Pre-reading questions
1) What’s the author’s answer to the question “What is happiness”?
2) What’s the author’s purpose of writing?
Cultural information
1. Quote
Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort.
— Franklin Roosevelt
2. The Pursuit of Happiness
The Pursuit of Happiness is a 2006 American biographical film directed by Gabriele Muccino about the on-and-off-homeless salesman-turned stockbroker Chris Gardner. The screenplay by Steven Conrad is based on the best-selling memoir of the same name written by Chris Gardner with Quincy Troupe. The film was released on December 15, 2006, by Columbia Pictures.
Chris Gardner is a bright and talented, but marginally employed salesman. Struggling to make ends meet, Gardner finds himself and his five-year-old son evicted from their San Francisco apartment with nowhere to go. When Gardner lands an internship at a prestigious stock brokerage firm, he and his son endure many hardships, including living in shelters, in pursuit of his dream of a better life for the two of them.
Text I
What Is Happiness?
John Ciardi
(abridged)
Global Reading
I. Text analysis
1.What’s the author’s answer to the question “What is happiness”?
According to the author, happiness lies in the idea of becoming, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing.
2.What’s the author’s purpose of writing?
To attempt a definition of happiness by setting some extremes to the idea and then working in toward the middle.
II. Structural analysis
Divide the text into parts by completing the table.
Paragraphs | Main idea |
1-2 | The author points out that when we are not sure what happiness is, we tend to be misled by the idea that we can buy our way to it. |
3-5 | The author offers a number of examples to show how this misconception of happiness gives rise to the “happiness-market” in a highly commercialized society (the United States). |
6-9 | The author points out the way to define happiness and suggests striking a balance between what Thoreau called the low levels and the high levels. |
10 | The author gives his understanding of happiness, in the light of the Founding Fathers’ belief that it is “in the idea of becoming”. |
Paragraphs 1-2
Questions
1. What does the author mean when he says “The right to pursue happiness is issued to Americans with their birth certificates”? (Paragraph 1)
Here the author alludes to the well-known statement in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” The sentence means that everyone is born with the right to pursue happiness.
2. What do the quoted expressions from Swift mean? (Paragraph 1)
Both expressions “the possession of being well deceived” and “a fool among knaves” are used by Swift to describe a conception of happiness, i.e., a state of being deceived. The word “possession” here means “a state of being completely under the influence of an idea or emotion” and in this particular expression “the state of being deceived.” “A fool among knaves” refers to a person who is easily deceived without realizing it.
3. Why does the author say, “It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves”? (Paragraph 2)
Because most Americans take it for granted that pursuing happiness, or buying their way to it is in accordance with American national character.
Paragraphs 3-5
Questions
1. How is the car dealers’ words on the banner “You Auto Buy Now” related with patriotism in Paragraph 3? (Paragraph 3)
The word “auto” is homophonous to “ought to,” so the advertisement on the banner can be read as “You Ought to Buy Now,” implying that your act of purchasing a car is an act of patriotism.
2. Why does the author use the words “poetry” and “dream” to describe the advertisements in women’s magazines?
The author intends to tell the reader that these advertisements present a perfect yet illusionary image which would ultimately create people’s desires. Implicitly, the author suggests that what money can buy is purely a dream of happiness.
Paragraphs 6-9
Questions
Why does the author need to say “because I am Western,” “torture to almost any Western man”? (Paragraph 8)
Because Western people are supposed to be quite rational and matter-of-fact. The catatonic happiness the holy man in India believes in is totally incredible and unacceptable to a Westerner.
Paragraphs 10
Questions
How does the author differentiate the Founding Fathers’ notion of happiness from the misconception about it? (Paragraph 10)
The author explains that the inherent right the Founding Fathers declared for us is not happiness, but the pursuit of happiness, and happiness is in the pursuit itself.
Text II
The Art of Unhappiness
James Poniewozik
Lead-in Questions
1. What do you think are the relationships between happiness and sadness?
2. What factors might influence one’s definition of happiness?
Main Idea
Unlike that in the past, nowadays art means to make people feel sad and unhappy.
Notes
1. About the author: James Poniewozik joined Times as media and television critic in July, 1999.
He currently resides in Brooklyn, NY.
2. the odd hours (Paragraph 1): Artists don’t work the usual 8-hour day from 9 to 5; they have the
freedom to choose their own time to work.
3. Tolstoy (Paragraph 2): (1828–1910) Russian novelist and social critic. He was already known as a brilliant writer for the short stories in Sevastapol Sketches and the novel The Cossacks when War and Peace established him as Russia’s preeminent novelist. His another great novel is Anna Karenina, which begins with the sentence “All happy families are alike.”
4. Wordsworth (Paragraph 2): (1770–1850) English poet. He was Poet Laureate from1843 until he died in1850. He is regarded as the central figure in the initiation of English Romanticism. “Daffodils” was written in 1804.
5. Baudelaire (Paragraph 2): (1821–1867) French poet. His reputation rests primarily on extraordinary poetry collections Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil; 1857), which dealt with erotic, aesthetic, and social themes in ways that appalled many of his middle-class readers.
