True/False
A MANAGER’S DILEMMA
1. According to the company profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma,” the idea of Gazoo.com originated from Yahoo!
False (moderate)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENT
2. According to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.
True (easy)
3. In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.
True (easy)
4. The Industrial Revolution began in the 19th Century.
True (moderate)
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
5. “Principles of Scientific Management” was written by Frederick Taylor.
True (moderate)
6. “One best way” is the phrase most associated with scientific management.
True (moderate)
7. The primary issue that aroused Taylor to create a more scientific approach to management was worker effectiveness.
False (difficult)
8. Based on his scientific management principles, Taylor suggested the incentive pay principle.
True (moderate)
9. Geert Hofstede is associated with the human resource management approach.
False (moderate)
10. Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.
False (moderate)
11. Gilbreth is best known for "the one best way."
False (moderate)
12. Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.
True (easy)
13. Geert Hofstede was among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions.
False (moderate)
GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS
14. General administrative theory focuses only on managers and administrators.
False (moderate)
15. One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.
True (moderate)
16. The fourteen principles of management are associated with Fayol.
True (moderate)
17. An organization that has division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules, and impersonal relationships would be described as a bureaucracy.
True (moderate)
18. Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.
False (moderate)
19. Weber’s bureaucracy is a lot like scientific management.
True (moderate)
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
20. The qualitative approach to management has also been labeled operations research or management science.
False (moderate)
21. Linear programming is a technique that managers used to improve resource allocation decisions.
True (moderate)
22. Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory levels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.
True (moderate)
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
23. Concern for employee motivation is most closely associated with organizational behavior.
True (moderate)
24. Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach.
True (moderate)
25. Hugo Musterberg created the field of industrial psychology.
False (moderate)
26. Hugo Munsterberg was an early advocate of the human resources approach to management.
True (moderate)
27. Musterberg’s work in industrial psychology is easily connected with the scientific management approach.
True (moderate)
28. Without question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the Hawthorne Studies.
True (moderate)
29. The Hawthorne Studies were performed at the General Motors plant beginning in 1924.
False (easy)
30. Follett is the scientist who is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies.
False (moderate)
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT
31. According to the text, the fastest growth in the U.S. workforce will be among Asian workers.
True (moderate)
32. Electronic commerce is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically.
True (moderate)
33. An organization whose whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet is categorized as e-business enhanced.
False (moderate)
35. In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation was placed at the top of the list.
True (moderate)
35. According to the text, total quality management is a philosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.
True (moderate)
Multiple Choice
A MANAGER’S DILEMMA
36. According to the company profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma,” the idea of Gazoo.com originated from ______________.
a.General Electric.
b.Motorola.
c.Microsoft.
d.Yahoo!
e.Toyota (moderate)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENT
37. Adam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?
a. management planning and control
b. on-the-job training
c. union representation
d. fair employment legislation
e. division of labor (difficult)
38. Which of the following is not a reason Smith claimed enhanced productivity from division of labor?
a. increasing worker skill and dexterity
b. saving time lost in changing tasks
c. creating labor-saving inventions
d. strict management control over worker time and motion (moderate)
e. creating labor-saving machinery
39. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Industrial Revolution?
a. It began in the 19th Century.
b. It was started in Great Britain. (easy)
c. It had a major impact on the outcome of the Civil War.
d. It was focused on increasing agrarian concepts.
e. It was an early form of "downsizing."
40. Which of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?
a. scientific management
b. general administrative
c. organizational behavior
d. systems approach (easy)
e. quantitative
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
41. "Principles of Scientific Management" was written by which author?
a. Fayol
b. Mintzberg
c. Taylor (easy)
d. Drucker
e. Carnegie
42. Which of the following phrases is most associated with scientific management?
a. management relations
b. one best way (easy)
c. supply and demand
d. quality control
e. machinery over humans
43. The primary issue that aroused Taylor to create a more scientific approach to management was
a. worker efficiency. (moderate)
b. worker effectiveness.
c. worker absenteeism and turnover.
d. workplace safety.
e. worker/management relations.
44. According to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.
a.horse shoe
b.pig iron (moderate)
c.blue collar
d.fish tank
45. Which of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?
a.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.
b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.
c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles developed.
d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly. (difficult)
46. Based on his scientific management principles, Taylor suggested which of the following pay principles?
a. monthly salary
b. monthly salary with bonus
c. seniority pay
d. Scanlon plans
e. incentive pay (difficult)
47. Which of the following individuals became knows as the “father” of scientific management?
a.Michael Porter
b.Frederick Taylor. (easy)
c.Frank Gilbreth
d.Geert Hofstede
48. Frank Gilbreth is associated with which management approach?
a. General Administrative
b. Human Resource
c. Quantitative
d. Systems
e. Scientific (easy)
49. Frank Gilbreth's best-known contribution to scientific management concerned which of the following issues?
a. reducing the number of motions (moderate)
b. pay systems
c. selecting the best worker
d. inventory control
e. management's role
50. According to the text, Frank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in ______________.
a.software development.
b.bricklaying. (moderate)
c.computer chips.
d.artistic design.
51. ______________ was among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions.
a.Michael Porter
b.Frederick Taylor
c.Geert Hofstede
d.Frank Gilbreth (moderate)
52. A "therblig" concerns what scientific management workplace issue?
a. optimum temperature for workplace efficiency
b. basic hand motions (moderate)
c. optimum speed for basic motions
d. weight/movement ratios
e. hand/eye speed
53. Which of the following is a fundamental contribution of scientific management?
a. It could raise a country's standard of living. (difficult)
b. It provided for management control, a basic management function.
c. It provided the basis for the coming rise of unionization.
d. It led to lower overall wages, thereby increasing organizational profitability.
e. It opened the door for women in the workplace.
GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS
54. General administrative theory focuses on
a. the entire organization. (easy)
b. managers and administrators.
c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.
d. primarily the accounting function.
e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.
55. Henri Fayol would be classified under which of the following management approaches?
a. General Administrative (moderate)
b. Scientific Management
c. Quantitative
d. Human Resource
e. Systems
56. One could say that Fayol was interested in studying ___________ management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying ________ management issues.
a. micro, macro
b. macro, micro (difficult)
c. both were micro
d. both were macro
e. neither was micro
57. Which of the following is not one of Fayol's principles of management?
a. division of work
b. unity of command
c. discipline
d. order
e. equality (difficult)
58. The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?
a. Weber
b. Drucker
c. Taylor
d. Gilbreth
e. Fayol (moderate)
59. An organization that has division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules, and impersonal relationships would be described as what organizational type?
a. monopoly
b. autocracy
c. democracy
d. bureaucracy (easy)
e. cooperative
60. Weber's bureaucracy is a lot like which other management approach?
a. Scientific Management (moderate)
b. Systems
c. Autocracy
d. Human Resource
e. Quantitative
61. Weber's bureaucratic organizational design may be difficult to implement in current organizations because
a. it is too flexible.
b. today's organizations have little, if any, division of labor.
c. the power of employees has increased.
d. it takes away from employee creativity. (difficult)
e. inevitably, it leads to lower profitability.
62. According to Weber’s ideal bureaucracy, jobs broken down into simple, routine, and well-defined tasks are characteristics of which feature?
a.Division of labor (moderate)
b.impersonality
c.career orientation
d.authority hierarchy
63. According to Weber’s ideal bureaucracy, ______________ is when people are selected for jobs based on technical qualifications.
a.career orientation
b.authority hierarchy
c.impersonality
d.formal selection (moderate)
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
. Which of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?
a.The qualitative approach
b.The quantitative approach (easy)
c.The experimental approach
d.The theoretical approach
65. _______________ is a technique that managers use to improve resource allocation decisions.
a.Linear programming (moderate)
b.Work scheduling
c.Economic order quantity modeling
d.Regression analysis
66. Work scheduling can be more efficient as a result of which of the following?
a.Linear programming
b.Work scheduling (moderate)
c.Economic order quantity modeling
d.Regression analysis
67. Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory levels have been significantly influenced by ______________.
a.linear programming
b.work scheduling
c.economic order quantity modeling (moderate)
d.regression analysis
68. Which of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?
a. information models
b. critical-path scheduling
c. systematic motivation of individuals (moderate)
d. linear programming
e. statistics
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
69. Concern for employee motivation is most closely associated with which management approach?
a. Bureaucracy
b. Organizational Behavior (moderate)
c. Scientific Management
d. Systems
e. General Administrative
70. According to the text, which of the following early advocates of organizational behavior was concerned about deplorable working conditions?
