一. 名词
单复数变形
名词复数的规则变化 | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A.在一般情况下,词尾加-s | book--books bed--beds |
B.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,词尾加-es | bus--buses box--boxes dish--dishes watch--watches |
C.以f或fe结尾的词,先将f或fe改成v,再加-es | knife--knives wife--wives |
D.以o结尾的单词,有生命的物质加-es,无生命的物质加-s | tomato--tomatoes photo--photos |
E.以辅音字母加y结尾,先y将改i,再加上-es | family--families city--cities |
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Children’s Day(儿童节),my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)①两人各自的物品,可以采用A’s and B’s的形式,如:Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms露西和丽丽的卧室(各自所有)
②两人共有某物时,可以采用A and B’s的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom露西和丽丽合住的卧室
二. 代词
主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 |
I | me | my | mine |
you | you | your | yours |
he | him | his | his |
she | her | her | hers |
it | it | its | its |
we | us | our | ours |
they | them | their | theirs |
第二人称:you, you
第三人称: she, he, it, they
三. 数词
基数词 序数词 | 基数词 序数词 |
0 zero | 16 sixteen sixteenth/16th |
1 one first/1st | 17 seventeen seventeenth/17th |
2 two second/2nd | 18 eighteen eighteenth/18th |
3 three third/3rd | 19 nineteen nineteenth/19th |
4 four fourth/4th | 20 twenty twentieth/20th |
5 five fifth/5th | 21 Twenty-one twenty-first/21st |
6 six sixth/6th | 22 Twenty-two twenty-second/22nd |
7 seven seventh/7th | 23 Twenty-three twenty-third/23rd |
8 eight eighth/8th | 30 thirty thirtieth/30th |
9 nine ninth/9th | 40 forty fortieth/40th |
10 ten tenth/10th | 50 fifty fiftieth/50th |
11 eleven eleventh/11th | 60 sixty sixtieth/60th |
12 twelve twelfth/12th | 70 seventy seventieth/70th |
13 thirteen thirteenth/13th | 80 eighty eightieth/80th |
14 fourteen fourteenth/14th | 90 ninety ninetieth/90th |
15 fifteen fifteenth/15th | 100 hundred hundredth/100th |
1. 介词是虚词,不能单独使用, 有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of等
2. 表时间的介词:at, before, after, since, still, until, upon, on, from, between, by, in, during, for, through, within, over
2, 表地点的:at, form, between, near,beside, by, close to,next to, behind, in front of, ahead of, before, beyond, past
3,表工具或媒介:by the means of, with, through
4,表内容:over, of, as for, with, due to
6,表原因:for, because of, as a result of, owing to, due to
五. 冠词
不定冠词:a、an。用在单数名词前,表示―一个,一件……。
an用在以元音音素开头的单词前。如: an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an hour,
an apple,an umbrella...
a 用语辅音音素开头的单词前,如:a book, a pen
定冠词:the用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。
六. 形容词
形容词表示某一事物或人的特征
构成方法 | 原级 | 比较级(表示两个人、物之间进行比较时),由比较级+than构成 |
一般在词尾加-er | tall, long, old | taller, longer, older |
以e结尾的词,直接加-r | nice, fine, large | nicer, finer, larger |
以辅元辅结构结尾的词,先双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-er | big, hot, fat, thin | bigger,hotter,fatter,thinner |
以辅音+y结尾的词,先把y改成i,再加-er | heavy,funny, early,busy | heavier,funnier,earlier, busier |
多音节以及某些双音节形容词则通常在其前加more | important, difficult, useful | more important, more difficult, more useful |
这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称,其中包括be动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词 。
1、be动词( am, is, are, was, were )
1)am—was, is –was, are--were 用法:I用am, you和复数用are, 单数用is。
2)肯定和否定句
I am (not) from London.
He is(not) a teacher.
She is(not) in the dining room.
My hair is(not) long.
Her eyes are(not) small.
