一、词义猜测题
根据上下文猜测生词的含义是考生必须掌握的一项重要阅读技能, 因此, 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型。这类题包括猜测单词、短语、句子的意思和判断指代内容。
(一)猜测词语意思
要求考生根据语境猜测生词、短语或句子的意思, 或者推断熟词生义。题干中常含有mean, refer to, be replaced by等。如:
[技巧点拨]
解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文(也就是人们常说的语境)来推测其意思。以下是可供参考的几个小技巧:
1.根据接近或递进关系:由and或or等可确定生词的义域,推知它的大致意义。
2.根据选择或相对关系:对比or(要么, 或者)前面和后面的句子或词语, 来猜测生词的含义。
3.根据同位或解释关系:通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。
4.根据转折或对比关系:由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。
5.根据因果关系:根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果,也可由果推因。
6.根据列举的实例:根据such as, for example等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。
7.根据并列同类关系:一般说来,并列的几个事物应属同类事物, 由此可推测其中一个的大概意思。
注意:考题中若要求我们猜测熟悉词语的意思, 我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思, 那些常规含义的选项不会是要选择的正确答案。
[经典例题]
阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。
...Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not bring so much
material home in the first place.
61. What does the underlined phrase “that over-consumption” refer to?
A. Using too much packaging.
B. Recycling too many wastes.
C. Making more products than necessary.
D. Having more material than is needed.
[课堂练习]
阅读所选文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。
(1)
Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success.
According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
31. The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.
A. Early B. sweetly C. Quickly D. smoothly
(2)
When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, it’s so-and-so’s fault.” or “I know I’m late, but it’s not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser.
You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner’s key to success.
47. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___.
A. Avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider
(3)
We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class.
“You could win prizes, ” our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on the blackboard...
We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that ten dollar grand prize, each and every one of us.
47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means ___.
A. formed an idea for B. made an outline for
C. made some space for D. chose some colors for
(4)
Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends... Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.
“I would never have said to my mom, ‘Hey, the new Weezer album (威瑟乐团的专辑)is really great. How do you like it? ” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”
Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.
Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.
41. The underlined word “gulf ” in Para.3 most probably means _____.
A. Interest B. distance C. Difference D. separation
(5)
Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有发言权).
“My parents were on the ‘before’ side of that change, but today’s parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the ‘after’ side, ” explains Mr. Ballmer.
44. By saying “today’s parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the ‘after’ side.” the author means that today’s parents ____.
A. follow the trend of the change
B. can set a limit to the change
C. fail to take the change seriously
D. have little difficulty adjusting to the change
[课外作业]
(1)
We have two daughters:Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner...
The guests arrived. I introduced my two daughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids.
Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age.
I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because she’s the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions.
But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child...
56. The underlined expression “make a big ‘to do’ over” (paragraph 4)means ____.
A. show much concern about B. have a special effect on
C. list jobs to be done for D. do good things for
(2)
Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.
Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?
60. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1)roughly means ____.
A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed
(3)
“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves, ” he said.
Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind starts out by making little ripples(涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
65. The underlined phrase “picking up” (paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to ___.
A. starting again B. speeding up C. gathering D. improving
(4)
If the world were a village of 1, 000 people...
One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65. Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipment.
About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water.
Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.
62. The underlined part “have access to” (in Para. 4)means ____.
A. use B. buy C. produce D. try
(5)
When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.
65. The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours __.
A. attracted the customers strongly
B. had weak effects on the customers
C. tricked the customers into shopping
D. caused the customers to lose interest
(二)判断指代内容
要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one等)或代动词(do,does, did等)究竟指代什么。题干中通常含有refer to。
[技巧点拨]
一般说来, 代词的指代内容大多在它的前一句中, 或者前几个句子中, 有时也在它的后一句中。
找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上,看一看这句话是否合理, 与前后的内容是否一致,然后再判定它是否为正确答案。
[经典例题]
阅读下列文段, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。
As a woman, I feel unsafe here. I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m.
I used to use it, but now I’m afraid.
58. The underlined part “it” (in Para. 4) refers to ____.
A. a taxi B. the money C. a bomb D. public transport
[课堂练习]
(1)
By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.
61. What does the word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Advertising in newspapers.
B. Including pictures in ads.
C. Selling goods in markets.
D. Working with ad agencies.
(2)
My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my father’s knee, his arm in a bandage.
He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.
63. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the father’s ____.