a.Robert Owens (difficult)
b.Hugo Munsterberg
c.Mary Parker Follett
d.Chester Barnard
e.Frederick Taylor
71. Which of the following early advocates of organizational behavior created the field of industrial psychology, the scientific study of people at work?
a.Robert Owens
b.Hugo Munsterberg (difficult)
c.Mary Parker Follett
d.Chester Barnard
e.Frederick Taylor
72. According to the text, ______________ was one of the first to recognize that organizations could be viewed from the perspective of individual and group behavior.
a.Robert Owens
b.Hugo Munsterberg
c.Mary Parker Follett (difficult)
d.Chester Barnard
e.Frederick Taylor
73. Which of the following early advocates of organizational behavior was the first to argue that organizations were open systems?
a.Robert Owens
b.Hugo Munsterberg
c.Mary Parker Follett
d.Chester Barnard (difficult)
e.Frederick Taylor
74. Which of the following four theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach?
a. Owen, Munsterberg, Taylor, Fayol
b. Munsterberg, Taylor, Fayol, and Follet
c. Taylor, Fayol, Weber, and Barnard
d. Follet, Barnard, Munsterberg, and Weber
e. Barnard, Follet, Munsterberg, and Owen (moderate)
75. Robert Owen is best remembered for ________________ in contrast to Hugo Munsterberg's interest in _______________.
a. workplace social reform, efficiency (difficult)
b. job design, employee training
c. employee training, motivation
d. reducing employee workplace suffering, workplace social reform
e. psychological testing, job design
76. Which of the following is a major contribution of Hugo Munsterberg?
a. He was a social reformer.
b. He created the field of industrial psychology. (difficult)
c. He was interested in individual and group behavior.
d. He viewed organizations as social systems, requiring human cooperation.
e. He created the four functions of management.
77. Munsterberg's work in industrial psychology is easily connected with what other management approach?
a. General Administrative
b. Classical Management
c. Systems
d. Scientific Management (difficult)
e. Quantitative
78. Contemporary management practices that emphasize workgroups as a means to increasing productivity can be traced to which of the following authors?
a. Owen
b. Follett (moderate)
c. Barnard
d. Munsterberg
e. Fayol
79. Which of the following is true concerning the management beliefs of Barnard?
a. Employee ability and motivation remain fixed within a single employee, but vary across different employees.
b. To improve productivity, management should concentrate on selecting the best employee rather than motivating current employees.
c. Productivity is best achieved by insulating the organization from external constituencies.
d. Organizations are social systems that required human cooperation. (difficult)
e. Maintaining organizational equilibrium leads to stagnation.
80. Without question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.
a.Taylor Studies.
b.Porter Studies.
c.Parker Studies.
d.Hawthorne Studies. (moderate)
81. The Hawthorne studies were initially devised to study
a. productivity levels of groups versus individuals.
b. the effect of noise on employee productivity.
c. the effect of illumination levels on employee productivity. (moderate)
d. the effect of cooperative versus competitive organizational environments on productivity.
e. individuals differences, e.g., gender, age, tenure, etc., on employee productivity.
82. What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?
a. Adams
b. Mayo (easy)
c. Lawler
d. Barnard
e. Follett
83. One outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?
a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior. (moderate)
b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.
c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.
d.Security is relatively unimportant.
e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is most important.
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT
84. According to the text, the fastest growth in the U.S. workforce will be among ______________.
a.African workers.
b.Asian workers. (moderate)
c.Turkish workers.
d.German workers.
e.Australian workers.
85. ______________ is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled.
a.Management
b.Administration
c.Bureaucracy
d.Entrepreneurship (easy)
86. Which of the following is NOT one of the three important themes that stick out of the definition of entrepreneurship?
a.The pursuit of opportunities
b.The theme of innovation
c.The potential of failure (moderate)
d.The theme of growth
87. ______________ is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic (Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals.
a.Electronic commerce
b.Electronic business
c.Virtual business
d.Technologically impaired
88. According to the text, ______________ is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically
a.electronic commerce (moderate)
b.multidimensional commerce
c.radio frequency commerce
d.linking commerce
. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a type of e-commerce transaction?
