巴纳西· 霍夫曼他是世界上极负盛名的、最伟大的科学家之一,然而如果我可以只用一个词来形容艾伯特。爱因斯坦的本质的话,我会选择用“朴实”这个词。也许一桩轶事可以映证这一点。一次碰上一场倾盆大雨,他摘下了自己的帽子,还把它放到外套里。当问及为什么这样做时,他还颇有几分逻辑地解释道,雨会淋坏了帽子,可头发即使淋湿了也会毫发无损。这种凭本能抓住事物本质的技巧正是他做出主要科学发现的秘密所在― 他这种对美的独特感觉。
[2]I first met Albert Einstein in 1935, at the famous Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N. J. He had been among the first to be invited to the Institute, and was offered carte blanche 2as to salary. To the director's dismay, Einstein asked for an impossible sum: it was far too small. The director had to 3plead with him to accept a large salary我第一次遇见艾伯特· 爱因斯坦是在1935 年,那时我们在位于新泽西州普林斯顿著名的高等学术研究所。他是该研究所邀请的第一批学者之一,并被授予了绝对权力来决定自己的薪水。但让主管不知所措的是,爱因斯坦开出了一个决无可能的数额;它低得可怜,主管不得不恳请他接受高一些的薪水。.
[3]I was in awe of Einstein, and hesitated before 5approaching him about some ideas I had been 6working on . When I finally knocked on his door, a gentle voice said, “Come”— with a rising 7inflection that made the single word both a welcome and a question. I entered his office and found him seated at a table, calculating and smoking his pipe. Dressed in ill - fitting clothes, his hair characteristically 8awry, he smiled a warm welcome. His utter naturalness at once set me at ease.
我敬畏爱因斯坦,想同他谈谈我一直在思考的一些想法。此前我犹豫不决、当我终于敲响了他的门时,便听见了一个温和的声音,“进来”。用的是升调,使这个词隐含了欢迎和询问之意。我走进他的办公室,看见他坐在桌后,一边计算,一边抽烟斗。他穿的衣服极不合身,头发充满个性地蓬乱,笑容里充溢着热烈欢迎之意。他是那么的自然,立刻就使我感到适意了。
[4]As I began to explain my ideas, he asked me to write the equations on the blackboard so he could see how they developed. Then came the staggering --- and a1together endearing --- request : “Please go slowly. I do not understand things quickly.” This from Einstein! He said it gently, and I laughed. From then on, all 10vestiges of fear were gone.
我开始讲解我的想法时,他要我在黑板上写下方程式,这样他就能明白推算它们的过程。继而,他提出了一个令人哑然失笑的要求:“请写慢些。我理解事物是很慢的。”这话居然出自爱因斯坦之口!他友善地说着,我大笑起来。自此之后,所有对他钓敬畏之情便荡然无存了。
[5]Einstein was born in 1879 in the German city of Ulm. He had been no infant prodigy; indeed, he was so late in learning to speak that his parents feared he was a dullard. In school, though his teachers saw no special talent in him, the signs were already there. He taught himself calculus, for example, and his teachers seemed a little afraid of him because he asked questions they could not answer. At the age of 16, he himself whether a light wave would seem stationary if one ran abreast of it. From that innocent question would arise, ten years later, his theory of relativity.
爱因斯坦1879 年生于德国城市乌尔姆。从小他一直就不是什么天才神童;实际上,他很迟才学会说话,他的父母还担心他会是个弱智。在学校里,老师们都看不出他有什么特殊异察,但种种迹象却已出现。比如,他自学微积分,而且他的老师们好像有点儿怕他,因为他提出的间题他们都无法回答。16 岁时,他问自己如果人赶得上光波的话,那么光波是否会静止不动。自从那个天真的问题提出来十年后,他就提出了相对论。
[6]Einstein failed his entrance examinations at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, in Zurich, but was admitted a year later. There he went beyond his regular work to study the 14masterwork of physics on his own. Rejected when he applied for academic positions, he ultimately found work, in 1902, as a patent examiner in Berne, and there in 1905 his genius burst into fabulous flower.
