2009 年第 8 期
A Research on the Use of Group Work in Middle School English Class
○ Gu Siyi
(Foreign Languages College, Shnu ,shanghai 200000)
[Abstract] This paper reports the merits and the problems of the current use of group work in middle school Eng-
lish class. Through a tentative survey with students in Shanghai Yinghua Middle School, the research finds that the cur-
rent use of group work has a positive impact on motivating students, promoting their interaction and alleviating their lan-
guage anxiety; however, it has some problems such as the strong students’dominance of group activities, the pseudo
group, the in-group discipline problem and the unbalanced in-group labor division. At the end of the paper, suggestions
on how to improve the effectiveness of group work have been given to teachers and students respectively.
[Key words] group work;English class;group activities
[中图分类号] H319.3
Ⅰ.Introduction
[文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1672-8610(2009)08-0117-03
Ⅲ.Research Design
Middle school students in Shanghai are using Oxford English
as their textbook at present. McArthur and Etherton (1996),
authors of Oxford English, suggest that some communicative
activities such as“talk time”,“speak up”, and“writing”can
be finished by students in groups. This suggestion has been
accepted by teachers and group work has been widely used
accordingly. This paper tries to report the merits and the prob-
lems of the current use of group work in middle school English
class.
Ⅱ.Previous research on the use of group work
The use of group work in class can make a big difference
in comparison with the traditional lockstep teaching. Olsen and
Kagan advocate, group work is “a way of structuring a class-
room and learners to actively promote not only communication,
but a sense of community, responsibility and sharing”(1992:
8). Every group member is held responsible for his own learn-
ing and is motivated to increase the learning of other members
(ibid). Xu Fang (2005: 39) states group work can not only pro-
vide “a relaxed and non-threatening atmosphere in the class-
room”but improve students’communicative competence when
they are participating in the process of discussing, questioning,
and organizing.
Despite the positive comments on group work, some re-
searchers are aware of the problems of group work in actual
use. Zheng Jinzhou (2005: 98) notes that some strong students
can be more self -centered, concentrating only on their own
speaking turns. Johnson and Johnson (1994) points out that
there may be the presence of some pseudo groups in which
members are required to work together, but they are lacking in
interest in doing so (quoted in Tindale 1998: 23 -4). Wang
Qiang investigates that students may use their native language
and stray away from the task in group activities. (2000: 180).
3.1 Research Questions
This research tries to answer two questions: 1. What are
the positive effects of the current use of group work in middle
school English class? 2. What are the problems of the current
use of group work in English class?
3.2 Subjects
122 Grade Eight students in Shanghai Yinghua Middle
School participated in this research. They were chosen because
the school is set as a model for group work in classroom teach-
ing in Shanghai and the students do group work in every Eng-
lish class.
3.3 Questionnaire
This research uses questionnaire to collect data. The
questionnaire consists of 12 multiple choice questions. Ques-
tions 1, 2 and 3 are related to how group work can influence
the students’motivation. Questions 4, 5 and 6 take a close
look at whether group work can help reduce the students’lan-
guage anxiety. Question 7 and 11 are designed to deal with the
strong students’dominant roles in group work. Question 8 fo-
cuses on the nature of the groups. Question 9 and 10 examine
the discipline problem in group activities. Question 12 is about
how group work can promote the students’interaction. Ques-
tion 13 and 14 are designed to reveal the unbalanced group
labor division. (See Appendix)
The questionnaire design was based upon classroom ob-
servation and the findings of pilot interviews. In the pilot inter-
views, 15 randomly- chosen students were asked to answer: 1.
Do you like group work? Why or Why not? 2. Do you take an
active part in group work? Why or Why not? Also, they were
asked to brainstorm the advantages and disadvantages of group
work in their English class.
3.4 Follow-up interviews
Based on the results of the questionnaire, follow -up
[作者简介]顾思议,上海师范大学外国语学院,外国语言学及应用语言学专业。
117
TEACHING RESEARCH
Gu Siyi / A Research on the Use of Group Work in Middle School English Class
interviews were conducted among well -selected 14 students.
