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Analysis of the impact of green barriers on China's exports of agricultural products
(From: Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2005, (2))
In recent years, the environment-protection in international trade inclines to be stronger and stronger, the new developing non-tariff trade barriers such as the green (organic) trade barrier have become certain rationality, disguise and technology under the title of environmental protection, and become the effective weapon of trade protectionism more and more. It has already formed the difficult door hank for us through the swift and violent development in a few years, assaulting the export of our agricultural products seriously. Whether we could cross this green protective screen become the key problem for the continuous and constant development of our agricultural products export under the new situation of China's accession to the WTO.
1.Implications, Characteristics and Formulation of Green Barrier
1.1 Implication of the green barrier
The meaning of trade barrier includes tariff barrier and non-tariff trade barriers, and the technological barrier is the main form of non-tariff trade barriers. With the constant development of TBT(Technical barriers to trade),the green barrier has already become the important component of TBT.Green barrier is a kind of neutral barrier. Normal green barrier means to take rational measure of trade actually to protect environment legally. And the rational green barrier means that the importer implement import restrictions on ecological environment protection, natural environment, the health animals and plants. Up to now, it has already permeated through planning from the initial raw materials of products to each link, such as production procedure, packing and selling, consumer’s usage and scrap and dealing, etc. Progressively. It stipulates according to relevant environmental protection standards, requires the import goods should not only be in accordance with the quality level, and should also be in accordance with the environmental protection request from designing, making, packing to consuming link of handing etc., and can't cause danger to ecological environment and human health. Such new trade protective measure can stop abroad products effectively, especially environmental consciousness bad, backward in technique entry of product of developing country.
1.2 The formulation of the green barrier
With the rapid economic growing of various countries, the global environmental question is aggravated day by day after the World War II. In face of the ecological environment that is destroyed and polluted miserably, the green peace organization has sent out the sharp accusation: the mankind has made the paradise of a piece of rubbish, world people increasing at double and spreading like the pestilence have caused the extinction of 500 animals and plants, it is robbing the fuel on the earth. When the holding capacity of the ecological environment reaches limit, it will begin to carry the terrible vindictiveness to the mankind. In face of the severe vindictiveness of natural environment, day-by-day the international community has lifted the powerful environmental tide. People also gradually realize that it is mankind's common responsibility to protect the environment, and we must adopt the common action.
The formulation of the green barrier of trade protectionism and needs are not out of ecological environment protection and human health there is one side reason is that trade of its rationality. But its profound reason is that trade protectionism resumes, and several negotiations between GATT and WTO have already kept the tariff very low, carious countries are unable to achieve the goal of exercising restraint in importing to cause through the tariff. "Protecting the national economic benefits" is basic hopes when various countries carry on international trade, so adopting restriction when foreign products enter national market, and guaranteeing national products that occupied domestic market become natural acts
1.3 Characteristics of the green trade barrio
There are era backgrounds in appearances of the green trade barrier of rationality of the surface content. "Limit increased" which Club of Rome published in 1972. The report and the first world environments summit meeting holding at Stockholm of Sweden in the same year have promoted the development of environmental protection sport of the world. Mankind begin to think the relations of the environment, economic growth and social welfare, to intro-sped the prevailing consumption mode, followed the world environmental doctrine sport, and to think the production, trade and environmental protection factor while consuming be paid more and more concerns. On the other hand, the deterioration of environment is constant day by day, and arouses highly concerns of the people all around the world, especially on the environmental protection of developed country. People care more and more about life quality, pay close attention to the ecological environment, and pursue non-harmful consumption. Although the green trade barrier seems has catered to the public’s needs, and is in accordance with sustainable development goals of various countries, the trade protectionism restrains the foreign products from importing in fact.
The legitimacy of the external form lies in a series of countries as a kind of brand-new main difference between green trade barrier and other non-tariff trade barriers. Border legislates in order to legislate to stipulate and implement publicly accusing to using publicly at home. Have all made the corresponding regulation to the green trade barrier in PTO, relevant trade agreement and international environmental convention. At present, more than 150 multilateral international protocols have already been signed in the world. The extension of the scope of application with various countries actively pursues the sustainable development strategy.
The range of the green trade barrier is more and eating, wearing, using, living, transporting to playing, and from means of livelihood to means of production, all products trade related to ecological environment, natural health belong to it and protect resources and human health belong to it and protect the content. In the last few years, some fields, such as service trade, technological trade have expanded beyond the trade of the products.
