
从香草茶,绞股蓝提取的免疫刺激多糖的分离和鉴定
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical 药用植物资源与天然药物教育部重点实验室
Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, and School of化学,生命科学学院,陕西师范大学,西安710062,学校
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China 药学院,第四军医大学,西安710032,中国
Water-soluble polysaccharide from Gynostemma pentaphyllum herb tea (PSGP) was isolated by hot- 绞股蓝凉茶(PSGP)的水溶性多糖的分离热水提取和乙醇沉淀。化学成分和初步immunomodu
lating activity of PSGP were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. 在体外和体内都需接上的PSGP活动进行了调查。 Capillary zone electrophoresis 毛细管电泳分析表明,PSGP是一个典型的非淀粉杂,与葡萄糖的主要成分单糖(23.2%),其次是半乳糖(18.9%),阿拉伯糖(10.5%),
rhamnose (7.7%), galacturonic acid (4.7%), xylose (3.9%), mannose (3.1%), and glucuronic acid 鼠李糖(7.7%),半乳糖醛酸(4.7%),木糖(3.9%),甘露糖(3.1%),葡萄糖醛酸
(1.2%)(1.2%)。 PSGP could significantly stimulate peritoneal macrophages to release nitric oxide, reactive PSGP能显着刺激巨噬细胞释放一氧化氮,活性氧,肿瘤坏死因子-R的剂量依赖性。 This immunostimulating 这种免疫PSGP活动,进一步证明了其抑制人结肠癌扩散activity of PSGP was further demonstrated by its inhibition on the proliferation of human colo癌HT-29和SW-116细胞培养PSGP刺激巨噬细胞上清液文化。 It is evident that PSGP is a very important ingredient responsible for at least in part the 显而易见的是,PSGP是一个非常重要的成分,至少部分负责cultur绞股蓝凉茶的免疫调节活性。analysis showed that PSGP was a typical nonstarch heteropolysaccharide, with glucose being t
main component monosaccharide (23.2%), followed by galactose (18.9%), arabinose (10.5%)
KEYWORDS: Gynostemma pentaphyllum herb tea; polysaccharide; capillary electrophoresis; immuno-stimulating activity 关键词:绞股蓝草药茶多糖;毛细管电泳;免疫刺激活性
引言
The consumption of herb tea is popular in Asian countries.Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino, named “Jiao-Gu-Lan” in Chinese, is a well-known herb tea in Asia. 凉茶的消费在亚洲countries.Gynostemma绞股蓝命名为“娇谷兰”在中国,是受欢迎的,是亚洲著名的凉茶。 It is a saponin-rich plant and contains about 90 dammarane-type glycosides which are closely related to the component saponins in expensive 这是一个丰富 的植物皂素和包含约90达玛烷型密切相关,在昂贵的组件的皂甙的甙 ginseng, and hence, cheap G. pentaphyllum is regarded as “second ginseng” (1–7)人参,因此,廉价的绞股蓝视为“第二人参”(1-7)。 In recent years, G. pentaphyllum has attracted great attention owing to its wide bioactivities for the treatments of hepatitis, hypertension, chronic bronchitis, gastritis,cancer, and other diseases (1, 7). 绞股蓝,近年来,已经吸引了极大的关注,由于其广泛的生物活性,在治疗肝炎,高血压,慢性支气管炎,胃炎,癌症,其他疾病(1,7)。 For this reason, it is claimed 出于这个原因,它声称 that drinking herb tea of G. pentaphyllum could promote health and alleviate the severity of many disorder
喝药草茶,绞股蓝能促进健康和减轻许多疾病的严重性。
G. pentaphyllum herb tea has been produced on a large scale in China and has also been sold in Europe as an herb tea with a claim of benefit to health and beauty (4, 8). 绞股蓝凉茶已经在中国大规模生产,也已经在欧洲销售,作为凉茶的利益要求的保健及美容(4,8).传统的,低分子量的化合物,如挥发油和皂甙,已被视为这种植物的活性成分(8-10)。 Recently, the water-soluble polysaccharides have also been demonstrated to be partially responsible for some bioactivity of G. pentaphyllum herb tea (9, 10). 最近,水溶性多糖也被证明是部分负责为一些生物活性的绞股蓝草药茶(9,10)。特别是,这些多糖具有更大的生物利用度,因为它们很容易被浸泡到茶汤相比,挥发油和皂甙。