They were required to answer what are the possible reasons be-
hind the detected positive effects and problems of group work
in the present research. Each interview lasted about 8 minutes.
Ⅳ.Results and Discussion
4.1 Merits found in the current use of group work
4.1.1 Motivating students
The survey questions 1, 2 and 3 are closely related to
how group work can influence the students’ motivation in
terms of language learning.
The result of question 1 shows that 71.66% of the stu-
dents often feel strongly motivated when doing group work. It
is because of the fact that the students interviewed regard
group work as an opportunity to communicate with their peers
in target language and also as a competition between their own
group and the other groups more than as a learning task. For
question 2, a total of 80.0% of the students view that their
group peers sometimes or often lend them a hand without hes-
itation. As is shown by question 3, half of the students sur-
veyed consult their peers without delay. Then a tentative con-
clusion can be drawn that offering help and seeking help are
the usual practice of in-group members. This phenomenon can
be attributed to students’accountability for the learning of oth-
er in-group members when a group is formed. It is due to this
accountability that they are prompted to help others to over-
come obstacles, feeling responsible for others’ learning, and
that they are urged to become responsible for their own learn-
ing, ensuring certain achievements are attained.
4.1.2 Promoting students’interaction
Question 12 examines students’interaction in group activ-
ities.
12. Have you got the same group work experience?
A. The peers help me to correct errors in grammar, pro-
nunciation, speaking, etc.
B. The peers teach me new vocabularies.
C. The peers clarify the teacher’s instruction of a certain
group activity for me.
D. The peers help me with what I do not understand by
means of explanation.
E. The peers encourage me to participate in the group
work which I find difficult or simply feel not interested in.
It can be seen from the collected figures that the stu-
dents’in -group experiences are related with giving and re-
ceiving help. In this kind of in-group interaction, group peers
are undertaking some responsibilities of the teacher, for exam-
ple, correcting group peers’errors in communication, providing
new vocabularies or new syntactic structures, clarifying the
task instruction, explaining definitions and ideas, etc. When
carrying out these responsibilities, the students are in fact
helping each other to modify their language output and to
make it more comprehensible for the rest of the group.
118
4.1.3 Alleviating language anxiety
The following three survey questions take a close look at
whether group work can help reduce students’language anxi-
ety in English class.
The collected data in 4, 5 and 6 indicate that the majority
of the students feel less psychologically pressured when think-
ing or speaking in group activities so that they can interact
with or respond to the teacher and their peers more at ease
and confidently. There are three reasons from the students in-
terviewed that can explain this. Firstly,group work advocates
the spirit of cooperation rather than competition, which creates
a relaxing environment for the use of target language. Second-
ly, group work does not intend to expose students’language
errors, but offers a stage where students can talk first and re-
hearse their thoughts. Lastly, students will no longer receive
direct correction from the teacher before the whole class.
4.2 Problems found in the current use of group work
4.2.1 Strong students’dominance
Question 7 and 11 are designed to deal with the problem
of the more able students’dominant roles in group work.
The result in question 7 indicates that there are altogether
36.6% of the surveyed students who sometimes or often solve
the group task on their own. The finding in question 11 reveals
that although more than two -thirds of the students think their
peers are in a concerted effort to yield relevant ideas, there is
still the rest one-third of them thinking the more able students
are the major idea-contributors. The over -assertiveness of the
strong students can possibly explain the data of question 7 and
11. Resting on their good language competence, the strong stu-
dents are often more confident and resourceful than their ordi-
nary group peers. They often take group work as both a good
opportunity to display their language proficiency and to get ad-
equate language exercise to consolidate their own language
competence. Hence, to a great extent, they monopolize group
activities, leaving a pretty limited space for other members to
put their heads together.
4.2.2 Pseudo groups
Question 8 copes with the nature of the groups.
