
English 11-1 14 姜芳
When I first read Shakespeare’s sonnet 18, I was certainly shocked by his perfect language use and amazing self-confidence. Shakespeare really deserves his fame as the greatest dramatist and poet in all English literal history, and any summing up of Shakespeare’s achievement is inadequate. These remind me of another big literary figure, although he is even not belong to western world, Libai, who is also full of super talent and become somebody that we will remembered forever.
Even though there are big differences between English and Chinese language, so do the poets, we can find many similarities from those great people and master pieces. I want to talk about the similarities and differences between English and Chinese poems and I will use Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 and LiBai’s 《清平调词三首》for examples.
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou are more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
Sometimes too hot the eye of sun shines
And of is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;
But the eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade.
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
清平调词三首
云想衣裳花想容,春风拂槛露华浓。
若非群玉山头见,会向瑶台月下逢。
一枝红艳露凝香,云雨巫山枉断肠。
借问汉宫谁得似,可怜飞燕倚红妆。
名花倾国两相欢,长得君王带笑看。
解释春风无限恨,沉香亭北倚阑干。
Sonnet 18 is one of the most famous one among Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets while 《清平调词三首》is also regarded as one of Libai’s representatives. They are both very influential in their own culture. Through these two works, the poets can reach out to masses, touch the hearts and souls of millions and leave their marks to the world. We have read them for hundreds of years and they are still so attractive and charming.
At first, let us take the theme into considered. Beauty, is a permanent theme in the poetry, whether in eastern or in western. In sonnet 18, the first two lines, in the form of a question and an assertive statement, show the poet’s idea of comparing his beloved with a summer’s day and also point out that the beloved person is more beautiful and less extreme than the summer. While the next 6 lines describe the some aspects that why summer’s day is less pleasant than his beloved one: summer has strong wind that destroy the fine buds, summer’s extreme hot weather makes us unpleasant, and summer’s fair has too short a lease that won’t last long. Then at line 9 to nine 12, the poet say that the beloved has a eternal summer which shall not fall at all, and the nature fair she possessed will last forever. That is to say, the poet makes a promise that the death will be conquered and the beloved one’s spirit and life will surely be eternal. The last 2 lines further emphasize the eternity of spirit and virtue of his beloved and point out that this is because that the poem will always exist. As long as men can breathe, they will enjoy this poem the poet write for his beloved, and they will remember the beauty and virtue of the beloved one. The sonnet, with only 14 lines, describe a woman’s eternal beauty fully and just as the poet say, the women’s beauty is eternal because even after so many years, we still read this sonnet and appreciate her truly fair. Sonnet 18 of Shakespeare is a love poem that he writes to his beloved, in comparison, Libai’s poem is writing to a famous king’s wife, YuhuanYang, although they do both intend to sing songs of the beautiful lady. The poet first say that the clothes Yang are wearing are just like the clouds and her face is as beautiful as the peony. She is so beautiful that the poet don’t believe that she is a real person, but she should be a fairy maiden. Then, the second part describe some famous beauty in Chinese history, however, they should make up to compare to Yang, and even so, they just like the light of stars compared to Yang’s shining beauty in the poet’s eyes. The last part is about Yang’s inner virtue. In ancient china, the king owns many wives and all the women are endowed with both beauty and talent. But, Yang is so attractive that the king only loves her for she has the ability to relax the king from his hard official work and be understanding and considerate.
The main theme of the two poems is similar, but the methods to present it are so different. So let us talk about artistic feature of the two poems in the second part.
First of all, the rhyme is absolutely two different things, and this difference exists in any English and Chinese poem. The different way to rhyme the poems even becomes a big supportive point for those who think that the poems can’t be translated. We can easily observe that, in sonnet 18 line 1 and line 3 have the end rhyme:/ei/,line 2 and line 4 rhyme with /eit/. And these four lines form a quatrain. The same form is used in the second quatrain from line 5 to line 8, the third quatrain from line 9 to line 12. However, the last two lines have their own form, as they have the end rhyme;/i:/. The form that one poem contains many rhymes may seems informal and short of talent in Chinese poets’ eyes for there are only one rhyme in a standard Chinese poem, even a untalented poet will and can do so. Take Libai’s poets for example, as a standard seven words quatrain, the last characters of the first、second and forth sentences have the same rhyme. We can easily find /ong/、/an/ is the rhyme angel of the three poems.
The second point, which is also an argument for those who consider that the translation of poem is impossible, is that how many words each line contain. In Chinese poems, every line has the same character, while in English poems more attention is given to the syllable. Each line in this sonnet is in iambic pentameter, which means each line has 5 feet, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. For example, we can divide the first line into five independent feet as “shall I/ compare/ thee to/ a sum/ mer’s day?” and the accents are shall, com, thee, a, mer. Each line has the number of syllable can be considered as an elegant and rhythmic poem in English. In comparison, Libai’s poems have 7 characters in each line, and this is often the case in all Chinese ancient poem, or say “shi”. In Chinese ancient poems we often use “ping” and “ze”, two tones, to form a special rhyme and let the poem sound canorous and tuneful.
