
一 词法层面
名词
1.近来我忙极了,希望你能理解我的现状。
误:I have been terribly busy and I hope that you can understand my
current condition.
正:I have been terribly busy and I hope that you can understand my
current situation.
condition多跟身体状况或生活状况有关,situation多指某时期的情形或境况。
2. 最近我的胃经常有问题。
误:Recently I often have problems with my stomach.
正:Recently I often have stomach trouble.
身体某部位有问题用trouble,不用problem。“胃有问题”也可英译为:I have
some trouble with my stomach.
3. 各级领导干部应加倍努力,提高人民的生活水平。
误:Leading cadres at various levels should double their efforts to
improve people’s living level.
正:Leading cadres at various levels should double their efforts to
improve people’s living standard.
level 可译“水平、级别”,standard则意为“水平、标准”;“生活水平”应译为living standard。
4. 那位商人的不良行为坑害了消费者的利益。
误:The bad action of that businessman has done lots of harm to
consumers’ interests.
正:The ill action of that businessman has done lots of harm to
consumers’interests.
bad一般指“坏”,ill一般指生病,但用作形容词或副词时可以指“坏”或“恶劣”;action多指抽象的、继续的或复杂的行为,而act则指具体的、短暂的或简单的行为或作为。
代词
1.像他这样的孩子不应任由他在外面随便玩乐。
误:Such a boy as him should not be on the loose.
正:Such a boy as he should not be on the loose.
as后面代词的格应与such a boy保持一致,boy为主格,因此应用he,不能用him。
2. 这两个词很像,我区别不出他们。
误:These two words are very much alike. I can’t tell one from another.
正:These two words are very much alike. I can’t tell one from the other.
another指同类中(三个以上)的另一个,the other指已知的两个事物或人中的另一个。
形容词或副词
1. 她看上去很健康。
误:She seems to be very health.
正:She seems to be very healthy.
health 为名词,healthy为形容词。该句还可英译为:She seems to be in
good/excellent health.
2. 他没有意识到学习英语的重要性。
误:He doesn’t aware of the importance of learning English.
正:He isn’t aware of…
3. 很多人都出席了会议。
误:Many people present at the meeting.
正:Many people were present…
动词
1. 我的故乡发生了巨大的变化。
误:A great change was taken place in my hometown.
正:A great change took place in my hometown.
词组take place, break out等都是不及物动词,没有被动语态。例如:1937年中国爆发了抗日战争。英译为: The War of Resistance Against Japan broke out in China in 1937.
2. 那个严重的交通事故是去年发生的。
误:That serious traffic accident was happened last year.
正:That serious traffic accident happened last year.
happen与occur一样,都属于不及物动词,没有被动语态形式。例如:我从未想到他能亲自来帮我的忙。英译为:It never occurred to me that he could come here in person to help me.
3. 当她的男朋友不理她时,她非常生气。
误:She got very angry when her boy friend neglected her.
正:She got very angry when her boy friend ignored her.
neglect是指“忽视、不注意”或“忘记”的意思,ignore 则指“装着不知道”和“故意不理睬”的意思。上述译文中用ignore才恰当。
4. 据说压力大或超负荷工作的人更有可能增加体重。
误:It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are more
likely to increase weight.
正:It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are more
likely to put on weight.
“人增加体重”不用increase weight,而用put on weight来表达。increase可作及物与不及物动词,表示“增加、增大、增长、增强”,例如:去年欧洲增加了同中国的贸易。英译为:Last year,Europe increased foreign trade with China.又如:这家公司的利润已经大大增加了。英译文为:The profit of this company has increased greatly.
连词
1. 他棋下得好,没人能赢他。
误:He plays chess very well, no one can win him.
正:He plays chess so well that no one can win him.
汉语句子的因果关系很明白,但用英语表达时,必须用连接词表达出这种逻辑关系。
2. 牛不喝水强按头是不行的。
误:You can lead a cow to water. You cannot make him drink.
正:You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink.
汉语句中的转折关系可用连词but来表达。另外,汉语习惯用“牛”,而英语习惯用“马”。
3. 张先生生病了,别指望他今天来干活了。
误:Mr. Zhang is ill, he is not expected to work here today.
正:Mr. Zhang is ill, hence he is not expected to work here today.
并列句必须加连接副词hence。
4. 我们坚决维护和平,超级大国却挑起战争。
误:We firmly maintain peace, the superpowers are provoking war.
正:We firmly maintain peace, while the superpowers are provoking war.