2 Forms of the Green Barrier
2.1 Green technical standard
It is usually some countries to pass the legislative means in the name of environmental protection to make a series of mandatory strict environmental protection technical standards, in order to forbid or exercise restraint in importing. These standards are all made according to one' s own production and engineering level by developed countries, so it is very difficult for developing country to reach these standards.
2.2 Green packing system
It means that the packaging of the products is harmless to ecological environment and health, can economize resources, and is easy to resolve naturally. Because of the development of the international economy, the packing article is increasing constantly, caused a large number of rubbish and esource waste. Various countries’ governments adopt countermeasures to use the green pack to promote, the main measures include stipulating legislative form that forbids using a certain material and encourage using resources that can be recycled etc. by way of legislation
2.3 System of environmental health quarantine
The government of a country has the right of taking quarantine measures to protect mankind and health of animals and plants, especially to guarantee the people and animals food exempt from the influence of pollutant, toxin, additive, etc., and to guarantee that the mankind exempts from importing the harm with diseases caused by the animals and plants. Regulation of "the hygiene and animal and plant quarantine measure agreement": each member has the right to take the hygiene and animal and plant quarantine measure, but should be by protecting the lives of the mankind, livestock and plant or not exceeding healthily, and should not violate the non-discrimination principle.
3.The Impact of“Green Barrier”on the Trade of Chinese Agricultural Products
Agricultural products have been a competitive product of the foreign export of our country within quite a long time. After reform and opening-up, as our country exports the constant improvement of the product specification, the export of agricultural products has already dropped to the secondary position, but the annual volume of export is still large. At present, main agricultural products that our country exports are meat birds, beasts and eggs, marine product, fruits and vegetables products, etc. Because of the prevailing of green barrier, the export of Chinese agricultural products receives serious influence in recent years
3.1 Green barriers have limited the present stage of export range of Chinese agricultural products
The important export markets of agricultural products of China are developed countries and some new developing industrialized countries, such as USA, Japan, European Union, etc., and these countries implement the green country with more serious barrier exactly. They rely on the advanced technological advantage to examine the system of quarantining after making strict hygiene on animals and plants, agricultural products produced with the processing technical standard, residue amount of agriculture chemical and toxicant and require etc., the packing of product and treatment which pack the offal. These complicated, harsh standard and system influence the export range of agricultural products of our country seriously, because a lot of agricultural products can't be exported without according with these regulations and requirement. The agricultural product range of the "green barrier" is bigger and bigger. The implemented technological ranges of barrier in some developed countries for Chinese agricultural products export increase constantly, and have already included most agricultural products, such as grain, fruit, Vegetables, livestock produce, aquatic produces, birds' products, tea, etc.
3.2 Green tariff respects
In recent years, the western countries are collecting, replenishing and carrying on the environment to dump the investigation to the import of agricultural products constantly in the name of protecting the environment, to impose the import surtax with polluting the environment or influencing the ecological agricultural product lesson, even limit, forbid importation.
3.3 Market access respects
The importer should check the production equipment of the exporter, thus guarantee that the imported products can respond to the request that national environmental protection is standard. In this way, the exporter will pay the fund, technology and human extra resources, will increase the cost of goods, and worsen the terms of trade of the exporter.
3.4 Strengthen the control on agricultural product trade of China from developed countries
The developed countries relying on the status of the big trading nation and advanced technological advantage make the strict environmental protection regulation and relatively harsh technical standard to control the agricultural product exports of developing countries. Ten addition, World Trade Organization has not made the clear norm to the environmental question in international trade at present, causing developed country members to utilize this "green area" to play "the edge ball", and in the name of taking advantage of protecting the environment to implement trade discrimination against developing countries. China is hurt deeply in this respect
4 Countermeasures for Chinese Agricultural Product Trade to Deal with Green Barrier
4.1 The green marketing of barrier
The green marketing of barrier which also called environmental marketing or ecological marketing to cross over the green barrier, requires all enterprises to establish environmental consciousness in the whole course of producing and managing with the sustainable development strategy, to launch it in order to dispel, reduce the products and marketing activity to ecological environmental impact of service, and through the micro behavior of enterprises to promote the sustainable development of the human environment and economy. In develop the green products, it should begin with collecting relevant international green information actively in green marketing, research and analyze, and process the information deeply for the use of enterprises. In addition, enterprises should choose the green resource, should pay attention to the green design, develop green packaging, process the link of selling etc. to check strictly in production, in order to improve product quality conscientiously. Enterprises will make the green marketing association, green products and green price, green channel, green will be promoted and combined together organically, implementing the green marketing strategy will be in all round way. Green marketing is based on regular marketing, emphasize that unites the interests three of consumption demand, enterprise's interests and environmental protection organically, it is a kind of more advanced social marketing, green marketing pays attention to environmental protection even more than social marketing. The main content of green marketing is to collect green information, green products, counting and packing, making the green price, setting up green marketing channel and promoting etc. green green, enterprises can already improve the competitiveness in the international market of the products through one's own green image while implementing " green marketing ", can play and lead and strengthen function green on the public consumer behavior, help to open up the green product market
4.2 To carry out IS014000 authentication conscientiously, adopt the green standard actively
Guide the new development of the marketing strategy. ISO14000 is the international environmental management standard, its aim is through setting up and implementing environmental management to achieve and improve the environmental behavior, purpose to prevent environmental pollution continuously, it is the new environment management, which is suitable for all enterprises. No matter for enterprises or for the brand, ISO14000 is all the first passport of international trade; it is "green pass" which breaks the green harrier that any country sets up.
4.3 The policy of the agriculture