The third is a peculiar thing in Chinese poem, antithesis, which means a match of both sound and sense in two lines or sentences. Take the third and fourth line of Libai’s poem for example, every words and phrases in these two lines are balanced and form a pairs of antithesis. In Chinese poetry, the use of antithesis shows your skill in writing and sometimes it is an important aspect to judge whether the poem is good or not. There truly has been a time in Chinese history that all poets are obsessed in antithesis using and sometimes the form is considered more important than the content. That period also created many master pieces, such as the Epang Palace. Antithesis is so unique that we can hardly talk about it in English. However, we can choose some good translation work with a particular Chinese taste to look at. For instance, this sentence, “the boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower; the endless River rolls its waves hour after hour”, translated by a prestigious figure in translating Chinese ancient literature, Xu Yuanchong, is a perfect applying of antithesis in English. There are pairs of antithesis in this sentence: “the boundless forest” and “the endless river”, “sheds its leaves” and “rolls its waves”, “shower by shower” and “hour by hour”. These exactly suit that form of noun matching noun, verb matching verb, etc. In addition, “boundless” and “endless”, “shower” and “hour” are of the same rhymes which let this sentence more Chinese like.
The poets are likely to use rhetoric to make the language more vivid, the expressions more effective and the whole poem more impressive, both in English and Chinese. There are many common points of the rhetoric use in both cultures. Generally speaking, simile and personification are universally used in every culture. In sonnet 18 we can see that the sun is regarded as “the eye of heaven”, which is a simile. In Libai’s poem the beautiful clothes of Yang are considered as clouds, both flowing and gentle and the ruddy face of the lady are as fresh as flowers, which are also similes. However, although they are both simile, we can find something different, that is, the frequently-used metaphorical objects. If you refer to “the eye of heaven”, every western people may immediately think of the sun, because it is a symbol of the sun since Shakespeare’s time, while a Chinese will fell that this simile is strange. Peony, a emblem of rich and honor in china, have no special meaning in western culture, so they won’t understand the deep meaning of comparing a royal beauty to the peony. This kind of differences are too more to list out. Additionally, we can find the word “his” used to describe the sun and the death which gives them life. Here personification is used to make the images the poet points out linked to each other and vividly form the whole imagery. Anyway, personification in both poems is similar.
There are some figures of speech closely related to the tone of the poem, such as repetition and alliteration, which intend to make the tone more melodious. Repetition is used in both poems. In the beginning of several lines in sonnet 18 the same word are used, such as in line 6 and line 7, the word “And” are repeated, in line 10 and line 11, the same word “Nor” are used, and in line 13 and line 14 the phrase “so long” are repeated. While in Libai’s poem “spring wind” appears twice, at the beginning and in the end. “spring wind” is perhaps the most meaningful word in this poetry. Besides it is a repetition and their functions that make the poetry form a whole, it also has two other meanings, internal and external. The superficial meaning is the real spring wind reviving the world and bringing the peony into flower. Internally, it represents the king’s love to Yang, which means that the king’s love to Yang is just like the spring wind to flowers, making them prettier and more beautiful. The alliteration is a particular phenomenon in the English poem which means the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or cloth to each other. Chinese words can’t form such an effect. In Chinese poetry we are not supposed to use the same word in one poem because Chinese poem are general short and it is considered inability to use a same character in such a short poem. The poet often chose to use synonyms if the same meaning is ought to express and these synonyms also make the tone more concordant and the whole poem more elegant. In Chinese poems, there’s also a unique figure of speech, anadiplosis that means the repetition of the final words or clauses at the beginning of the next.
Another distinctive point in the rhetoric aspect in these two poems is comparison. The poets indicate that the beauty in the poem is much more beautiful than something all the people considered pretty. Shakespeare opens the poem with a question that is addressed to the beloved, “shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” this question is comparing her to the summer time of the year. During summer’s time, the flowers are blooming; trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm and it is generally thought of the most enjoyable time of the year. However, even so the woman is prettier than the summer’s day, as the poet explains in the next line: the woman is “more lovely and more temperate”. From line 3 to line 8, Shakespeare mainly concentrate on something unpleasant of summer’s day to pave way for the compliment to the woman next. In the summer days, the sun, “the eye of heaven”, often shines “too hot” and “his gold complexion dimmed”, that is, the fair of summer day “hath too short a date and it can’t stay longer because the chilling of autumn is coming upon us and the flowers will soon be withering. The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved separates from the summer: her fair will be like the eternal summer that lasts forever, and never end or die. Shakespeare describes a real beauty, more beautiful than the summer day at the basis of comparison. While, in Libai’s poem more comparisons are used. First, the peony and the woman enhance each other’s beauty. A full-blown peony with several dews implies the fruity beauty of the woman while the fragrance the woman having indicates the smell of the peony. The first poem regarded Yang as a fairy maiden and the only place we are supposed to see such a beauty should be the heaven. And the second poem compares Yang with Zhao Feiyan, a woman famous for her beauty in the Han dynasty. The poet thinks that even Zhao Feiyan should make up, or she is not as beautiful as Yang Yuhuan. It is obvious that the poet prefers Yang’s nature beauty. In a word, comparison is well used in these two poems to describe the beauty of a woman.
To conclude, English and Chinese poems have a lot similarities and differences in many aspects: theme, rhyme, figure of speech and so on.
References:
Shakespeare sonnet 18
Libai 《清平调词三首》