A. weak heart B. taking a shore job
C. failure to return to sea D. injury caused by a torpedo
(3)
Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford formed a new automobile company. In the 1903, a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Ford’s dream. Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people.”
. “That sale” in Paragraph 4 refers to ___.
A. the selling of Ford cars at reduced prices
B. the sale of Model T to the mass of people
C. the selling of a car to a Detroit doctor
D. the sales target for the Ford Company
(4)
A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than non-graduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it.
There are pressing calls on the resources(资源)of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.
68. The underlined word “them” refers to __.
A. taxpayers B. pressing calls
C. college graduates D. government resources
(5)
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces...
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions, ” Jack said, “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”
68. What does the underlined word “they” refer to?
A. The participants in the study.
B. The researchers of the study.
C. The errors made during the study.
D. The data collected from the study.
[课外作业]
(1)
...You are never going to win. If John wants to see them, I cannot stop him. He’s their father —I want them to see him! However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the children’s stable life.
John, who has spent much of his time in California recently, has only hired a house for himself in Pennsylvania, according to his lawyer. “If he’d like to stick to a regular life, I’d be more than happy to do that, ” Jane says...
58. What does “to do that ” refer to in the second paragraph?
A. To live with John.
B. To hire a house for John.
C. To allow John to see the children.
D. To ask John to set up a regular life.
(2)
Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.
68. What does the underlined word “it” in Para. 3 refer to ___.
A. the American East B. the American West
C. the argument D. the alternative energy
(3)
Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.
57. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ ___”.
A. alcohol B. absorption C. blood D. process
(4)
The multi-million pound new Library of Birmingham (LoB) will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization (数字化) of everyday life...
As digital media is important to its idea, the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.
51. The underline part “its idea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of ___.
A. the equipment B. the project
C. the digital media D. the physical library
(5)
Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (评论家) Edie Jarolim. “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”
1. The underlined word “both” in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. traveling and working B. writing and shopping
C. traveling and eating D. writing and eating
二、主旨大意题
我们阅读一篇文章, 首先是要了解其大意, 明确其主旨。因此, 主旨大意题是常考题。主旨大意题包括:主要内容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章标题(title)型、写作目的(purpose)型。五年来共考了8道题, 其中mainly about只考过1题(2008), title题考了3题(2007, 2010, 2011), purpose题考了4题(2007, 2008, 2009, 2011)。
(一)主要内容型
[技巧点拨]
弄清文章的大意, 关键是找到主题句。
主题句的位置:主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应, 有时也在文中,或没有主题句,需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句,但记叙文通常没有主题句,需要归纳。
找主题句的方法:用浏览法(skimming),即快速阅读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主题线索和主题信息。
找主题句的四个小窍门:
1.段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时, 该句很可能是主题句。
2.首段出现疑问句时, 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3.作者有意识地反复重复的观点, 通常是主旨; 反复出现的词语, 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4.表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。
[经典例题]
Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself... Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes...But sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.
The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes...
It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can’t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself...
The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize that...
49. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How to prepare for your success.
B. How to face challenges in your life.
C. How to build a positive self-image.
D. How to develop your good qualities.
(课堂练习、课外作业略)
(二)文章标题型
[技巧点拨]
文章标题就是对文章的主要意思的概括, 因此, 解答这类题的方法与解答主旨要义题的方法基本相同, 都是寻找主题句, 或归纳主要内容。
但主要内容题(main idea, mainly about)题的选项多用句子的形式, 而标题多用短语(特别是名词短语)的形式, 且具有以下3个特点:
(1)概括性: 准确而又简短。
(2)针对性: 内容范围相符, “帽子”不大不小。
(3)醒目性: 新颖奇特, 能引发读者急迫的阅读欲望。
推敲选项正误的6个小巧门:
1. 正确选项一般不出现细节信息。
2. 正确选项一般不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。
3. 正确选项一般含有抽象名词或概括性词语。
4. 概括全面、范围一致、说明道理的选项一般是正确答案。
5. 四个选项中, 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。
6. 干扰项特点:(1)概括范围太窄, 只含局部信息或某个细节; (2)概括范围太宽, 所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容; (3)无关信息:即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。
[经典例题]
(2011广东)In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people...
From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people...Often, we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness...But only when we stop pretending we’re brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that’s in them.
...
30. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. A Wheelchair Experience
B. Weakness and Kindness
C. Weakness and Strength
D. A Driving Experience
[课堂练习]
(1)
Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.
Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?
Always give credit ...
Take informed risks ...
Encourage enthusiasm(热情)...
63. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques
B. Leadership Is Very Important
C. Not Many Can Be Leaders
D. How to Be a Leader
(2)
How many people have I met who have told me about the book they have been planning to write but have never yet found the time? Far too many.
This is life, all right, but we do treat it like a rehearsal(排演)and, unhappily, we do miss so many of its best moments.
We take jobs to stay alive and provide homes for our families always making ourselves believe that this style of life is merely a temporary state of affairs along the road to what we really want to do. Then, at 60 or 65, we are suddenly presented with a clock and several grandchildren and we look back and realize that all those years waiting for Real Life to come along were in fact real life.
In America they have a saying much laughed at by the English: “Have a nice day” they speak slowly and seriously in their shops, hotels and sandwich bars.
I think it is a wonderful phrase, reminding us, in effect, to enjoy the moment: to value this very day.
How often do we say to ourselves, “I’ll take up horse-riding(or golf, or sailing) as soon as I get a higher position, ” only to do none of those things when I do get the higher position.
...
71. What is probably the best title for the passage?
A. Provide Homes For Our Family
B. Take Up Horse-riding
C. Value This Very Day
D. Stay Alive
(3)
Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create this life of good feelings.
Here’s an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.
Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerk’s mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement...On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.
Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness?
In the first case, where we don’t tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief...In contrast, bringing the error to the clerk’s attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable.
Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased. Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.
There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it’s easy to think and act honorably again when we’re happy... Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.
50. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?
A. How to Live Truthfully
B. Importance of Peacefulness
C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect
D. Happiness through Honorable Actions
(课外作业略)
(三)写作目的型
这类题的题干中常有purpose, 或者后面接有表示目的的动词不定式,如:intend to, meant to, (in order) to等。
[技巧点拨]
我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来推断作者的写作目的。因此, 文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是阅读的重点, 作者的写作意图往往就隐含在其中。
作者写文章的目的通常有三种, 与之对应的文章如下:
1. to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑):常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
2. to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点):常见于广告或议论文。广告是作者要推销一种产品或一种服务:吸引更多的游客﹑读者或订户﹑观众等;议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。
3. to inform readers (告知读者某些信息):多见于新闻报道类﹑科普类﹑文化类或社会类的文章, 以及劝告性或建议性的文章。
[经典例题]
(2011广东)In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources(资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decades has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable(可持续的) ways.
That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products. In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.
Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries...In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%.
Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. First, ... Besides, ... Finally, ...accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.
The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of growing population...but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.
45. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce a new business model.
B. To compare two business models.
C. To predict a change of the global market.
D. To advocate sustainable development.
[课堂练习]
How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation(通货膨胀)? Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate. Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past
Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques.
...
...They... invented water-clocks. Indeed, any serious students of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from
the past.
Antique clocks could be very expensive, but one of the joys of collecting clocks is that it is still possible to find quite cheap ones for your own home. After all, if you are going to be ruled by time, why not invest in air antique clock and perhaps make a future profit?
45. The purpose of the passage is ___.
A. to introduce the culture of antique clocks
B. to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks
C. to compare different ways to make a future profit
D. to explain convenient and reliable ways of telling time
(课外作业略)
三、细节理解题
细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解中占比重最大的一类题型, 这类题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。主要针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问, 可能只针对文章中某一特定的细节, 也可能涉及若干个细节。
(一)语意转换题
[技巧点拨]
虽然说细节题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接地找到, 但是与阅读材料一模一样的正确选项是几乎没有的。而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思, 即语意转换。解题时注意以下几点:
1. 顺序性原则:一般说来, 题序与其题眼在文章中的顺序相同。如第53题的答案信息会在第52题的答案信息之后。
2. 定位信息点:通过寻读法(scanning), 用题干中的关键词在文中搜索, 迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置, 缩小阅读范围。题干中可用来在文中搜索的关键词可能是专有名词、数词、实体名词, 以及这些词的同义表达等。
3. 理解信息点:在找到关键词句后, 要仔细阅读, 准确理解, 对照选项, 看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。
4. 排除干扰项:在作出选择的过程中, 要善于辨别真伪, 排除干扰, 不断缩小范围, 选出正确答案, 这就是我们常说的排除法。干扰项一般具有以下特征:
(1) 杜撰事实, 无中生有。文中根本找不到任何相关信息, 完全由命题人所捏造。
(2) 偷梁换柱, 以假乱真。采用原文中的句式和大部分词汇, 但换了个别词, 改变了原意或范围。
(3) 半真半假, 虚虚实实。干扰项与原文相关细节部分相同, 部分相悖。
(4) 文不对题, 滥竽充数。干扰项是文中的事实细节, 但与题干要求不符。
[经典例题]
(2011广东) In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.