汉语表达的是对比关系,英译文中需增加连词while。
时态
1. 如果到那时这个问题解决了,我就会告诉你。
误:I shall let you know if the question will be settled by that time.
正:I shall let you know if the question is settled by that time.
在时间、条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来时。
2. 到2020年,中国将全面建成小康社会。
误:By the year of 2020, China will complete the building of a moderately
prosperous society in all aspects.
正:By the year of 2020, China will have completed the building of a
moderately prosperous society in all aspects.
表示将来某一时刻前完成的动作,用将来完成时表示。
虚拟语气
1. 如果我是你的话,我就不会干这种事。
误:I would not do such a thing if I am you.
正:I would not do such a thing if I were you.
表示与现在事实相反的假设情况,从句用过去式,主句用would或should等+动词原形。
2. 如果他能早到一会儿,就会目睹这场事故了。
误:If he would have arrived earlier, he would have seen the accident.
正:If he had arrived earlier/Had he arrived earlier, he would have seen
the accident.
虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反,从句中用过去完成式,主句中用could或would等加现在完成式。
3. 如果你明天要去,我将让你现在回家做准备。
误:I would let you go back home to make preparations if you will go
there tomorrow.
正:I would let you go back home right now to make preparations if you
should go there tomorrow.
表示与将来事实相反的假设,从句用should+动词原形,或were to+动词原形,主句用would/should等+动词原形。
·主谓一致
1. 老师和他的学生要一块儿步行去电影院。
误:The teacher, together with students, are going to the cinema on foot.
正:The teacher, together with students, is going to the cinema on foot.
英文中有插入语的句子,谓语与第一个主语保持一致。
2. 在山脚下植树的是一群刚刚入学的大学生。
误:Planting trees at the foot of the mountain are a group of college
students who have just entered school.
正:Planting trees at the foot of the mountain is a group of college
students who have just entered school.
倒装句中分词短语作主语,其谓语用单数形式。
3. 他的言行不一。
误:What he says and what he does does not agree.
正:What he says and what he does do not agree.
用and连接两个词、短语或句子时,如果指的是两件事情其谓语为复数形式。
4. 在我国,每个男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。
误:In our country every boy and every girl have the right to receive
education.
正:In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive
education.
由and连接的并列单数主语的前面如果有each,every,no或many a等修饰,谓语动词要用单数。例如:如今许多男人和女人都志愿参加献血。英译为:Many a man and a woman nowadays has volunteered to donate their blood for the patients.
否定句
1. 所有答案都不对。
误:All the answers are not right.
正:None of the answers are right.
all+否定,是部分否定,如:
答案未必全对。All the answers are not right.
发光的未必是金子。All that glitters is not gold.
汉语中的“都不”“都没有”在英语中用none of…,如:
他们都没有出席会议。None of them attended the meeting.
男孩子们对这项游戏都不感兴趣。None of the boys were interested in this
game.
2.我并非两个花瓶都要。
误:I want none of the two vases.
正:I don’t want both of the vases.
正:I want only one of the two vases.
不合逻辑的句子
1. 中国的私人汽车越来越多。
误:In China, private cars have become more and more.
正:There are an increasing number of private cars in China.
“汽车越来越多”并不是指汽车本身主动变多,而是汽车在中国的存在越来越多。
三 汉英思维差异、表达习惯差异
1. 他的英语水平比我高。
误:His English level is higher than that of mine.
正:He knows more English than I.
正:His English is better than mine.
2. 保持健康的情绪可以有效降低感冒发生的可能性。
误:Keeping a healthy mood can decrease the chance of
catching cold.
正:The chance of catching cold may very well be decreased by keeping
a healthy mood.
汉译英时有人常把“保持健康的情绪”看成主语,实际上是方式状语。
3. 我们坐火车去长沙。
误:We’ll take the train going to Changsha.
正:We’ll go to Changsha by train.
4. 一些心理学家认为,人们出门在外时可能会感到孤独。
误:Some psychologists think that people might feel lonely when they
are outside the home.
正:Some psychologists hold that people might feel lonely when they are
away from home.
“出门在外”指“离开家门”而不是指“outside the home在家门外面”。
5. 让我们承担如此重要的任务,我们感到十分荣幸。
误:We’re allowed to take such an important task. We feel greatly
honored about it.
正:We feel greatly honored to have been charged with such an
important task.
汉语先叙事,后表态,而英语的习惯表达是先表态,后叙事。
例如:接到你们的贺函,我十分愉快和感谢。
I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings
