
作者:李 颖
来源:《新校园·学习版》2010年第05期
平行结构指的是相同的语法结构,它要求有同等重要的思想、概念,并列的句子成分要用同类的语法形式来表达,要用并列连词连接。它可以使句子前后保持平衡和协调,从而增加语言的连贯性。
平行结构常常使用并列连词,如and, but, or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, not…but等,我们在使用这些并列连词时要注意它们所连接的应该是名词和名词,副词和副词,分词和分词,不定式和不定式,动词对动词,句子和句子等,而不能把其中的一个概念用分词结构表达,而把另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达,否则就违反了平行结构的准则。平行结构主要有以下几种类型。
1.名词平行结构
The patient’s symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。
2.形容词、副词平行结构
①Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。
②The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 这项工作做得漂亮,有水平。
3.分词平行结构
①The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 男孩子们一边跑,一边喊叫着、笑着。
②The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted. 老人回到了家里,筋疲力竭,非常失望。
4.动名词平行结构
①Henry’s work is reading books and writing book reviews. 亨利的工作是读读书,写写书评。
②Alice said she’d prefer swimming to playing tennis in such hot weather. 爱丽斯说在这样的热天她宁愿游泳而不去打网球。
5.动词不定式平行结构
①Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon) 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的,有些书是应当吞食下去的,有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。
②On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. 另一方面,40%的同学认为应收门票,他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费用。
6.介词短语平行结构
①We went to the museum by bike instead of by bus.我们骑自行车而不是坐汽车去博物馆。
②Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书使人愉悦,使人高雅,使人聪慧。
7.谓语动词平行结构
May you keep fit, study well and work hard. 祝你身体好,学习好,工作好。
8.整句结构平行
Should the wallet, found in the street, be put into a pocket or turned over to the policeman? Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned? Nobody will know except you. 在大街上捡到的钱包是装进自己的口袋里还是应该交给?商店多找给我们的零钱是被忘掉还是应该被归还?这些除了你自己之外谁也不会知道。
