
This phenomenon, in my opinion, has not only upgraded the quality and standard of life of people, but also improved the value of consumption of our modern society.
巩固练习:修改下列句子。
1. With the cold climate and vegetation is scarce, firewood is a valuable resource.
2. I have a very extensive range of responsibilities, including experienced with Windows, skilled with applying software, and competence in written English.
3. Many people get up early to jog along country lanes, to observe the wonder of nature, or just watching the sun rise.
4. The cellphone has the functions of communication and information, and it is entertaining.
1. With the cold climate and scarce vegetation, firewood is a valuable resource.
2. I have a very extensive range of responsibilities, experienced with Windows, skilled with applying software, and competent in written English.
3. Many people get up early to jog along country lanes, to observe the wonder of nature, or just to watch the sun rise.
4. The cellphone has the functions of communication and information, and entertainment.
五. 主动语态与被动语态
在主动句中,主语是动作或行为的执行者;而在被动句中,主语是是动作或行为的支配对象。我们通常使用主动句,但是由于在被动句中不出现动作或行为的执行者,在陈述事实时使用被动句会产生客观、公正的效果,并使句子简洁、顺畅。如:
I was to be thrown into school for the first time.
I did not know what to say. The gate was now closed. Some of the children burst into tears. The bell rang. A lady came along, followed by a group of men. The man began dividing us into ranks. We were formed into an intricate pattern in the great courtyard surrounded by high buildings; form each floor we were overlooked by a long balcony roofed in wood.
We played all sorts of games. In the music room we sang our first songs. We also had our first introduction to language. We saw a globe of the Earth, which revolved and showed the various continents and countries. We started learning numbers, and we were told the story of the Creator of the universe. We ate delicious food, took a little nap, and woke up to go on with friendship and love, playing and learning.在这段叙述中,为了保持叙述对象的一致性,作者交叉使用主动语态和被动语态,流畅自然,符合读者的思维习惯。
六. 非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括:、动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。使用非谓语动词可以在有限的空间内容纳更多的信息,使句子结构紧凑、逻辑严谨。
1. Considering all these, I believe that I should return his great love with my achievements.
2. Concerning the position of President of the Student Union, I feel qualified to take the job.
3. Looking into the future, I will try my best to serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough to be President Student Union.
4. It is really the time to deal with the problem.
5. Then I went back to the bookstore, asking for an exchange.
6. After my repeating several times, he reluctantly went away, trying to get a new for me.
7. On hearing it, I became annoyed and told him what I wanted then was a refund.
8. To begin with, given the fierce competition, you’d better make more efforts than necessary to prepare for the College Entrance Examinations, especially Mathematics and English.
七. 介词短语
介词短语具有动词的特征,使用介词短语同样可以增强文章的表现力,突出不同动词的重要性,适合表达抽象的含义。例如:
1. The big sum of money (RMB200, 000) for such an operation is obviously beyond what her family can afford.
2. I’m writing in reply to give you some suggestion on your would-be major.
3. In their opinions, different books are of different uses.
4. In short, taking CET-6 is good to both my study and my personal development.
练习一:请改写下面段落,使之句式多样化。
原文:Nowadays, many people think that college students should take a part-time job for several advantages. It gives the students a chance to know the society and to learn to be independent, They can also get financial reward and working experience as well, such as teaching or selling practice. It is helpful to their growth. They can put what they have learned into practice, and know their strong and weak points. They can improve their study and personality. It is beneficial in their later life.
[分析]本段所用语言杂乱无章,逻辑松散,而且都是简单句的拼凑,句式单调,读来令人昏昏欲睡。我们首先加入关联词语,使段落内容形成一个整体,围绕一个主题句College students should take a part-time job for several advantages, 然后用For one thing, For another, What’s more 衔接三项理由,使之逻辑清晰。同时,我们可以把其中的简单句按照内在关系接为复合句,使句式丰富。如:They can also get financial reward and working experience as well, such as teaching or selling practice. It is helpful to their growth.这两句可用定语从句连接,合并为They can also get financial reward and working experience as well, such as teaching or selling practice, which is helpful to their growth.又如:They can put what they have learned into practice, and know their strong and weak points. They can improve their study and personality. It is beneficial in their later life.
这三句可以首先确定 前两句的目的关系,用so that连接,而最后一句通过定语从句与原文融为一体。
Nowadays, many people think that college students should take a part-time job for several advantages. For one thing, it gives the students a chance to know the society and to learn to be independent. For another, they can also get financial reward and working experience as well, such as teaching or selling practice which is helpful to their growth. What’s more they can put what they have learned into practice, and know their strong and weak points so that they can improve their study and personality, which is beneficial in their later life.