For question 8, 58.3% of the students are inclined to ex-
change their viewpoints very often. Predictably, there are at
least a couple of groups in which the students pretend to work
in groups. According to the students interviewed, pseudo
groups do exist when there is always a tension within the
语 文 学 刊 · 外 语 教 育 教 学
groups caused by constant quarrels between group peers. Ow-
ing to the cold in -group interpersonal relationships, the group
peers will turn their back on each other, let alone cooperation
in group work. In some cases, the fact that the majority of the
group remains sluggish or apathetic also gives rise to the exis-
tence of pseudo groups. Disappointed by the inaction of the
rest, the more capable students will lose the sense of sharing
and choose to work individually. As a consequence, group
work breaks down.
4.2.3 The in-group discipline problem
Question 9 and 10 are concerned about the discipline
problem in group activities.
The statistics of question 9 show that 38.33% of the stu-
dents sometimes or often stray away from the group task. The
result of question 10 shows that a total of 81% of the students
sometimes or often take advantage of group work to chat with
peers in Chinese. Allowing for the characteristics of these
teenage students and their language proficiency, it seems un-
avoidable that they will use their native language occasionally
or talk something irrelevant in group activities. Nevertheless,
using Chinese and talking something irrelevant a bit are some-
times paradoxically beneficial, because teenage students may
take them as a kind of adjustment for further learning. But if
the situation in which group members use Chinese or talk non-
sense goes far beyond control, group work will surely yield no
learning at all.
4.2.4 The unbalanced in-group labor division
Question 13 and 14 are designed to reveal the inequality
of in-group labor division.
13. During the presentation stage of the group work,
_______________.
A.the more able students are often the spokesperson.
B.the group peers take over the position of the spokes
person by turns
C.the group spokesperson is nominated by the teacher
merely because the group fails to make its own.
14. Is the labor division of your group clear or not?
A.Definitely clear. We have our chairperson, spokesper-
son, secretary and ordinary participants.
B.The division of labor is decided at random.
C.No labor division at all.
For question 13, 36.67% of the students think the task of
the spokesperson is undertaken by the more able students in
the group, plus another 15% agreeing the group spokesperson
is appointed by the teacher. In question 14, there are only less
than half of the students who regard their group labor division
as a well-organized one. Another 11.67% of the students think
there is no labor division at all and the rest 45% view the la-
bor division is randomly decided. Hence, the in -group labor
division proved not to be a well organized one but rather a
loose one. The students surveyed merely committed themselves
2009 年第 8 期
to the group task immediately without making clear their corre-
sponding in-group roles, which in return led to in-group chaos
and failure in fulfilling the task or to the result that only some
capable group members benefited from the activity. The unbal-
anced in-group labor division, as the follow -up interviews re-
vealed, is often caused either by students’lack of interest in
doing some specific group job or some group activities de-
signed far beyond the ability of the majority of the group mem-
bers.
Ⅴ.Conclusion and Implications for Teaching
It ha s been found that group work can be an effective
method to motivate students, promote their interaction in EFL
classrooms and alleviate their language anxiety. Yet in the
meanwhile, telling students that they are a group and advising
them to carry out a group activity to complete a task do not
necessarily contribute to the expected results. Problems like
strong students’dominance, pseudo group, indiscipline and un-
balanced in-group labor division may undermine the effective-
ness of group work in actual use.
In order to improve the effectiveness of group work, it is
important for teachers to take into account the feasibility of ap-
plying a group activity including the difficulty of the activity
itself. Also, they must set rules to define students’in -group
accountability and monitor students’ in -group performances
frequently, and at the same time they can establish a rewarding
system to encourage students’involvement and improvement in
group activities. It is equally important for students to have a
regular evaluation of how well the group functions and plans
further improvement in their performances after completing a
group activity.
——
【 References 】
[1] Gross David, B. Tools for Teaching [M]. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Publishers, 1993.
[2] McArthur & Etherton. Oxford English (Shanghai Edition) Teacher’s
Book 8A [M]. Oxford University Press & Shanghai Education
Press, 1996.
[3] Olsen, R. E. W., & Kagan, S. About Cooperative Learning In
Kessler, C. (Eds). Cooperative Language Learning: A Teacher’s
Resource Book [M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992.