Interest in antitumor, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant activity of natural polysaccharides is growing (9–11). 天然多糖在抗肿瘤,免疫刺激,抗氧化活性的兴趣越来越大(9-11)。 To the best of our knowledge, little is known about the immunomodu-latory activity of polysaccharide from G. pentaphyllum herb tea.The present work was therefore undertaken to isolate and 因此,据我们所知,很少有人称为绞股蓝草本植物tea.The目前的工作多糖immunomodu-latory的活动进行隔离和characterize the polysaccharide in G. pentaphyllum herb tea and to study its immunomodulatory activity both in vivo and in vitr表征绞股蓝草药茶多糖,并研究在体内和体外免疫调节活性。
MATERIALS AND METHOD材料与方法Materials and Reagents.材料和试剂:The herb tea of G. pentaphyllum was purchased from Pingli Country Fiveleaf Gynostemma Institute, Shaanxi province, China.绞股蓝的凉茶,是从陕西省平利国家Fiveleaf绞股蓝研究所,中国购买。 D-Mannose, L-rhamnose, D-glucuronic acid, D-galac- D-甘露糖,L-鼠李糖,D-葡萄糖醛酸,D-半 turonic acid, D-glucose, D-xylose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, D-fucose, and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).turonic酸,D-葡萄糖,D-木糖,D-半乳糖,L-阿拉伯糖的D-岩藻糖,2',7'-二氯二乙(DCF - DA)购自Sigma公司(圣路易斯,密苏里州)。 Coomassie brilliant blue G250 and bovine 考马斯亮蓝G250和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)均购自华美生物化学有限公司(中国上海)。 m-Hydroxydiphenyl was from Sigma Co. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimeth-yl sulfoxide (DMSO), RPMI10, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS),and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were the products of Gibco BRL(Gaithersburg, MD). M-羟Sigma公司3 - (4,5 -二甲基-2 -基)-2,5 -二苯基盐(MTT),dimeth基二甲基亚砜(DMSO),培养液,磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),和胎牛血清(FBS),Gibco BRL公司(马里兰州盖瑟斯堡)的产品。 Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was obtained from 三氟乙酸(TFA)取自 Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 默克(德国达姆施塔特)。 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP)was purchased from the Beijing Reagent Plant (Beijing, China). 1 -苯基-3 -甲基-5 -吡唑啉酮(PMP),购自北京试剂厂(中国北京)。 Allother chemicals were of the analytical grade available. allother试剂均为分析纯。
Isolation of Polysaccharide from G. pentaphyllum (PSGP). 从绞股蓝(PSGP)多糖的分离。
Polysaccharide was isolated as we previously described (12). 正如我们先前所描述的(12)多糖分离。 Briefly, the herb tea of G. pentaphyllum (stem and leaf) was dried at 110 C for 2 h and mashed into a powder. 简单地说,干燥的药草茶,绞股蓝(茎,叶)110 2 h后,捣碎成粉末。 The sample (500 g) was refluxed at 样品(500克)回流
80C for 3 h in absolute alcohol. 80C 3小时无水酒精。 After the mixture was filtered, the residues were dried in air and then extracted in hot water (1:10, w/v)at 80°C three times, for 1 h each time. 混合物过滤后,残留在空气中干燥,然后在热水(1:10,W / V)提取,每次在80°C三个次,1小时。 The extracted solution was 提取液
concentrated to 10% of the original volume in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, and then the polysaccharide was precipitated by adding 4 volumes of 95% (v/v) ethanol at 4C for 24 h. 集中到下减压旋转蒸发原体积的10%,然后加入4卷的95%(V / V)乙醇在24小时4C 沉淀多糖。 The sediment 沉积物
was collected by centrifugation (3000g, 10 min). 离心收集(3000G,10分钟)。 Then the polysac-charide sediment was further refined by being repeatedly washed with ethanol, acetone, and ether alternately. 然后多糖charide泥沙被反复交替冲洗乙醇,丙酮,乙醚和进一步完善。 The refined polysaccharide was 精制多糖
dissolved in distilled water and intensively dialyzed (MW > 10 000) against distilled water, and then the retentate portion was deproteinized by a freeze-thaw process (BenchTOP, Virtis Co.) repeated eight times 溶于蒸馏水中,并加紧对蒸馏水透析(MW> 10 000),然后由冻融过程中截留部分脱蛋白(台式,VIRTIS有限公司)重复八次