From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. They don’t get to see this soft side of others. Often, we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness, which includes a lot of pretending. But only when we stop pretending we’re brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that’s in them.
26. The author has discovered that people will feel happy when ____.
A. they offer their help
B. they receive others’ help
C. they feel others’ kindness
D. they show their weakness
27. The author feels sad sometimes because ____.
A. he has a soft heart
B. he relies much on others
C. some people pretend to be kind
D. some people fail to see the kindness in others
(课堂练习、课外作业略)
(二)是非判断题
[技巧点拨]
这里的是非判断题, 主要是指true或NOT true, 以及含EXCEPT等词的这类题。解答这类题, 一定要看清, 是选与文章内容相符的选项还是选不相符的选项, 或是选文中没有谈及的内容。
特别注意:NOT true这类题,要求选出一个错误选项, 也就是说, 有三个选项是正确的。考生千万不要看到一个正确选项时, 就以为这是要选的正确答案呀, 这点非常容易出错。
Not true这类题涉及的信息点跨度大, 要注意作记号。
[经典例题]
Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Certain microorganisms(微生物)cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release (释放)poisons that make people sick.
Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processes, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.
Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.
When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small...
51.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Food poisoned can make people sick.
B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food poisoning can be serious.
53. Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT ____.
A. some chemicals
B. low temperatures
C. some tiny living things
D. certain natural materials
(课堂练习、课外作业略)
四、推理判断题
推理判断题要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理, 推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。
这类试题包括有很多种, 但广东自主命题8年来, 主要考查了推断隐含意义、推断目标读者、推断写法意图、推断观点态度等, 其中重点是推断隐含意义。
(一)推理隐喻含义
这类试题的题干中常含infer(推断), suggest(暗示), imply(暗示)等词语。
[技巧点拨]
解答这类题的一般步骤是:
1. 定位信息:通过寻读找到相关信息点。
2. 字面理解:理解相关信息点的字面意义。
3. 深层理解:结合语境和常识, 在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断, 从而理解作者的言外之意。
选择答案时, 注意排除以下干扰项, 以便缩小选择范围:
(1)原文信息的简单重复, 而非推断出来的结论。(考生易误选)
(2)推理过度的片面结论。
(3)与文中内容不符或完全相反的结论等。
(4)符合考生已有常识,但文章中没有信息支持。(考生易误选)
此外, 可采用主旨推断法:在理解短文大意, 明确文章主旨的基础上, 进行推断, 从而得出符合情理的结论。
[经典例题]
Pulling heavy suitcases all day in the summer is hard work, especially when you’re a thin 14-year-old. That was me in 1940 — the youngest and smallest baggage boy at New York City’s Pennsylvania Railway Station.
After just a few days on the job, I began noticing that the other fellows were overcharging passengers.
I’d like to join them, thinking, “Everyone else is doing it.”
When I got home that night, I told my dad what I wanted to do. “You give an honest day’s work, ” he said, looking at me straight in the eye. “They’re paying you. If they want to do that, you let them do that.”
68. What can be inferred about the baggage boys?
A. They could earn much, but they had to work hard.
B. Many of them earned money in a dishonest way.
C. They were all from poor families.
D. They were all thin, young boys.
69. What does the father’s advice imply?
A. It is wrong to give more pay to the passengers.
B. Don’t believe them if they are paying you more.
C. Don’t follow others to overcharge the passengers.
D. It is difficult to work hard and live as an honest boy.
[课堂练习]
(1)
When waves come toward the shore, people can set up dams to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine(涡轮机). The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity.
“The resource is huge, ” said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute. “We will never run out of wave power.”
...Oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth’s surface...
Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out...In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!
67. It can be inferred that some day we might not worry about ___.
A. air pollution
B. our boat traffic
C. our power supply
D. our supply of sea fish
(2)
In 1837, the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word “queue(排队)”. He spoke of the French and their “habit of standing in a queue”. Forty years later Paris was the best place to wait in line.
However, queuing became popular in Britain too. The Second World War was the golden age of queuing, and people joined any line in the hope that it was a queue
for something to buy.