[4] Tindale R. Scott. Theory and Research on Small Groups [M]. New
York: Plenum Press ,1998.
[5] Xu Fang. Sustaining CLT through Group Work in the Chinese
EFL Classroom [J]. CELEA 28.2. (2005):39-43.
[6] 巴洛赫(Baloche). 合作课堂——让学习充满活力[M].曾守锤,吴
华清,译.华东师范大学出版社,2005.
[7] 刘宏武. 选择适合的学习方式 [M].民族大学出版社,2004.
[8] 王蔷.英语教学法教程 [M].高等教育出版社,2000.
[9] 郑金洲.新课程课堂教学系列:合作学习 [M].福建教育出版社,
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(下转第 140 页)
119
教学研究
的机会。
三、结 语
王斌,娄瑞娟 / 交际法在商务英语教学中的运用
2002.
[2] Hughes J. Business English: Why and When to do a Course in
General Business English [J]. BBC English, 1995.
商务英语是商务环境中应用的英语, 虽然从属于 EGP,
但由于学习者的特殊性,其教学内容更倾向于语言功能和语
言活动,强调语言与业务紧密结合的实际应用输出, 教学重
点是培养学生在各种商务环境下熟练运用英语知识与技能
的能力。教学实践也证明,教师在课堂上有效地运用交际教
学法不仅能提高课堂教学效果、活跃课堂气氛、培养学生兴
趣、增进师生交流,而且能使学生在语言技能及商务技能等
方面得到很好的锻炼和强化。由此可见,交际法应用于商务
英语教学是行之有效的方法之一。
——
【 参 考 文 献 】
[1] Ellis M & Johnson C. 商务英语教学 [M].上海外语教育出版社,
(上接第 119 页)
Appendix(Questionnaire):
12. Have you got the same group work experience?
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Journal, Brita in: Oxford University, 1984.
[4] William Littlewood.Communicative Language Teaching [M].Foreign
Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[5] 邓芳. 交际法在商务英语教学中的应用[J].中国教育发展研究,
2008.
[6] 李奕华.高校商务英语专业课程设置的调查分析[J].池州师专学
报,2006.
[7] 王兴孙. 对国际商务英语学科发展的探讨 [J]. 国际商务研究,
1997.
[8] 赵军峰.商务英语课程设置及教学现状调查分析[J].中国外语,
2006.
A. The peers help me to correct errors in grammar, pro-
nunciation, speaking, etc.
B. The peers teach me new vocabularies.
C. The peers clarify the teacher’s instruction of a certain
group activity for me.
D. The peers help me with what I do not understand by
means of explanation.
E. The peers encourage me to participate in the group
work which I find difficult or simply feel not interested in.
A B C D E
The proportion of“Yes”
13. During the presentation stage of the group work,
_______________.
A. the more able students are often the spokesperson.
B. the group peers take over the position of the
spokesperson by turns
C. the group spokesperson is nominated by the teacher
merely because the group fails to make its own.
14. Is the labor division of your group clear or not?
A. Definitely clear. We have our chairperson, spokesper-
son, secretary and ordinary participants.
B. The division of labor is decided at random.
C. No labor division at all.
140
初中英语课堂小组活动运用的研究
顾思议
(上海师范大学 外国语学院, 上海 200000)
[摘 要] 本文探究的是小组活动的运用对英语课堂教学的作用及小组活动在实际运用时存在的问题。
本文通过调查研究发现实际应用中的小组活动有效地激发学生的学习动力,增进学生之间的互动,减轻学生在
英语课堂中的语言焦虑。同时,实际应用中的小组活动中存在诸多问题,即能力强的学生支配小组活动,伪小
组活动,学生不遵守小组活动纪律,小组活动分工不均。针对实际应用中的小组活动运用的积极效果及负面问
题,本文亦进行了解释。最后本文针对如何有效运用小组活动向老师和学生分别提出了建议。
[关 键 词] 小组活动;英语课堂;小组任务