followed by filtration. 其次,过滤。 Finally, the filtrate containing PSGP was lyophilized to yield brown water-soluble polysaccharide (7.5 g). 最后,滤液含PSGP的是冻干产生褐色水溶性多糖(7.5克)。
Physicochemical Analysis of PSGP. 理化分析PSGP。 Moisture was determined by drying PSGP at 110C for 2 h and calculating the amount of evaporated water (13). 水分测定干燥2小时PSGP 110C和蒸发水(13)计算的金额。 The ash content was measured by incinerating PSGP 灰分含量是衡量焚烧PSGP
overnight in a muffle furnace at 550°C and weighing the residue (13). 一夜之间在马弗炉中在550°C和重残(13)。
The total carbohydrate content in PSGP was analyzed by the phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetric method using glucose as a standard (14). 苯酚-硫酸比色法葡萄糖作为标准(14)使用方法的在PSGP总碳水化合物含量进行了分析。 The uronic acid content was assayed using the m-hydroxydiphenyl 糖醛酸含量测定使用的m-羟
method with glucuronic acid as a standard (15). 葡萄糖醛酸(15)作为一个标准的方法。 In addition, proteins in PSGP were quantified according to the Bradford method with BSA as a standard (16, 17). 此外,在PSGP蛋白质进行量化,根据布拉德福德与牛血清白蛋白作为标准的方法(16 17)。
The monosaccharide composition of PSGP was analyzed according to the following procedure: the samples (10 mg) were hydrolyzed in 10 mL of 2 M TFA at 110 °C for 6 h to release component 单糖组成的PSGP按照下列程序进行分析:样本(10毫克)水解为110℃,6小时10毫升2米TFA的释放组件
monosaccharides, which were derivatized with PMP. 单糖,其中的PMP衍生物。 The analysis of the PMP derivatives at a final concentration of 0.1 mg/mL was performed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) as we previously 正如我们以前在终浓度为0.1毫克/毫升的PMP衍生物的分析是由毛细管区带电泳(CZE)
described with some modification (12). 描述了一些修改(12)。 Briefly, borate running buffers were prepared by diluting the stock solution (400 mM boric acid) to the desired concentration prior to use and adjusting the pH to the desired 简言之,硼酸运行缓冲液稀释原液(400毫米硼酸)至所需浓度,在使用前和调整pH值到所需的准备
pH values with NaOH. 用NaOH的pH值。 MeOH in the sample solution was used as a neutral marker to measure electroosmotic flow (EOF). 被用来作为一个中立的指标来衡量电渗流(EOF)样品溶液中的甲醇。 CZE analysis was performed on a Beckman P/ACE MDQ system. 在贝克曼的P / ACE MDQ系统进行电泳分析。 An uncoated 未涂布
capillary of 48.7 cm × 75 µm id (effective length 38.5 cm) was used for the separation of monosaccharides, and the UV absorbance was measured at 254 nm. 毛细血管的48.7厘米×75微米的ID(有效长度38.5厘米),用于单糖的分离,紫外吸收波长为254 nm。
Animal Experiment. 动物实验。 Pathogen-free BALB/c mice (6-8 weeks old,17-20 g body mass) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Center of the Fourth Military Medical University (Xi'an, China). 无病原体的BALB / c小鼠(6-8周龄,17-20克体重)获得实验动物中心从第四军医大学(西安,中国)。 Mice were housed in plastic cages and allowed free access to water and food at 20-25 °C under a 12 h light/dark cycle at least 6 days before the experiments. 小鼠被安置在塑料鸡笼,并允许自由出入,在20-25℃的水和食物,根据12 h光照/黑暗周期至少6天前实验。 The guidelines for the care of the animals were strictly 照顾动物的严格准则
followed throughout the studies. 其次整个研究。 Animals were randomly divided into various groups with five mice each. 各组动物随机分为五鼠。 PSGP was dissolved in PBS and administrated intraperitoneally to mice of experimental groups at PSGP溶解在PBS和腹腔给药实验组小鼠
different doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of body mass. 不同剂量的25%,50和100毫克/公斤体重。 Control animals were given the same volume of sterile PBS alone. 对照组动物分别给予相同体积的无菌PBS单独。 After 8 h of treatment in vivo, murine peritoneal macrophages were isolated and 8Ĥ的治疗体内后,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的分离和