3)一般疑问句
Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
4)be动词的否定形式:am not(没有缩写形式),are not = aren’t ,is not = isn’t 。
2、助动词( do, does, did )
do, does用于一般现在时,其过去式did用于一般过去时。它们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。它们的否定形式:do not = don’t, does not = doesn’t, did not = didn’t。
注意:在一般现在时中,does用于第三人称单数,其余一律用助动词do;助动词do, does, did后面一定要用动词原形。
3、情态动词
情态动词也是一类特殊的动词,情态动词可以和行为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。
我们现在学过的情态动词有:can、could、should、will、would、may、might 、must。 注意:情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响)
其否定形式:can not = can’t, must not = mustn’t,
could not=couldn’t
4、行为动词
就是我们平时上课时说的动词,表示某一动作或行为。如:sweep、live等。行为动词我们已学过它们的四种形式:原形、第三人称单数+s/es、现在分词(也叫动名词)+ing、过去式+ed。
第二部分 句子类型
类别 | 例句 | 用法 | |
陈述句 | 肯定 | This is a bag. I like spring. | 描述一件事情或者说明说话人的看法 |
否定 | I can’t see a bag over there. I don't know. | 描述一件事情或者说明说话人的看法 | |
疑 问 句 | 一般 | Are you a student? Do you like puppets? Can you speak English? | 用于提出问题 |
特殊 | when什么时间;who谁;whose谁的;where在哪里;which哪一个;why为什么;what什么;what time什么时间;what colour什么颜色;what about……怎么样;what day星期几;what date什么日期;what for为何目的;how怎样;how old多大岁数;how many数量多少;how much多少钱;how about……怎么样;how far多远 | ||
选择 | Is your friend a boy or a girl? | ||
反意 | It’s a fine day, isn’t it? | ||
祁使句 | 肯定 | Put it here. | 表示命令、建议或请求 |
否定 | Don’t look at the noticeboard. | ||
感叹句 | How smart the scarf is! What a smart scarf! How smart the scarves are! What smart scarves! | 表示惊讶、喜悦、赞美、厌恶或愤怒等强烈感情 |
表示某一否定意思。句中一定有not。
有三种可能:be动词(am、is、are、was、were)+not、情态动词(can、must、should)+not、助动词(do、does、did)+not
如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句:
1、看句中有无be动词,如有,直接在be动词后+not。
2、看句中有无情态动词,如有,直接在情态动词后+not。
3、如上述二者都没有,就应用助动词+not。分四个步骤:
(1)肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的,要加上去,位置在主语(某人或某物)后,动词前。
(2)确定助动词用do、does还是did,根据句中动词,动词是原形的助动词就用do,动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does,动词用过去式的助动词就有did。
(3)在助动词后加not。
(4)原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。
强调一点,有some的要考虑是否要用any。
一般疑问句
表示疑问,一般回答只有两种可能Yes,……或No,……句中没有疑问词。
如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句:
1、看句中有无be动词,如有,把be动词提到句首即可。
2、看句中有无情态动词,如有,把情态动词提到句首即可。
3、如上述二者都没有,就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤:
(1)肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的,要加上去,位置在主语(某人或某物)后,动词前。
(2)确定助动词用do、does还是did,根据句中动词,动词是原形的助动词就用do,动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does,动词用过去式的助动词就有did。
(3)把助动词后提到句首。
(4)原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。
强调一点,有some的要考虑是否要用any。
祈使句
表示请求或命令别人做某事或不要做某事。
肯定祈使句一定是以动词原形开头(有时有please),否定的祈使句一定是don’t加动词原形开头(有时有please)。
把祈使句改为否定句只需在动词前加don’t即可。
感叹句:
由感叹词what引导的感叹句。
1.① What+a/an+(形容词)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
② What+名词词组+主语+谓语!
如: What a fine day it is!
2. What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语!
如: What kind women they are!
What nice music it is!
由How引导的感叹句。(how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。)
1.How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语!
如: How hard the workers are working!
How clever the girl is!
How quickly the boy is writing!
2. How+主语+谓语!
如:How time flies! 时光飞逝!