a.business-to-business
b.business-to-consumer
c.consumer-to-consumer
d.government-to-business
e.government-to-government (moderate)
90. All of the following are mentioned in the text as categories of e-business involvement EXCEPT:
a.e-business enhanced
b.e-business enabled
c.total e-business
d.theoretical e-business (moderate)
91. A traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure is called a(n) ______________.
a.e-business enhanced organization
b.e-business enabled organization
c.total e-business organization
d.theoretical e-business organization (moderate)
92. According to the text, which of the following is NOT an example of an e-business enhanced organization?
a.Merrill Lynch
b.Office Depot
c.Starbucks
d.Whirlpool
e.Levi Strauss (difficult)
93. In which of the following categories of e-business involvement does an organization use the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything?
a.e-business enhanced organization
b.e-business enabled organization (moderate)
c.total e-business organization
d.theoretical e-business organization
94. According to the text, Levi Strauss & Co. is categories as which of the following e-business involvements?
a.e-business enhanced
b.e-business enabled (moderate)
c.total e-business
d.theoretical e-business
95. An internal organizational communication system that uses Internet technology and is accessible only by organizational employees, to communicate with its global workforce is called a(n) ______________.
a.extranet.
b.local area network.
c.intranet. (moderate)
d.hypernet
96. An organization whose whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet is categorized as which of the following e-business involvements?
a.e-business enhanced
b.e-business enabled
c.total e-business (moderate)
d.theoretical e-business
97. In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, ______________ was placed at the top of the list.
a.organizational structure
b.innovation (moderate)
c.organizational systems
d.technology
98. According to a recent study, all of the following are mentioned as among the most innovative companies EXCEPT:
a.Intel.
b.Procter & Gamble
c.America Online
d.Boeing (difficult)
99. ______________ is the generic terms used to describe the quality revolution that swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s.
a.Ethno quality management
b.Total quality management (moderate)
c.Hyper quality management
d.Partial quality management
100. According to the text, ______________ is a philosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.
a.ethno quality management
b.total quality management (moderate)
c.hyper quality management
d.partial quality management
101. All of the following are characteristics of total quality management EXCEPT:
a.intense focus on the competition. (moderate)
b.concern for continual improvement
c.improvement in the quality of everything the organization does.
d.accurate measurement.
e.empowerment of employees.
102. A ______________ organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change.
a.virtual
b.learning (moderate)
c.traditional
d.bureaucratic
103. ______________ involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.
a.Systems management
b.Software management
c.Technical management
d.Knowledge management (moderate)
104. All of the following are characteristics of a learning organization EXCEPT:
a.“if it was invented or reinvented here, reject it.”
b.“if you aren’t changing, it won’t be working for long.”
c.“ability to learn; knowledge and expertise.”
d.“control others.” (difficult)
105. According to the text, ______________ is the recognition of an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.
a.workplace religion
b.workplace dynamics
c.workplace separation
d.workplace spirituality (moderate)
Scenarios and Questions
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENT
A Look Back (Scenario)
Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.
106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain from
a. time management.
b. division of labor. (moderate)
c. group work.
d. quality management.
e. time and motion studies.
107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must be
a. Adam Smith.
b. Frank Gilbreth.
c. Henry Gantt.
d. Frederick Taylor. (easy)
e. Henri Fayol.
108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates of
a. scientific management. (moderate)
b. organizational behavior.
c. human resource management.
d. motivation.
e. leadership.
109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."
a. Henry Gantt
b. Max Weber
c. Chester Barnard
d. Frank Gilbreth (moderate)
e. Mary Parker Follet
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
The Human Side (Scenario)
As an engineer, Kevin was trained to understand machinery's and hardware's roles in enhancing organizational productivity. However, Kevin was promoted to a managerial position where his duties included supervising a department of 34 people and leading them towards completion of a new project. Ever the perfectionist, Kevin decided to enhance his understanding of the human side of business management by reading a history text on the human resources approach.