6. Usher (Paragraph 2): a British-born Canadian rock singer-songwriter
7. Thomas Kinkade (Paragraph 2): (1958– ) American painter of realistic, bucolic, and idyllic subjects. It is estimated that one in twenty homes in the U.S. feature some form of Thomas Kinkade’s art, according to Media Arts, the public-traded company that licenses and sells his products.
8. Matisse (Paragraph 3): (1869–1954) French painter, sculptor and graphic artist. His well-known paintings include Joy of Life, The Red Studio, and The Dance I and The Dance II.
9. Beethoven (Paragraph 3): (1770–1827) German composer. In musical form he was a considerable innovator, widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto and string quartet. His greatest achievement was to raise instrumental music, hitherto considered inferior to vocal, to the highest plane of art. His works include the celebrated 9 symphonies, 16 string quartets, 32 piano sonatas, 5 piano concertos, a violin concerto and several concert overtures. Ode to Joy is an ode written in 1785 by the German poet, playwright and historian Friedrich Schiller. The poem celebrated the ideal of unity and brotherhood of all mankind. It is best known for its musical setting by Beethoven in the final movement of his Ninth Symphony completed in 1824.
10. Anthony Burgess (Paragraph 3): (1917–1993) English author, poet, playwright, musician, linguist, translator and critic. Despite being most famous for the controversial dystopian satire A Clockwork Orange, a work he himself dismissed as one of his lesser efforts, Burgess produced numerous other novels. He was a prominent critic, authoring acclaimed studies of classic writers William Shakespeare, James Joyce and Ernest Hemingway.
11. … it is a good bet that … (Paragraph 3): … it is very likely that …
12. Todd Solondz (Paragraph 3): (1959– ) American writer and film maker.
Here the author is referring to his film Happiness (1998) which describes three middle-class New Jersey sisters who all have their problems with their families and sex lives.
13. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. (Paragraph 5): Anti-happy art emerged with the rise of mass media as well as a commercial culture in which happiness is not just what seems best to pursue, but a belief or value system.
14. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks. (Paragraph 7): The sentence is in inverted order. The subject of the sentence is “the ads for arthritis drug Celebrex.”
15. What we forget — what our economy depends on us forgetting … (Paragraph 9): In the second noun clause, the gerundial phrase “us forgetting” is the object of the preposition “on.”
16. sans pain (Paragraph 9): a prepositional phrase in French meaning “without pain”
17. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that
makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. (Paragraph 9): Sideways is an American comedy-drama film about a wine connoisseur and his friend who travel through California’s wine country. Pinot Noir is a red wine made from a particular variety of grape called Pinot, which the hero of the movie loves. Here Pinot Noir is a metaphor for life, “the kiss of decay and mortality” refers to the process that the making of Pinot Noir must go through (“Kiss” here means a slight contact). Therefore the sentence means that a happy life is just like Pinot Noir, for you must undergo hardships and hazards before you can enjoy the sublime delight of life.
18. memento mori (Paragraph 9): a Latin phrase which means “remember that you will die”
Questions for discussion
1. Do you agree that “art became skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery” (Paragraph 4)? Why or why not?
2. Give examples to illustrate “The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for
loss and disappointment.” (Paragraph 9)
3. What is the theme of the essay?
Key to questions for discussion
1. No. Just as the author says, there was much more misery in the past than we have now. Rather, it is our perception or idea of happiness that has been changed by our commercial culture according to which we can buy our way to happiness. In other words, happiness is something measured by the material wealth one possesses. Thus we are fed up with the fact that “there is too much damn happiness” today.
2. The answers are open. What the author means here is that the more we expect of something, the
more disappointment we might suffer when we fail to get it. For instance, some young people tend to think marriage will bring the greatest joy to them, but they will find that it may not be the case. In fact, the more they expect to get from marriage, the greater their disappointment.
3. The theme of this essay is: Modern art, which expresses much of our unhappiness or dissatisfaction with our life today has grown out of our materialistic or commercial culture, because it helps explain why there is still widespread unhappiness in our society despite our material success.
Memorable Quotes
Is there a definite criteria for happiness? Read the following quotes and find the answer.
Guidance: Happiness is something everyone wants to have. You may be successful and have a lot of money, but without happiness it will be meaningless. In our daily life we constantly experience happiness and unhappiness, but we are still quite ignorant as to what happiness really is. Happiness might be relative or absolute. Relative happiness is based on comparison with others, which might not last long. Absolute happiness is a deep sense of joy which can only exist in the innermost reaches of our life, and which cannot be destroyed by any external forces.
1. In this world there are only two tragedies. One is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it.
— Oscar Wilde
Paraphrase: Getting what one wants or not getting it both have negative sides.
2. But what is happiness except the simple harmony between a man and the life he leads?
— Albert Camus
Albert Camus (1913–1960) was a French Algerian author and journalist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957.
Paraphrase: Happiness is nothing else but that the life one leads accords with the man he is.