注意:
1. 当how修饰动词时,动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。
如: How fast the runner runs!
2. how与what引导的感叹句中的第一种格式(单数名词)一般情况下可以相互转换,转换后意义不变。
如: What an interesting story it is! = How interesting the story is!
What a beautiful building it is! = How beautiful the building is!
3. 在口语中,感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。
如: What a nice present!(省略it is)
How disappointed!(省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)
第三部分 时态
1、一般现在时
一般现在时(单三形式) | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 一般动词在词尾加-s | help -- helps make -- makes |
B. 以s, x , ch,sh,结尾的动词在词尾加-es | fix -- fixes teach -- teaches wash -- washes |
C. 以o 结尾的动词在词尾加-es | go -- goes do -- does |
D. 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词,先y变为i,再加-es | fly -- flies study -- studies carry -- carries |
E. 不规则变化 | have -- has |
B、当谓语是行为动词时,构成有两种:
(1)主语(非第三人称单数)+动词原形+其他。如:We often watch TV at the weekends.
(2)主语(第三人称单数)+动词第三人称单数形式+其他。
如:Jim usually goes to the park on Sundays. C、句型变换:
肯定句 否定句 一般疑问句及回答
肯定句 | 否定句 | 一般疑问句及回答 |
They watch TV at six everyday. | They don’t watch TV at six everyday. | ---Do they watch TV at six everyday. ---Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. |
She watches TV at six everyday. | She doesn’t watch TV at six everyday. | ---Does she watch TV at six everyday.---Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. |
现在进行时构成(ing形式) | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 一般加-ing | work -- working study -- studying |
B. 以e 结尾的词去e后加-ing | live -- living write -- writing |
C. 重读闭音节单词,辅音字母双写,再加 ing | stop -- stopping run -- running swim -- swimming begin -- beginning |
B、判断依据:句中往往有now、look、listen等词。注意:千万不要忘了一定得有be动词。
C、句型变换:
肯定句 | 否定句 | 一般疑问句及回答 |
He is running now. | He isn’t running now. | --Is he running now? ---Yes, he is./No,he isn’t. |
They are making a puppet. | They aren’t making a puppet. | ---Are they making a puppet? ---Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. |
一般过去时(-ed形式) | |
构 成 法 | 例 词 |
A. 一般动词在词尾加-ed | cook -- cooked play -- played |
B. 以e结尾的动词在词尾加-d | live -- lived |
C. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先y变为i,再加-ed | fly -- flied study -- studied |
D. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母加-ed | stop -- stopped plan -- planned |
E. 不规则变化 | swim -- swam have -- had |
F. be 动词变化 | am -- was is -- was are -- were |
注意:没有be动词的否定句和疑问句中,用didn’t否定和用did提问后,动词一定要用原形。
B、判断依据:(1)be动词是was、were;(2)动词加ed;(3)有表示过去的时间状语,现在学过的常用的表示过去的时间状语有:just now,a moment,yesterday,last week,last night,last weekend,last year,last month,three days ago,two weeks ago,five years ago…
C、句型变换:
肯定句 | 否定句 | 一般疑问句及回答 |
I was a teacher five years ago. | I wasn’t a teacher five years ago. | ---Were you a teacher five years ago? ---Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. |
They played many games yesterday. | They didn’t play many games yesterday. | Did they play many games yesterday? Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t. |
A、构成形式:
(1)主语+be going to+动词原形+其他。
(2)主语+will+动词原形+其他。
B、判断依据:一个句子中既有be动词,又有going、to和动词,且动词用的是原形,句中 往往有tomorrow、soon、next week等词。
C、句型变换:
肯定句 | 否定句 | 一般疑问句及回答 |
She is going to have a picnic tomorrow. | She is going to have a picnic tomorrow. | ---Is she going to have a picnic tomorrow? ---Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. |
They are going to visit their grandparents next Sunday. | They aren’t going to visit their grandparents next Sunday. | --Are they going to visit their grand parents next Sunday? ---Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. |