110. Kevin read that ___________ was an early social reformer who is remembered most for his/her courage and commitment to reducing suffering of the working class.
a. Hugo Munsterberg
b. Robert Owen (moderate)
c. Mary Parker Follett
d. Chester Barnard
e. Peter Hawthorne
111. Kevin also expanded his reading list to include authored by ______________, the creator of the field of industrial psychology.
a. Hugo Munsterberg (moderate)
b. Robert Owen
c. Mary Parker Follett
d. Chester Barnard
e. Peter Hawthorne
112. Kevin was surprised to learn that using group-based projects was not a contemporary concept. In fact, ___________ was an early 1900's social philosopher who thought that organizations should be based on a group ethic.
a. Hugo Munsterberg
b. Robert Owen
c. Mary Parker Follett (moderate)
d. Chester Barnard
e. Peter Hawthorne
113. Kevin also learned that the human resources approach was not limited to academic theorists. A strong contribution to this field was from _______________, an actual manager who thought organizations were social systems that required cooperation.
a. Hugo Munsterberg
b. Robert Owen
c. Mary Parker Follett
d. Chester Barnard (moderate)
e.Peter Hawthorne
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT
The New Challenge (Scenario)
Tom has just been promoted to chief technology officer at his company, Global Tech Solutions, Inc. His first assignment is to identify four project managers in the company that are likely to successfully manage new projects. Tom selects Robert, Frank, Sue, and Jan who all are recent graduates from a local university. He informs them about a current situation.
114. During a discussion about e-business, Robert tells Tom that based on he understands that ______________ is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals.
a.B-business
b.T-business
c.E-business (moderate)
d.I-business
e.C-business
115. Sue indicated that she understands ______________ to be any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically.
a.e-commerce (moderate)
b.direct programming
c.scenario planning
d.series capabilities
e.network affiliating
116. Discussing the three categories of e-business was not difficult. Tom simply stated that the three categories of e-business included all of the following EXCEPT:
a.e-business enhanced
b.e-business enabled
c.total e-business
d.cross sectional e-business (moderate)
117. Tom further clarified that many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using the _______________ approach.
a.e-business enhanced (moderate)
b.e-business enabled
c.total e-business
d.cross sectional e-business
118. Sue asked what were some examples of traditional organizations that have become e-business enhanced. Tom replied that all of the following are examples EXCEPT:
a.Merrill Lynch
b.Yahoo! (moderate)
c.Office Depot
d.Starbucks
e.Whirlpool
Small Business Success (Scenario)
Betty has just been hired by a management consulting firm and her first assignment is to help a small business owner understand the management issues that are becoming the norm for success. Martin, the small business owner was confused about several management issues and asked Betty to explain further.
119. Martin asked Betty to describe the characteristics of the workforce of the future. Betty replied that the fastest growth in the U.S. workforce will be among ______________ workers.
a.African
b.American
c.Asian (moderate)
d.Italian
e.Russian
120. Being the owner of a successful small business, Martin wanted to know more about entrepreneurship. Betty indicated that all of the following are important concepts that describe entrepreneurship EXCEPT:
a.the pursuit of opportunities.
b.the realization of limitations. (moderate)
c.entrepreneurship is innovation.
d.entrepreneurship is growth.
Essay Questions
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
121. In a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.
Answer
Frederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was continually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible. Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict. Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.
Taylor’s Four Principles of Management
a.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.
b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.
c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.
d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.
(difficult)
122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
Answer
Frank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classification scheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.
(moderate)
GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS
123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next list and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.
Answer
Fayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.
Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Management
a.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.
b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority, however, goes responsibility.
c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.
d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.
e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.
f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.
g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.
i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.
j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.
k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.
l.Stability of tenure of personnel – management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.
(difficult)
124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.
Answer
Max Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he called a bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.
(easy)
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.
Answer
Without question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies, a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies were initially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it was concluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants. Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.
(difficult)
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES
126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.
Answer
Entrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.
(moderate)
127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.
Answer
E-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.
(moderate)
128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovation and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.
Answer
Innovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure. In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.
(easy)
129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.
Answer
A quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. The generic term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired by a small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is a philosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations. The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.
The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Management
a.Intense Focus on the customer – the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’s products or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) who interact with and serve others in the organization.
b.Concern for continual improvement – TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is not good enough. Quality can always be improved.
c.Process-focused – TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continually improved.
d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does – TQM uses a very broad definition of quality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, how rapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.
e.Accurate measurement – TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in the organization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, trace them to their roots, and eliminate their causes.
f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams are widely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.
(difficult)
130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.
Answer
Today’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge base, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.
(moderate)