This was the source of many Second World War jokes:
Shopkeeper to customer:Excuse me, Miss, are you pregnant(怀孕)?
Customer: Well, I wasn’t when I joined the queue.
Today, according to research in America, we (in Britain)can spend up to 5 years of our lives queuing — as compared to twelve months looking for things we have
lost. But things may be changing...
One way to make life easier is to introduce “queue management”...
One of the latest technical progress is the use of an electronic scanner(电子识别器)...
But some people just like queuing. One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale, and then returned home for breakfast at nine o’clock the next morning without going into the shop.
68. The joke in Paragraph 2 implies that the young woman ____.
A. has been waiting in the queue for a long time
B. doesn’t need to stand in the queue
C. enjoys standing in the queue
D. has stood in the wrong line
71. We can infer from the passage that ___.
A. queue management doesn’t work well
B. there is still queuing in England
C. we don’t see much queuing in Paris
D. the French like queuing more than the British
(3)
Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning...
Certain microorganisms(微生物)cause most types of food poisoning...
Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning...
Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people...
When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing.
Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms.
People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.
Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water
55. It can be inferred from the passage that ___.
A. natural materials are safe in food processing
B. chemicals are needed in food processing
C. food poisoning can be kept under control
D. food poisoning is out of control
(课外作业略)
(三)推断其他内容
[技巧点拨]
除推断隐含意义外, 广东自主命题8年来, 还出现了推断预定读者(2008年)和推断作者运用写作手法的意图(2005年和2007年)。不过, 这两类题一共只出现了3次。
推断预定读者的主要方法是留意作者的用词,体会作者的语气。
作者运用某种写作手法的意图, 或是要引出主题、突出主题, 或是要吸引
读者关注主题, 或是要把主题说明得更清楚, 等等。运用写作手法的主要意图有:
1. 开头提出问题—让读者关注主题。
2. 简介相关事物—为了引出主题。
3. 列举具体事例—说明文段的主题。
4. 运用比拟或比喻—让读者易理解抽象或陌生的事物。
5. 引语—说明或论证某个观点, 或使自己的观点更有说服力。
[经典例题]
Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics.
But sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself...
The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to...
The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize...
50. Who are the intended readers of the passage?
A. Parents. B. Adolescents. C. Educators. D. People in general.
[课堂练习]
(1)
How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation(通货膨胀)? Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate. Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past.
Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique docks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques.
I sometimes wonder what a being from another planet might report back about our way of life. “The planet Earth is ruled by a mysterious creature that sits or stands in a room and makes a strange ticking sound. It has a face with twelve black marks
and two hands.
Men can do nothing without its permission, and it fastens its young; round people’s wrists so that everywhere men go they are still under its control. This creature is the real master of Earth and men are its slaves.”
Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on...
However, ...any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past.
Antique clocks could be very expensive, but...After all, if you are going to be ruled by time, why not invest in an antique clock and perhaps make a future profit?
42. By quoting(引用)the remark of a being from another planet, the author intends to ___.
A. suggest human beings are controlled by a clock
B. describe why clocks can rule the planet Earth
C. tell readers what clocks look like
D. compare clocks to human beings
(2)
“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves, ” he said.
Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity...
When waves come toward the shore... The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity.
“The resource is huge, ” said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute. “We will never run out of wave power.”
Swain said that wave power still costs too much money...
Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out... In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!
. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ___.
A. test the readers’ knowledge about waves
B. draw the readers’ attention to the topic
C. show Jamie Taylor’s importance
D. invite the readers to answer them
(课外作业略)
三、阅读理解重点问题汇编
(1)考查概括主要思想或段落大意
1. The story mainly tells us ________.
2. From the passage we know that ________.
3. The writer wants to tell us ________.
4. The best title of this passage should be ________.
(2)推理判断测试题
1. We can infer from the passage ________.
2. From the passage, we can tell ________.
3. We can conclude from the passage ________.
(3)考查文章细节理解的测试题
1. The right order which tells the story is ________.
2. Choose the right order of the events given in the following.
3. Which of the following maps shows the right position of ….?
4. Which statement is true?
(4)考查理解作者写作意图的测试题
1. This article is particularly written for ________.
2. When the writer says … he really means ________.
3. The author’s attitude to… is that ________.
(5)猜测词义,常见的题干有
1. The word… in paragraph… refers to ________.
2. The underlined word “…” means ________.