analyzed (18, 19). 分析(18,19)。
Macrophage Isolation and in Vitro Drug Treatment. 巨噬细胞的分离和体外药物治疗。 Macrophages were prepared from BALB/c mice as described previously (18). 巨噬细胞,准备从如前所述BALB / C小鼠(18)。 Briefly, peritoneal macrophages were obtained from three mice. 简言之,腹腔巨噬细胞获得了三只老鼠。 The collected 收集
cells were seeded and cultured in RPMI10 containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin at a density of 2 × 106 cells/well. 细胞接种和培养,在培养液含有10%热灭活胎牛血清,100 U / mL青霉素和100μg/ mL链霉素的密度为2×106个细胞/孔。 The cells were allowed to adhere for 这些细胞被允许坚持为
3 h at 37C in a 5% CO2 incubator. 3小时在37C在5%CO2培养箱。 The cultures were then washed twice with RPMI10 to remove nonadherent cells. 的文化,然后用培养液洗两次,以去除贴壁细胞。 The adherent macrophages were treated with various designed concentrations of 贴壁的巨噬细胞治疗各种设计浓度
PSGP for 24 h. PSGP为24小时。 The control group received vehicle only. 对照组只收到车辆。
Proliferation of SW-1116 and HT-29 Cells. SW-1116和HT-29细胞增殖的影响。 Two colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, SW-1116 and HT-29, were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 3 × 103 cells/well and allowed to adhere for 大肠腺癌细胞株SW-1116和HT-29,密度为3×103细胞/孔接种于96孔板,并允许坚持为
24 h in RPMI10 containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. 24小时包含在培养液的10%热灭活胎牛血清,100 U / mL青霉素,100μg/ mL链霉素。 The cells were exposed to a100 µL volume of different concentrations of PSGP or the cultured 细胞暴露于不同浓度PSGP或培养的A100微升体积
supernatants from PSGP-stimulated macrophages, while the negative controls were treated with the supernatants from unstimulated mac-rophages. 从上清PSGP刺激巨噬细胞,而阴性对照无刺激MAC-rophages上清治疗。 After 6 days of culture, the cell numbers of SW-1116 and 经过6天的文化,SW-1116细胞的数量和
HT-29 cells were estimated using the colorimetric MTT assay as described previously (19). 估计HT-29细胞,用比色法MTT法如前所述,(19)。 The percent viability of the treated cells was calculated as follows: (A570 of treated cells/A570 of untreated cells) × %的细胞活力,计算公式如下:(未经处理的细胞的治疗cells/A570 A570)×
100. 100。
Measurement of Nitrite Release from Cells. 从细胞亚盐推出的测量。 Nitric oxide (NO)production was determined indirectly by assaying the culture supernatantfor accumulated nitrite, the stable end product of NO reacted with 生产一氧化氮(NO)间接测定化验的文化supernatantfor积累的亚盐,没有稳定的最终产品的反应
molecular oxygen as previously described (20). 如前面所述的氧分子(20)。 Briefly, murine peritoneal exudate was plated onto a 96-well plate at 2 × 106 cells/well, and adhered macrophages were cultured with various concentra-tions of PSGP or LPS at 37C for 36 h. 简单地说,小鼠腹腔渗出液接种到96孔板,2×106个细胞/孔,并坚持巨噬细胞培养在37C各种PSGP或LPS浓度为36小时。 After treatment, 100 µL of isolated supernatants was allowed to react with Griess reagent (1%sulfanilamide, 0.1% N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride, and2.5% phosphoric acid) at room temperature for 10 min. 治疗后,被允许孤立上清100μL格里斯试剂(1%磺胺,0.1%的N-1-萘乙二胺,and2.5%磷酸)在室温下反应10分钟。 Nitrite products were determined by measuring the absorbance at 550 nm versus a NaNO2 standard curve, and the results are shown as nanomoles per 106 cells. 亚盐的产品相对于亚钠的标准曲线在550 nm处测量吸光度测定,结果显示每106个细胞纳摩尔。
Determination of Intracellular ROS Generation. 测定细胞内ROS的产生。 Changes in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were determined by measuring the oxidative conversion of the sensitive fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) to fluorescent 2′,7′-dichlo-rofluorescein (DCF) as described previously (21). 变化中的活性氧物种(ROS)水平决定通过测量转换氧化敏感的荧光探针2',7'-二氯双乙酸钠(DCFH - DA),荧光灯2',7'-二氯rofluorescein的(DCF) (21)。 DCFH-DA readily diffuses through the cell membrane and is enzymatically hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to form nonfluorescent 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein(DCFH), which is then rapidly oxidized to form highly fluorescent DCF in the presence of ROS, and the fluorescence intensity is proportional to ROS production. DCFH - DA容易扩散通过细胞膜,酶是细胞内酯酶水解形成发荧光2',7'-二氯(DCFH),然后被迅速氧化形成高荧光的DCF中存在的ROS,荧光强度ROS的产生成正比。 Here, at the end of incubation, cells in the 96-well 在这里,在年底的培养,细胞在96孔
plate at a density of 2 × 106 per well were washed two times with PBS and then loaded with 5 µL of DCFH-DA (final concentration 10µM in DMSO) at 37C for 35 min in the dark. 在每口井的密度为2×106板用PBS洗两次,然后加载DCFH - DA在37C(DMSO终浓度10μM)在黑暗中为35分钟,5μL。 Then the cells were 然后细胞
resuspended with PBS. 悬浮与PBS。 The fluorescence intensity was recorded in a fluorescence spectrophotometer (970CRT, Shanghai, China) at 485 nm excitation and 535 nm emission. 录得的荧光强度,荧光分光光度计在485 nm激发,535 nm发射(970CRT,上海,中国)。 Relative ROS production was 相对ROS的产生
expressed as a percentage of the DCF fluorescence of the control group. 作为对照组的DCF荧光的百分比表示。
Bioassay for Tumor Necrosis Factor-r (TNF-r) Secretion from Macrophages. 肿瘤坏死因子-R(TNF-R),巨噬细胞分泌的生物活性测定。 Adhered macrophages at 2 × 106 cells/well were incubated with various concentrations of PSGP at 37C for 48 h. 坚持巨噬细胞2×106个细胞/孔孵育48小时在37C各种PSGP浓度。 After incubation, conditioned supernatants were collected for assaying TNF-R release by determining the cytotoxicity using a bioassay of TNF-sensitive L929 cells (22, 23). 孵化后,空调上清收集化验确定使用TNF敏感的L929细胞(22,23)生物活性的细胞毒性释放TNF-R的。 L929 cells (3 × 105 cells, 100 µL) were cultured with serially diluted supernatants (100 µL) in the presence of actinomycin D (1 µg/mL) for 18 h in 96-well microtiter plates. L929细胞(3×105个细胞,100μL)培养与连续稀释的上清液中存在的放线菌素D(1微克/毫升)为18小时96孔板(100μL)。 The cells were washed once with PBS and stained with 0.5% crystal violet in methanol for 15 min. 细胞用PBS洗一次,并用0.5%甲醇水晶紫15分钟染色。 The plates were extensively washed with water, and the dye was extracted with methanol. 板被广泛用清水洗净,并用甲醇中提取的染料。 The percentage of cell survival was calculated from the absorbance (A) values at 570 nm as follows: 细胞存活的百分比计算的吸光度(A)值在570纳米如下:
Atreated/Auntreated control × 100. atreated / Auntreated控制×100。 Statistical Analysis. 统计分析。 Data were expressed as means ( SD. Statistical 数据表示为手段(SD.统计
differences between the treatments and the control were evaluated by 治疗和控制之间的差异进行了评价
Student's t tests. 学生的t检验。 p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. P <0.05被认为是重要的。
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 结果与讨论
Physcochemical Properties of PSGP. PSGP physcochemical属性。 In this study, PSGP was isolated from the traditional Chinese herb tea of G. pentaphyllum by hot-water extraction and ethanol precipitation. 在这项研究中,从传统中药绞股蓝茶热水提取和乙醇沉淀分离PSGP。 As a result, the extraction yield of PSGP could reach ap-proximately 1.5% of the dry G. pentaphyllum herb tea. 作为一个结果,的PSGP的提取率可达到大约1.5%的干绞股蓝凉茶。 PSGP was easily soluble in water, but it was not soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, acetone, and chloroform. PSGP易溶于水,但它是不溶于有机溶剂,如乙醇,乙醚,丙酮,氯仿和。 PSGP PSGP
did not react with iodine-potassium iodine reagent, suggesting that PSGP was a nonstarch polysaccharide. 没有反应,碘,钾碘试剂,暗示,PSGP是一个非淀粉多糖。 The contents of total carbohydrate, uronic acid, protein, ash, and moisture in PSGP were 78.7%, 6.1%, 5.6%, 2.2%, and 7.9%, respectively. 总糖,糖醛酸,蛋白质,灰分,水分在PSGP的内容分别为78.7%,6.1%,5.6%,2.2%和7.9%。 It was evident that the carbohydrate content of PSGP was high and neutral sugars were the main components. 很明显的PSGP碳水化合物含量高的中性糖的主要成分。 In addition, PSGP also contained a small quantity of protein because most free proteins had been removed during the isolation, especially during the freeze-thaw process. 此外,PSGP还含有少量的蛋白质,因为最自由的蛋白质已被删除隔离期间,尤其是在冻融过程。 The present results suggested that PSGP was a protein-bound polysaccharide and the protein might be bound to the polysaccharide chains via electrostatic force interaction (24). 目前的结果表明,PSGP是蛋白结合多糖和蛋白质可以绑定到的多糖链通过静电相互作用力(24)。
CZE was used to quantify the individual PMP-derivatized monosaccharide of PSGP. 捷克被用来量化的个人单糖的PMP衍生物的PSGP。 The separation of the PMP-deriva-tized monosaccharides was largely dependent on the pH and borate concentration of the running buffer. 的PMP衍生物的tized的单糖的分离,在很大程度上取决于运行缓冲液的pH值和硼酸浓度。 Under the optimum conditions of 200 mM borate buffer (pH 11.0), separation voltage 15 kV, and capillary temperature 20C, nine standard PMP-aldoses could be completely baseline separated within 38 200 mM硼酸盐缓冲液(pH值11.0),分离电压15 kV,毛细管温度20℃的最佳工艺条件下,9个标准的PMP-aldoses可能是完全基线分离内38
min. 分钟。 The peaks in the electropherogram were identified in the order xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose, fusose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid (Figure 1A). 电泳峰被确定为了木糖,阿拉伯糖,葡萄糖,鼠李糖,fusose,半乳糖,甘露糖,葡萄糖醛酸,半乳糖醛酸(图1A)。
Individual monosaccharides in PSGP were similarly separated and quantified (Figure 1B), demonstrating that PSGP is a typical heteropolysaccharide which consists of xylose (3.9%), arabinose (10.5%), glucose (23.2%), rhamnose (7.7%), galactose (18.9%), mannose (3.1%), glucuronic acid (1.2%), and galacturonic acid (4.7%). 同样,在PSGP个人单糖被分离和量化(图1B),表明PSGP是一个典型的杂多糖由木糖,阿拉伯糖(10.5%)(3.9%)(23.2%),葡萄糖,鼠李糖(7.7%),半乳糖( 18.9%),甘露糖(3.1%),葡萄糖醛酸(1.2%),半乳糖醛酸(4.7%)。 It should be pointed out that the CZE method could separate simultaneously a number of both neutral sugars and uronic acid in a short period of time. 应当指出,捷克的方法可以同时分离中性糖及糖醛酸在很短的时间内。
Effect of PSGP on NO Release from Macrophages. 从巨噬细胞释放NO的影响PSGP。 NO 无
production is associated with activated macrophages in the host defense mechanism (25). 生产与激活巨噬细胞在宿主防御机制(25)。 Therefore, the effect of PSGP on the NO release from murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro was investigated. 因此,的PSGP的体外小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放NO的影响进行了研究。 As shown in Table 1, the treatment of the peritoneal adherent macrophages with PSGS (50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL) caused a significant increase in the NO production from peritoneal macrophages (5.6-, 8.5-, 11.3-, and 13.5-fold,respectively). 正如表1所示,治疗腹膜粘附PSGS巨噬细胞(50,100,200和400微克/毫升),引起了在从腹腔巨噬细胞NO产量显着增加(5.6,8.5,11.3, 13.5倍,分别)。 At the same time, potential macrophage activator LPS (1.0 µg/mL) increased the NO release by 8.8-fold compared with the control group (p < 0.05). 同时,潜在的巨噬细胞激活LPS(1.0微克/毫升),与对照组(P <0.05)相比增加了8.8倍,NO释放。 To further confirm, BALB/c mice were treated in vivo with PSGP or LPS followed by measurement of the NO production in isolated peritoneal 为了进一步证实,BALB / c小鼠体内治疗与PSGP或LPS其次是测量在孤立的腹腔产生NO
macrophages. 巨噬细胞。 As a result, the administration of PSGP (25, 50,and 100 mg/kg) or LPS (0.2 mg/kg) to mice significantly induced the NO generation in isolated peritoneal macrophages.It was concluded that PSGP possessed the potential immune-enhancing activity. 因此,管理PSGP(25,50和100毫克/千克)或LPS(0.2毫克/千克),显着诱导小鼠在隔离腹膜macrophages.It无代得出的结论是PSGP具有潜在的免疫增强活动。
PSGP-Induced ROS Production in Macrophages. PSGP诱导巨噬细胞活性氧的产生。 Intra-cellular ROS is an important indicator of immune function activation. 细胞内活性氧是激活免疫功能的一个重要指标。 As expected, it was found that PSGP in the range of 100-400 µg/mL significantly enhanced the intracellular ROS release in vitro in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05 versus the saline control, Table 1). 正如预期的那样,人们发现,PSGP范围在100-400微克/毫升,显着增强细胞内ROS的释放在体外剂量依赖性(P <0.05),与生理盐水对照,见表1。 However, no significant immuno-stimulating effect was observed for PSGP at the low concentra-tion of 50 µg/mL (p > 0.05). 然而,没有显着的免疫刺激作用,在低浓度50微克/毫升(P> 0.05)为PSGP观察。 It was further confirmed that intraperitoneal administration of PSGP at the concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg to BABL/c mice also markedly promoted ROS generation in the isolated peritoneal macrophages com-pared with that of the control (p < 0.05). 这进一步证实PSGP腹腔给药,25,50和100的浓度,毫克/千克到BALB / c小鼠也明显促进腹腔巨噬细胞中分离出活性氧的产生与对照组(P <0.05)相比。 The results revealed that PSGP could effectively stimulate macrophages to release intracellular ROS both in vitro and in vivo. 结果表明,PSGP能有效刺激巨噬细胞在体外和体内释放细胞内ROS。 Antitumor Activity of PSGP via Immune Stimulation. 通过PSGP的抗肿瘤活性的免疫刺激。 In general, the antitumor activity of plant polysaccharides is believed to be a consequence of the immune cell-mediated immune response. 在一般情况下,植物多糖的抗肿瘤活性被认为是一种免疫细胞介导的免疫反应的后果。 The present study investigated the antitumor activities of PSGP against two kinds of colorectal adenocarci- noma cell lines, HT-29 and SW-1116, in vitro. 本研究针对两种大肠腺癌NOMA细胞株HT-29和SW-1116体外抗肿瘤活性的PSGP。 Figure 2 shows the indirect effects of PSGP oncell proliferation of HT-29 and SW-1116 cells by a simple MTT assay. 图2显示了一个简单的MTT法的PSGP oncell HT-29和SW-1116细胞增殖的间接影响。 The results demonstrated 结果表明:
that, although the polysaccharide could not directly inhibit the growth of HT-29 and SW-1116 cells in vitro, the cultured supernatant from the polysaccharide-stimulating macrophages could kill human colon cancer HT-29 and SW-1116 cells. 多糖,虽然不能直接抑制HT-29和SW-1116细胞在体外生长,从多糖刺激巨噬细胞培养上清可以杀死人结肠癌HT-29和SW-1116细胞。 After six days, it was observed that the treatment of human colon cancer cells with the supernatants from PSGP-stimulated macrophages caused a significant viability loss of HT-29 or SW-1116 cells in a dose-dependent manner in the concentration range 50-400 µg/mL, indicating that PSGP exerted antitumor activity by enhancing the immune function of macrophages. 6天之后,有人指出,从PSGP刺激巨噬细胞上清的人结肠癌细胞治疗引起的HT-29 SW-1116细胞的活力剂量依赖性的浓度范围内的损失50-400微克/毫升,这表明PSGP所施加的抗肿瘤活性,提高巨噬细胞的免疫功能。 At the same time, it was found that SW-1116 cells were less sensitive to the cytotoxicity of PSGP than HT-29 cells. 在同一时间,它被发现,SW-1116细胞不敏感,比HT-29细胞的细胞毒性PSGP。 For example, the colon cancer cells treated with the supernatants from 400 µg/mL PSGP-stimulated macrophages resulted in a 例如,从400微克/毫升PSGP刺激巨噬细胞上清液治疗结肠癌细胞,导致了
significant increase in cytotoxicity, as reflected by a 48.4% fall in cell viability for HT-29 cells and a 71.3% fall for SW-1116 cells (p < 0.05) (Figure 2). 在细胞毒性显着增加,反 映HT-29细胞在细胞活力下降48.4%和71.3%下降为SW-1116细胞(P <0.05)(图2)。 The present result indicated that the cancer inhibitory effect of PSGP was mediated by immune stimulation. 目前的结果表明,癌症PSGP抑制作用介导的免疫刺激。
To further confirm the indirect antitumor activity, the effect of PSGP on TNF-R secretion by macrophages was studied. 为了进一步证实间接的抗肿瘤活性,巨噬细胞TNF-R的分泌的PSGP的影响进行了研究。 In this study, adhered macrophages were cultivated in the presence or absence of PSGP for 48 h and the supernatants were collected followed by measurement of TNF-R secretion. 在存在或PSGP的没有在这项研究中,坚持的巨噬细胞培养48小时,收集上清测量TNF-R的分泌。 As shown in Figure 3, the stimulation of macrophages with PSGP at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL induced TNF-R release in a dose-dependent manner. 图3所示,与PSGP刺激巨噬细胞在浓度为50,100,200和400微克/毫升诱导剂量依赖性释放TNF-R在。 To be specific, the cell viability of L929 cells was decreased by 93.7%, 85.1%, .7%, and 54.4%, respectively, compared with that of the control group 要具体,L929细胞的细胞活力下降93.7%,85.1%,.7%和54.4%,分别与对照组相比,
(p < 0.05). (P <0.05)。 The results on TNF-R secretion further proved that PSGP exhibited indirect antitumor activity. TNF-R的分泌,结果进一步证明,PSGP展出间接的抗肿瘤活性。
Traditionally, consumption of herb tea made of G. penta- phyllum is believed to improve blood flow, eliminate toxins,and enhance the immune system (26, 27). 传统上,凉茶G的五,phyllum消费被认为以改善血液循环,排除毒素,增强免疫系统(26,27)。 In this study, we investigated the immunostimulating activity of PSGP, finding it was a potential immunostimulator which enhanced production of NO, ROS, and TNF-R. 在这项研究中,我们调查的PSGP的免疫活性,发现它是一个潜在的immunostimulator增强NO,ROS及TNF-R的生产。 It is well-known that, when mac- rophages are activated, they release many effectors including NO, ROS, and TNF-R to inhibit the growth of a wide variety of microorganisms and tumor cells (1–5). 这是众所周知的,当MAC-rophages被激活,他们释放包括NO,活性氧和TNF-R来抑制增长的各种微生物和肿瘤细胞(1-5)的许多效应。 In addition, PSGP had no direct cytotoxicity to HT-29 and SW-1116 tumor cells, 此外中,PSGP了HT-29和SW-1116肿瘤细胞没有直接的细胞毒性,
but the immune-enhancing action of the polysaccharide-induced cytokine production was one of the important antitumor mechanisms. 但多糖诱导细胞因子产生的免疫增强作用是重要的抗肿瘤机制之一。
In conclusion, G. pentaphyllum is a well-known edible and medicinal plant administered as an herb tea in China. 总之,绞股蓝是一个众所周知的食用和药用植物,作为一个在中国的凉茶管理。 Pharma-cological studies of G. pentaphyllum extracts have illustrated a variety of health benefits, and the dammarane saponins (gype- nosides or gynosaponins) are believed to be the active ingre- 绞股蓝提取物的医药cological研究已经说明了各种健康的好处,达玛烷型皂甙(gype nosides或gynosaponins)被认为是积极的ingre
dients responsible for the biological activities of G. pentaphyllum (28–30). 负责dients绞股蓝(28-30)的生物活性。 The present study is the first time it has been demonstrated that the polysaccharide in G. pentaphyllum is a typical heteropolysaccharide which possesses an immunostimu- lating activity. 目前的研究是第一次,它已被证明,绞股蓝多糖是一个典型的杂拥有immunostimu lating活动。