4.3.1 Set up to the environmental protection type agricultural production subsidy measure. Improve the “green”content that our country exports agricultural products during a shorter time, should use high-efficient, low-toxicity pesticide, equilibrate fatly and examining the soil and applying fertilizer from encouraging peasants at first, develop " green agriculture " to start with, the government for enough compensation to the economic losses that peasants implement the environmental plan and suffer
4.3.2 Carry on financial support to the supply of the environmental protection type agricultural assets product. Government to environmental protection research and development and produce, offer, replenish and reward of means of agricultural production, the route to supply from the agricultural goods and materials with is set about, change the thinkings of development of agricultural goods and materials such as the existing chemical fertilizer,etc., develop and produce and turn environmental protection and giving consideration to type means of agricultural production of output to to develop and produce by the high-efficient type means of agricultural production, improve agricultural productivity on the basis of sustainable development.
4.3.3 Support environmental protection type research of agricultural science and technology and technology popularization in a more cost-effective manner, encourage the agricultural production structure to optimize. Study on environmental protection type agricultural technology and push away, use, can get up, get, protect the environment and keep the double efficiency of the output.
4.3.4 Set up and replenish beasts and birds cultivating, transporting, butchering, environmental protection of the processing course. We should be in propagating, improving the standard of peasant household's animal's welfare consciousness in a more cost-effective manner, help peasant households to carry out cultivating, transportation of the welfare content up to standard with slaue standard in financial support way
4.3.5 Support and lead it and study links of popularizing, transporting, processing etc. and offer the service up to standard of high quality in environmental protection type agricultural products in a more cost-effective manner, create conditions for evading the trade barrier effectively
4.4 Accelerate the construction of standardized system
Perfect agriculture's standardized system, realize the standardization of agriculture produces, it not merely helps to bring about an agricultural advance to promote agricultural products international competition, can improve the international environment of the agricultural products trade of our country too. It should adopt the international standard and advanced standard of foreign countries actively first to accelerate the construction of standardized system, accelerate formulation and modification of the agricultural quality level of our country; Secondly should pay close attention to the epidemic prevention test work of the animals and plants, define the epidemic-stricken area of the harmful organism, it is not the epidemic-stricken area and the minuent is popular, and then break the green barrier abroad; Accelerate the environmental technological cooperation with the principal trade partner, the agreement signing relevant environmental standards to recognize each other finally. The development of the environmental protection industry of our country is still at primary stage, both environmental technology and environmental management has greater disparity with the developed country, it is unrealistic to reach the strict environmental standard of developed country in a short time, so we should promote the environmental technological cooperation with the principal trade partner while strengthening environmental management, combine environmental technology of my what country have now, management level and economic endurance, through carrying on the bilateral negotiation with the principal trade partner, try to sign the agreement recognizing each other, reduce the trade barrier formed because of difference of environmental standards
4.5 Advance agriculture's structural strategical reajustment
4.5.1 Improve agricultural products quality in an all-round way. Must accelerate introduction, seed selection and popularize the new variety, develop the characteristic products of high added value in a more cost-effective manner, high-quality ones that realize agricultural products melt, improve the special-purpose and applicability of agricultural products progressively
4.5.2 Further speed up the development of animal husbandry. Accelerate the development of the animal husbandry, promote the planting by the development of animal husbandry, drive the processing industry, promote benign cycle between structural rationalization of agriculture and industry. Should take the effective measure at present, strengthen the improved variety of beasts and birds and beed the system and epidemic prevention system construction, develop feed industry and livestock produce deep processing, develop animal husbandry into a great industry
4.5.3 Develop agricultural products and enter industry in a more cost-effective manner, expand high value, high added value agricultural product to export, this is an important measure which expands foreign exchange earning of agricultural products, develop deep processing of agricultural product, expand the agricultural product export, the ability to strengthen foreign exchange earning of agricultural products. Accelerate the development of processing of farm products, keeps fresh, the introduction, development of warehousing and transportation technology and apparatus improve the processing of farm products and keep fresh horizontally
4.5.4 Optimize agriculture's regional overall arrangement. Adjust and optimize the regional structure rationally, develop characteristic agriculture in a more cost-effective manner. Coastal developed area and big city suburb will develop high-efficient agriculture and agriculture oriented for export and foreign exchange earnings actively; The fragile area of the ecology should devote more efforts to conceding the land to forestry and grass, develop industry of planting forest or fruit tress, grass industry and animal husbandry. Grain-production area take, through structural adjustment, give play to grain-production advantage, develop high-quality, special-purpose grain variety
4.5.5 Develop the township enterprise, accelerate rural urbanization paces. Improve the agricultural competitiveness, must accelerate agricultural workforce's shifting, improve the agricultural labor productivity. Advance structural adjustment, system innovation and technology of township enterprise to create, encourage the township enterprise of many kinds of ownership forms to develop, expand the rural employment channel. Speed up the development of small town, reform the household register system of the small town, support peasants to enter the cities and towns and work and do business
4.6 Making sustainable strategy
4.6.1 Accelerate establishing the system of perfecting agricultural standard; improve the quality leve1 of agricultural products
