纳米银和纳米金的抑菌作用是其环境效应表现的一部分。本研究将对生物合成的银和金纳米颗粒进行详细的抑菌能力性能测试。
本实验拟采用革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和革兰氏阳性菌金色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)为模型菌进行抗菌实验。实验采用通用的扩散法进行测定。固体培养基组成(或LB培养基):1L去离子水中加入蛋白胨5g, 酵母提取物2g, 氯化钠5g,牛肉膏1g,琼脂15g。
抑菌性能考察实验方案(1琼脂纸片扩散法,又称琼脂扩散法)
取100µL细菌培养液(104cell/mL)平铺在固体培养基上,取新鲜合成的纳米颗粒50µL滴加在直径为5.5mm的圆形滤纸上,并放入固体培养基表面。没有加入银进行纳米银合成的植物提取液作为空白样品同样进行抗菌实验。样品最开始被放在4°C条件下进行扩散,然后在37°C条件下培养24h。同时,采用广谱抗菌剂-庆大霉素或链霉素进行阳性实验对照。根据抑菌圈的大小对抑菌效果进行评价。
图1 琼脂纸片扩散法
抑菌性能考察实验方案(1琼脂井化扩散法,又称琼脂打孔扩散法)
取1mL新鲜细菌培养液(细菌浓度为1×107 CFU)16-18h细菌培养液(刚过对数增长期)平铺在琼脂培养皿上。自然干燥5min以后,使用无菌打孔器在琼脂板上开凿直径约5mm的孔,每个培养皿开凿4个孔,分别位于培养皿对称四个角上,如图所示。然后用移液分别向各孔中滴加50µL不同浓度的提取液和生物合成纳米颗粒胶体溶液。然后,将培养皿在37°C下培养24h。在实验过程中,采用链霉素或庆大霉素作为阳性对照实验。经过培养以后,细菌的生长抑制可以通过测定井化抑菌圈尺寸来进行考察。实验需要平行三组样品。
图2 琼脂井化抑菌实验图
3.6. Silver nanoparticle immobilization on cloth and disk diffusion studies
The cloth immobilized with sterile water containing silver nanoparticles did not show much difference in texture, wherea the cloth immobilized with PVDF containing silver nanoparticles turned slightly rigid. This change in texture is due to PVDF occupying the interface area of the fiber and forming a membrane-like structure upon drying. PVDF was selected based on its hydrophobic property, stability at wider range of temperatures and inertness to many chemicals. Fig. 5 shows the disk diffusion studies at various concentrations of silver nanoparticles. The cloth sprayed with sterile water and PVDF devoid of silver nanoparticles served as controls for respective plates. There was totally no inhibition by the cloth sprayed with only sterile water, whereas cloth sprayed with only PVDF showed mild inhibition of bacterial growth. From the Fig. 6, it was clear that increase in silver nanoparticle concentration increased the inhibition zone area on the plate, which directly represents the increase in toxicity. The cloth immobilized with sterile water containing silver nanoparticles showed larger inhibition zone than cloth immobilized with PVDF. This may be attributed to the free availability of the silver nanoparticles in cloth immobilized with sterile water. In cloth immobilized with PVDF, a coat of the polymer might slightly inhibit the availability of the silver nanoparticles and thereby its toxicity. But the inhibition zone around the cloth immobilized with sterile water containing silver nanoparticles decreased vastly in consecutive cycles after washing compared to cloth immobilized with PVDF (Fig. 6). The purpose of using PVDF in the present study is to bind the silver nanoparticles to the cotton cloth, which will decrease the loss of the silver nanoparticles in consecutive washing. Thus as expected the loss of silver nanoparticles was lesser in cloth immobilized with PVDF compared to cloth immobilized with sterile water. In case of the cloth immobilized with sterile water containing silver nanoparticles,
Fig. 5. Image of Petri plates showing the growth inhibition of E. coli by (A) cloth immobilized with silver nanoparticles using sterile water and (B) cloth immobilized with silver nanoparticles using PVDF.
Fig. 6. Growth inhibition of E. coli in consecutive cycles by (A) cloth immobilized with silver nanoparticles using sterile water and (B) cloth immobilized with silver nanoparticles using PVDF.