在进人苏黎世的瑞士联邦工艺学校的考试中,爱因斯坦未通过,但一年之后他被录取了。在那里,他越过了自己的固定学习课程,而去自学物理学的著作。在申请大学教师职位时,他被拒之门外。最后在1902 年,他在伯尔尼找到了一份专利核查员的工作。在1905 年的伯尔尼,他的天才迸发出了惊人的火花。
[7]Among the extraordinary things he produced in that memorable year were his theory of relativity, with its famous offshoot, E = mc 2 (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared), and his quantum theory of light. These two theories were not only revolutionary, but seemingly contradictory: the former was intimately linked to the theory that light consists of waves, while the latter said it consists somehow of particles. Yet this unknown young man boldly proposed both at once --- and he was right in both cases, though how he could have been is far too complex a story to tell here.
在那值得纪念的1905 年,他做出了一系列卓越的非凡成就,其中就有他的相对论及相对论的著名分枝,E = mc 2(能量=质量x 光速2) ,还有就是他的光量子理论。这两种理论不仅是性的,而且表面看来还是相互矛盾的:前者与“光由波组成”之理论紧密联系,而后者却提出无论如何,光是由物质所构成的。然而这个籍籍无名的的年轻人却能勇敢地同时提出这两种理论― 他如何能证明这两点太过复杂,我无法在此讲述清楚,但他的这两种理论都是正确的。
[8]Collaborating with Einstein was an unforgettable experience. In 1937, the Polish physicist Leopold Infeld and I asked if we could work with him. He was pleased with the proposal, since he had an idea about gravitation waiting to be 15worked out in detail. Thus we got to know not merely the man and the friend, but also the professional.
与爱因斯坦合作是一段令人难忘的经历。1937 年,波兰物理学家利奥波德?英费德和我一起向他提出了合作要求。他对我们的提议很满意,因为他有一个关于地心引力的问题,正等着把它详尽地解答出来。因而,我们开始了解了这个人,这个朋友,这个行家里手。
[9]The intensity and depth of his concentration were fantastic. When battling a recalcitrant problem, he worried it as an animal worries its prey. Often, when we found ourselves up against a seemingly insuperable difficulty, he would stand up, put his pipe on the table, and say in his quaint English, “I will a little tink” (he could not pronounce “th”). Then he would pace up and down, twirling a lock of his long, graying hair around his forefinger.
他考虑问题的强度和深度都奇妙无比。遇上一个棘手的问题时,他就像动物追咬猎物似的不肯放过它。常常,当我们发现自己面临到了一个似乎无法攻克的难关时,他便站起身来,把烟斗放在桌上,并用他那荒腔走板的英语说:“我要一会儿相。”(他不会说“想”字)然后,他踱来踱去,把一络长长的、花白的头发绕在食指上,扭着拧着。
[10]A dreamy, faraway and yet inward look would come over his face. There was no appearance of concentration, no furrowing of the brow---only a 21placid inner communion. The minutes would pass, and then suddenly Einstein would stop pacing as his face relaxed into a gentle smile . He had found the solution to the problem. Sometimes it was so simple that Infeld and I could have 22kicked ourselves for not having thought of it. But the magic had been performed invisibly in the depths of Einstein's mind, by a process we could not 23fathom.
他的脸上会露出心不在焉、恍恍惚惚却又像是在内心思索的神色。没有专注的表情,没有整眉― 只是平静的内心交流。几分钟过去了,然后爱因斯坦停止了踱步,神色松弛了下来,温和地笑了。他找到了问题的解决之道。有时答案太过简单,让英费德和我都恨不得踢自己一脚,我们怎么没想到呢?但这种想法却只能存在于爱因斯坦深邃的思想中,用我们无法领悟到的过程无形地演绎着。
[11]When his wife died he was deeply shaken, but insisted that now more than ever was the time to be working hard. I remember going to his house to work with him during that sad time. 24His face was haggard and grief-lined, but he put forth a great effort to concentrate. To help him, I steered the discussion away from routine matters into more difficult theoretical problems, and Einstein gradually became absorbed in the discussion. We kept at it for some two hours, and at the end his eyes were no longer sad. As I left, he thanked me with moving sincerity. “It was a fun,” he said. He had had a moment of 25surcease from grief, and then 26groping words expressed a deep emotion.
他的妻子去世时,他受了一记重创,但他坚持认为此时正是努力工作的好时机。我记得在那段令人神伤的日子里,去他的家一起工作。他的脸上憔悴不堪,布满了悲痛,但他却尽力来集中思想。为了帮助他,我便控制住了讨论的话题,把它从日常事务转到了艰深的理论问题上来,渐渐地,爱因斯坦开始沉浸到讨论中去了。我们一直谈了约两个钟头,最后,他的眼神不再忧伤。当我离开时,他带着令人感动的诚挚对我表示感激,“真有趣。”他说道。他曾一度停止了悲痛,所以这搜寻出来的话语表达出了一种深情。
[12]Einstein was an accomplished amateur musician. We used to play duets, he on the violin, I at the piano. One day he surprised me by saying Mozart was the greatest composer of all. Beethoven “created” his music, but the music of Mozart was of such purity and beauty one felt he had merely “found” it--that it had always existed as part of the inner beauty of the Universe, waiting to be revealed.
爱因斯坦是一位颇有造诣的业余音乐家。我们曾在一起演奏二重奏,他拉小提琴,我弹钢琴。一天,他说莫扎特是最伟大的作曲家,很让我吃惊。贝多芬“创造”了他的音乐,但莫扎特的音乐却充满了纯净与美丽,使你感觉到他只不过是“发现”了他的音乐― 它一直存在着,作为宇宙内在美的一部分,等待着被挖掘出来。
[13]It was this very Mozartean simplicity that most characterized Einstein's methods. His 1905 theory of relativity, for example, was built on just two simple assumptions. One is the so-called principle of relativity, which means, roughly speaking, that we cannot tell whether we are at rest or moving smoothly. The other assumption is that the speed of light is the same no matter what the speed of the object that produces it. You can see how reasonable this is if you think of agitating a stick in a lake to create waves. Whether you wiggle the stick from a stationary 27pier , or from a rushing speedboat, the waves, once generated, are on their own, and their speed has nothing to do with that of the stick.
正是这种莫扎特式的单纯最能描述爱因斯坦的方法的特征。例如,1905 年他所提出的相对论就是建立在两个简单的设想之上,一个是所谓的相对原则,简单说来,它的意思是我们无法明白自己是处于静止状态还是匀速运动状态。另一个设想是:无论目标物产生的速度如何,光速是不变的。如果你想想拿一根棍子搅动湖水,激起的水波所发生的情况,就能明白这种设想是多么地合乎情理。无论你是在静止的码头,还是从疾驰的快艇边摇摆这根棍子,水波一旦产生,就会自行荡漾,它们的速度与棍子的速度没有任何关系。
[14]Each of these assumptions, by itself, was so 28plausible as to seem primitively obvious. But together they were in such violent conflict that a 29lesser man would have dropped one or the other and fled in panic. Einstein daringly kept both---revolutionized physics. For he demonstrated they could, after all, exist peacefully side by side, provided we gave up cherished beliefs about the nature of time.
每一种假设本身都颇有道理,以致于乍一看去似乎都显而易见。但结合起来,它们却冲突地厉害,稍逊一些的人见到了可能就会放弃其中一种设想,仓惶而逃。而爱因斯坦却无畏地保留了这两种设想― 正因为如此,他才能研究具有性的物理。因为他证明了这两者毕竟能够和平共处,使我们不再相信以前一直存在的信念,不再以为时间和空间是两个于彼此的绝对实体。
[15]Science is like a house of cards, with concepts like time and space at the lowest level. 31Tampering with time brought most of the house tumbling down, and it was this that made Einstein's work so important ---and controversial. At a conference in Princeton in honor of his 70th birthday, one of the speakers, a Nobel Prize winner, tried to convey the magical quality of Einstein's achievement. Words failed him, and with a shrug of helplessness he pointed to his wristwatch, and said in tones of awed amazement, “It all came from this.” His very ineloquence made this the most eloquent tribute I have ever heard to Einstein's genius…
科学就像不牢靠的纸糊的房子,时间和空间这类概念是它的地基。恶意干扰时间就会让这座纸房子的大部分坍塌,正因为如此,爱因斯坦的工作才会极其重要,又会引来争议。为了庆祝爱因斯坦的七十大寿,普林斯顿举办了一次宴会,其中一个发言人是诺贝尔奖获得者,他试着向听众传达爱因斯坦的成就的神奇特点。但他不知怎么形容,只好无助地耸耸肩,指了指他的手表,用充满敬畏的惊奇语调说:“它完完全全就来自这里。”正是他的笨嘴拙舌造就了这次我所听过的赞颂爱因斯坦天才的绝妙致辞。
[16]Einstein's work, performed quietly with pencil and paper, seemed remote from the turmoil of everyday life: But his ideas were so revolutionary they caused violent controversy and irrational anger. Indeed, in order to be able to award him a belated Nobel Prize, the selection committee had to avoid mentioning relativity, and pretend the prize was awarded primarily for his work on the quantum theory.
爱因斯坦用铅笔和纸安安静静地开展工作,好像远离了日常纷纷扰扰的生活:但他的思想却是性的,引起了轩然大波,使得一些人愤愤不平。事实上,为了能给他颁发迟来的诺贝尔奖,选拔委员会不得不避免谈及相对论,还得假装这份奖颁给他主要是因为他对量子理论所做出的贡献。
[17]Political events upset the serenity of his life even more. When the Nazis came to power in Germany, his theories were officially declared false because they had been formulated by a Jew. His property was confiscated, and it is said a price was put on his head.
政治事件对他宁静生活的扰乱程度更甚。当纳粹党在德国执政时,他的理论被正式宣布为纯属伪造,因为阐述这些理论的是个犹太人。他的财产被没收了,而且据说当局还悬赏缉拿他归案。
[18]When scientists in the United States, fearful that the Nazis might develop an atomic bomb, sought to alert American authorities to the danger, they were scarcely heeded. In desperation, they drafted a letter which Einstein signed and sent directly to President Roosevelt. It was this act that led to the fateful decision to go all-out on the production of an atomic bomb---an endeavor in which Einstein took no active part. When he heard of the agony and destruction that his E=mc2 had wrought, he was dismayed beyond measure, and from then on there was a look of ineffable sadness in his eyes. 当一些美国的科学家担心纳粹党会开发原子弹,试图替告美国当局小心危险时,当局却几乎不为所动。无可奈何之下,他们写了一封有爱因斯坦亲笔签名的信,并将它直接寄给罗斯福总统。正是这个举措才产生了全力制造原子弹的重大决定。在这次尝试中,爱因斯坦所扮演的角色并不活跃。当他听说自己的等式E=mc2所造成的苦痛和灾难时,他感到极度苦恼而绝望,沮丧之极,从此之后,他的眼中就闪耀着一种不可名状的悲伤。
[19]There was something elusively whimsical about Einstein. It is illustrated by my favorite anecdote about him. In his first year in Princeton, on Christmas Eve, so the story goes, some children sang carols outside his house. Having finished, they knocked on his door and explained they were collecting money to buy Christmas presents. Einstein listened, then said, “Wait a moment.” He put on his scarf and overcoat, and took his violin from its case. Then, joining the children as they went from door to door, he accompanied their singing of “Silent Night” on his violin. 爱因斯坦有些古怪,令人难以捉摸。他有一桩趣事让我最为喜欢,它恰好证明了这一点。在他留在普林斯顿第一年的平安夜,故事开始了,一些孩子们在他的门外唱圣诞颂歌。唱完后,他们敲他的门,说他们要筹一点钱去买圣诞礼物。爱因斯坦听完后就说:“等等。”他披上围巾,穿上外套,从箱子中取出小提琴。然后,他就加入了孩子们的行列,同他们挨家挨户地敲门,他拉着小提琴陪着他们唱《 平安夜》 。
[20]How shall I sum up what it meant to have known Einstein and his works? Like the Nobel Prize winner who pointed helplessly at his watch, I can find no adequate words. It was akin to the revelation of great art that lets one see what was formerly hidden. And when, for example, I walk on the sand of a lonely beach, I am reminded of his ceaseless search for cosmic simplicity---and the scene takes on a deeper, sadder beauty.
我如何才能总结出,了解爱因斯坦和他的工作意味着什么?就像那位诺贝尔奖获得者只能无助地指着手表一样,我也找不到恰如其分的词语来。它类似于揭示伟大的艺术,让人们看到原本深藏于其中的瑰宝。当我走在荒芜的海滩上时,我忆起了他对宇宙单纯无止尽的探索一一这幅画面呈现出更加深奥而优伤的美丽。