Should participate in the international standardized activity voluntarily, study and follow the trail of the international standard constantly conscientiously, adopt the international standard and advanced standard of foreign countries actively, accelerate the revision of making of the agricultural quality level of our country, in order to strengthen the export competitiveness of agricultural products of Gina. Should strengthen the quality inspection of agricultural products and measure system construction, introduce and develop monitoring technology- and equipment in the same level with the developed country, promote main agricultural products to examine the technology upgrading which measure the system, accelerate the process of connections with international standards. At the same time, should do a good job of quality authentication, it is important means to ensure food security quality and break through the "green barrier" of trade to implement quality safety approval to the food and agricultural product.
4.6.2 Developing the environmental protection industry actively
The countries all over the world support the environmental protection industry on legislating and policy, the reason is that its production cost is high, with high technical content, the Fund is intensive, general enterprises are unwilling to make the investment, so need supporting especially. To meet demands of consumer, we should design and develop the green products.
4.6.3 Setting up green pack system of export products
Green packing refers to be packed environmentally friendly, be circulated packaging used in utilization or regeneration. Because the packaging offal has already gradually become one of the important origins of the ecological mentally friendly environment pollution, to a environ-one may choose wrappings of reclaiming, it is already of the world first-selection of wrappings all over current countries References
译文部分(中文)
浅析绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响
近年来,在国际贸易中的环境保护倾向不断增强,在环境保护的名义下新发展的非关税壁垒如绿色(有机)壁垒已经成为合理的,隐蔽性和技术性,也使得贸易保护主义的影响范围越来越广。在几年的时间里,它已经对我国的迅猛发展形成了难以跨越的门槛,严重影响了我国农产品的出口。在我国加入世贸组织的新形式下,我们能否跨越绿色保护的屏障是我国农产品不断持续发展的关键所在。
1.绿色壁垒的制定、特点、影响
1.1 绿色壁垒的含义
何谓贸易壁垒包括关税壁垒和非关税贸易壁垒,技术壁垒是非关税贸易壁垒的主要形式。 随着技术性贸易壁垒的不断发展,绿色壁垒已成为技术壁垒的重要组成部分。绿色壁垒是一种具有隐藏性的障碍。 正常的绿色壁垒意味着采取合理的贸易措施,合法的保护环境。 合理的绿色壁垒也意味着在保护生态环境、自然环境、动植物合格的基础上进口商实行进口。 到目前为止,它已经从产品的初级原材料到生产的每一个环节, 如生产程序、包装、销售、消费、使用及废弃处理等逐步。 它规定按照有关环保标准、进口商品不仅要按照质量水平,也应该按照素质水平,还应该按照环保要求,设计、 制作、包装到消费等环节的处理,不能危害人类健康和生态环境建设。 这种新的贸易保护措施,可以有效地阻止国外产品, 特别是环保意识差,技术落后的发展中国家产品的进入。
1.2绿色壁垒的制定
随着各国经济的快速发展,在第二次世界大战后全球环境问题日益加剧。 面对生态环境的破坏和污染, 绿色和平组织已发出了强烈的指责: 人类制造了一片垃圾的天堂, 世界人口的快速增长就像瘟疫一样蔓延造成500灭绝动植物,这是地球上的稀有燃料。 当生态环境受到,它就会开始进行对人类进行可怕制裁。 在面对自然环境的严重惩罚时,国际社会的环保潮流日益强大。 人们也逐渐认识到采取行动,保护环境是全人类共同的责任。
贸易保护主义绿色壁垒的制定是出于保护生态环境和人体健康的原因,有其合理性。 但是也有其深刻的贸易保护主义,并在关贸总协定和世贸组织之间的多次谈判已经保持了非常低关税、许多国家无法达到规定的目标, 通过降低进口关税造成 "保护民族经济利益"是各国开展国际贸易的基本希望, 所以采取外国产品进入本国市场,保证本国产品的国内市场成为自然行为。
1.3绿色贸易壁垒的特点
绿色贸易壁垒的表现有时代背景的合理性内容。 1972罗马俱乐部出版了"增加"的报告并首次在瑞典斯德哥尔摩举办世界环境峰会,同年也推动了世界环境保护运动。 人类开始思考环境与经济发展以及社会福利之间的关系, 以改变当前消费模式,其次世界环境学说运动。 当越来越多的关注消费时思考生产 贸易与环保的因素。 在另一方面,环境一天一天的不断恶化,在世界各地引起了人们的高度关注,尤其是发达国家。 人们越来越关心生活质量,关注生态环境,实施非有害消费。 虽然绿色贸易壁垒似乎照顾公众的需要,而且是符合各国可持续发展目标,但它实际抑制了来自外国产品的进口。外在合法性在于一系列国家作为主要区别绿色贸易壁垒与其他非关税贸易壁垒的一种全新的形式。为了边境立法和执行立法,规定公开核算司。 在输出国均已取得了相应绿色贸易壁垒的,相关贸易协定及国际环保公约。 目前有150多个多边国际协议已经签署的国家。 适用范围扩展与各国积极推行可持续发展战略。绿色贸易壁垒的范围更多的涉及到吃、穿、用、 生活、运送,从生产资料到生活资料,全部产品贸易相关的生态环境、天然保健、保护资源、保护人类健康属于它。 在过去几年中,在一些领域不断扩大例如服务贸易、技术贸易等。
2.绿色壁垒的形式
2.1绿色技术标准
它通常是一些国家通过立法手段以保护环境为名为克制或禁止进口做出的一系列严格环境保护强制性技术标准。 这些标准都是根据发达国家的生产和工程技术水平制定的,所以发展中国家很难达到这个标准。
2.2绿色包装制度
这意味着该产品的包装必须以保护生态环境、健康无害,节约资源以及易自然分解为原则。 由于国际经济的发展,不断增加包装的物品, 造成了大量的垃圾和资源浪费。 各国采取对策以促进绿色包装,主要方式包括以立法形式规定禁止使用某些物质,并鼓励使用可再生资源等。
2.3环境卫生检疫制度
一个国有权采取检疫措施以保护人类和动植物的健康,尤其在保障人民和动物食品免于受污染、毒素、添加剂的影响等, 并保证人类免受通过动植物引起的疾病。 “卫生和动植物检疫措施协定”规定: 每个成员都有权采取卫生和动植物检疫措施,但是应该本着保护人类生命、牲畜和植物或不超过健康,不要违背非歧视原则。
3.“绿色壁垒”对我国农产品贸易的影响
在相当长的一段时间里,我国农产品出口曾经是一种国外竞争产品, 改革开放后, 我国出口产品的规格不断提高, 而农产品出口已下降到次要地位,但全年出口仍然很大。 目前,我国主要农产品出口肉禽、畜产品和蛋类、水产品、水果和蔬菜产品等。由于目前绿色壁垒,近年来中国农产品出口受到严重影响,
3.1绿色壁垒了现阶段中国农产品出口幅度
中国农产品出口市场主要是发达国家和一些新兴工业化国家,例如美国、日本、欧盟等,这些国家又是制定绿色壁垒最多的国家。他们依靠先进的技术优势,通过技术标准制定严格的动植物、农产品生产与加工技术标准,农业化学残留量、有毒物等检疫检验制度,而产品的包装和处理也较为严格。这些复杂、苛刻的标准和体系,严重影响了我国农产品的出口。因为很多农产品没有按照这些规定和要求使得无法出口。“绿色壁垒”涉及农产品的范围越来越大。一些发达国家对中国农产品出口实施技术壁垒的范围不断扩大 ,并已包括了大多数农产品,如粮食、水果、蔬菜、禽畜产品、水产品生产、茶叶等。
3.2绿色关税的
近年来,西方国家正在收集、 补给与实施对环境的调查。不断以保护环境的名义对农产品进口征收污染环境或影响生态农产品的进口附加税,甚至不得输入。
3.3市场准入方面
进口商应检查出口商的产品装备,真正保证进口产品能达到国内环境保护标准的要求,国家农渔保障标准。在这种情况下,出口商须缴付资金、技术和人力资源的费用,这样将使货物成本增加,输出国的贸易条件更加恶化。
3.4加强了发达国家对中国农产品贸易的控制
发达国家依靠其贸易大国的地位和先进的技术水平优势,制定了严格的环保规定和技术标准以控制发展中国家的农产品出口。 除此之外,世界贸易组织目前并未对国际贸易中的环境问题做出明确的规范,造成发达国家成员利用这一“绿色区”玩“擦边球”并以名义促进环境保护的名义实施贸易歧视打击发展中国,中国在这方面深受其害。
4.中国农产品应对绿色壁垒对策
4.1绿色壁垒营销
绿色营销又称环境营销或壁垒营销逾越绿色生态屏障、树立环保意识,要求所有企业在生产经营的全过程中以可持续发展为战略。为了减少产品的营销和服务活动对生态环境的影响,通过微型企业行为,促进可持续发展和人类生存环境以及发展经济。在发展绿色产品中,首先要为企业收集有关资料、积极参与国际环保绿色营销,研究和分析、处理信息。 另外,企业应选择绿色资源,注重绿色设计、开发绿色包装 销售等环节的严格检查生产过程,以提高产品质量意识。 企业将建立绿色营销协会使绿色产品以及绿色价格、绿色通道、 绿色有机地联系在一起,在全面建设小康社会中推动、贯彻绿色营销策略。绿色营销是以常规营销为基础的,强调把消费需求与企业利益及环保利益三者有机统一起来,是一种较高级的社会营销,绿色营销较社会营销更重视环境保护。绿色营销的主要内容是搜集绿色信息、发绿色产品、计绿色包装、制定绿色价格、建立绿色销售渠道及开展绿色促销等,企业实施“绿色营销”既可以通过自身的绿色形象提高产品在国际市场上的竞争力,又能对公众的消费行为起绿色导向和强化作用,有利于开拓绿色产品市场。
4.2实施ISO14000认证,积极采纳环保标准
指导新的营销战略发展。ISO14000是国际环境管理标准,其宗旨是:通过建立和实施环境管理达到改善环境行为以防止环境污染。这是一个适合所有企业的新环境管理。无论企业还是品牌,ISO14000标准是国际贸易的第一通行证;它是许多国家冲破绿色壁垒的"绿色通行证"。
4.3 应采取的农业支持
4.3.1 建立对环保型农业生产的补贴措施。要在一个较短的时间内提高我国出口农产品的“绿色”含量,应首先从鼓励农民使用高效、低毒农药、实施平衡肥、测土施肥,发展“绿色农业”入手,对农民实施环保计划而遭受的经济损失给予足够的补偿。
4.3.2 对环保型农资产品的供应进行资金支持。对环保型农资的研发和生产给予补贴和奖励,从农业物资供给的途径着手,转变现有化肥等农业物资的开发思路,由高效型农资开发与生产转向环保与产量兼顾型农资开发与生产,在可持续发展的基础上提高农业生产力。
4.3.3 大力扶持环保型农业科技研究和技术推广,鼓励农业生产结构优化。对环保型农业技术的研究和推使用可以起到保护环境和保持产量的双重功效。
4.3.4 建立对畜禽养殖、运输、屠宰、加工过程的环保补贴。我们应当在大力宣传、提高农户动物福利意识的标准上,用资金支持的方式帮助农户执行福利含量达标的养殖、运输与宰杀、加工标准。
4.3.5 大力扶导其在环保型农产品研究推广、运输、加工等环节提供高质量的达标服务,为有效规避贸易壁垒创造条件。
4.4 加快标准化体系建设
健全农业标准化体系,实现农业的标准化生产,提升农产品在国际上的竞争力不仅有利于促进农业的发展,也可以改善我国农产品贸易的国际环境。要加快标准化体系建设,首先要积极采用国际标准和国外先进标准,加快我国农业质量标准的制定和修改;其次要高度重视动植物的防疫检验工作,界定有害生物的疫区,非疫区和低度流行区,进而打破国外绿色壁垒;最后要加快与主要贸易伙伴的环境技术合作,签署有关环境标准相互承认的协议。我国环保产业的发展尚处在初级阶段,无论是环境技术还是环境管理都与发达国家存在较大差距,要在短期内达到发达国家严格的环境标准是不现实的,因此我们应在加强环境管理的同时,促进与主要贸易伙伴的环境技术合作,结合我国现有的环境技术、管理水平和经济承受能力,通过与主要贸易伙伴进行双边谈判,争取签署相互承认的协议,减少因为环境标准的不同而形成的贸易壁垒。
4.5推进农业结构战略性调整
4.5.1 全面提高农产品质量。必须加快引进、选育和推广新品种,大力发展高附加值的特色产品,逐步实现农产品的优质化,提高农产品的专用性和适用性。
4.5.2 进一步加快畜牧业发展。加快发展畜牧业,以畜牧业发展促进种植业,带动加工业,促进农业结构合理化和产业间的良性循环。当前应采取切实有效的措施,加强畜禽良种繁育体系和防疫体系建设,发展饲料工业和畜产品深加工,把畜牧业发展成一个大产业。
4.5.3 大力发展农产品进工业,扩大高价值、高附加值农产品出口,这是扩大农产品出口创汇的一条重要措施,要发展农产品深加工,扩大农产品出口,增强农产品出口创汇的能力。加快发展农产品加工、保鲜、储运技术和设备的引进、开发,提高农产品加工和保鲜水平。
4.5.4 优化农业区域布局。合理调整和优化区域结构,大力发展特色农业。沿海发达地区和大城市郊区要积极发展高效农业和创汇农业;生态脆弱地区要加大退耕还林还草的力度,发展林果业、草业和畜牧业。粮食生产区要通过结构调整,发挥粮食生产优势,发展优质、专用粮食品种。
4.5.5 发展乡镇企业,加快农村城镇化步伐。提高农业竞争力,必须加快农业劳动力转移,提高农业劳动生产率。要推进乡镇企业结构调整、创新和技术创造,鼓励多种所有制形式的乡镇企业发展,扩大农村就业的渠道。要加快小城镇发展,改革小城镇的户籍制度,支持农民进入城镇务工经商。
4.6制定可持续发展策略
4.6.1加速建立和完善农业标准。改进农产品的质量,我们应该积极参加国际标准化相关活动, 认真研究并且关注国际标准动态, 积极采用外国的国际标准和先进的标准,加速我们的国家农业质量水平, 为了加强我国的农产品出口竞争力。我们 应该加强对农产品的品质检查并且完善其系统构造, 在相同水平内与发达国家一起发展监控技术和设备,提升主要农产品检查检测系统技术的升级,加速与国际标准接轨。 同时, 我们应该做好产品品质验证工作,它是保证食品质量安全且冲破"绿色贸易障碍"的重要方法,有利于实现食品和农产品的质量安全。
4.6.2积极发展环保工业。世界上许多国家都制定了相关的立法和,支持环保工业,原因是它的生产成本较高,技术含量高,专款集中,一般的企业不 投资,因此特别需要支持。 为了满足消费者的需求,我们应该设计并且发展绿色产品。
4.6.3建立出口产品的绿色包装体系。包装的原则主要依据环保包装,循环包装能再使用或者再生使用。 因为包装废弃物已经逐渐成为环境污染的重要来源之一,在这种情况下,绿色包装越来越受到推崇,绿色包装已经成为全世界人们的首选。
