Up
1)What are you doing up there?
你在那边做什么?
2)He is well up in mathermatics.
他精通数学
3)They went up wind.
他们迎风而行
4) They new museum is up and opens to the public.
新博物馆已经落成并向公众开放。
5) We all have our ups and downs.
人生总有起起落落。
Light
1) I took a good room. It was big, light and looked out on the East Lake.
我租了一个挺不错的房间,面积大,采光好,又面朝东湖。
2)He lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went on.
他点火器燃了一根香烟,道了声“晚安”, 按着便继续赶路。
3)Plants grow rapidly when exposed to light.
植物有了光照就会快速生长。
英译汉增词:词汇性增词和逻辑性增词
1)原文省略的词
Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
物质可以转化为能,能也可以转化为物质。
2)必要的连接词
Heated, water will change into vapor.
水如受热,就会气化(蒸发)
3)复数概念
The mountains began to show their long blue shadows over the valley.
群山开始向山谷投下一道道蓝色长影。
4)抽象概念增词
This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic ecomputers.
这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。
5)逻辑性增词
According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
根据科学家们的看法,自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸的表层土壤。
6)概括性增词
The American and Japanese conducted a completely secrete exchange of message.
美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信息。
7)连贯性增词
Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of fashion.
不错,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。
8)重复性增词
Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as admiration.
无知是恐惧的根源,也是钦佩的根源。
E-C Exercise: 4-1
●We were lucky enough to be alive after the accident. We wouldn’t have the chance to sit here and reflect on the night.
●真是很幸运,在那次事故之后我们还活着。否则,我们不可能有机会坐在这里回想那天晚上的事。
E-C Exercise: 4-2
●The oak is a symbol of strength, the lion of courage, the lamb of weakness.
●橡树是力量的象征,狮子是勇敢的象征,而羔羊是软弱的象征。
●Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
●读书使人充实,讨论使人敏捷,写作使人准确。
C-E Exercise 4-1
●班门弄斧
●to show off one’s proficiency with an axe before Luban, the master carpenter.
●比较: to show off with an axe before Luban.
●前(后)
●before (after) the liberation of old China
●比较: before the liberation
Exercise 4-2
●看粮食,要的农业; 看农业,首先要看市场。
●To have a better understanding of the food situation in China, we must take a full view of her agriculture, and to know the agriculture, we must have a look at the food market first.
Exercise 4-3
●这本小说内容有趣,文字浅显,立即畅销全国。
●The novel has gained immediate nationwide popularity as it is at once interesting in content and easy in language.
●他小时候家里很穷,没什么衣服可穿,也没什么东西可吃。
●When he way young, his family was so poor that he had no more enough food to eat and clothing to wear.
1)减代词:
They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony(辛辣,尖刻),but even with friendliness.
●他们进入餐厅用餐。美味佳肴,顿受感染,言谈间不但没有恶语,甚至还充满友好之情。
2)减冠词:
●The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
●月亮慢慢从海上升起。
3) 减介词
●The difference between the two machines consists in power
●这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。
4) 减连词
●If I had known it, I would not have joined it.
●早知如此,我就不参加了。
5) 减动词
●When the pressure gets low, the billing point becomes low.
●气压低,沸点就低。
6)减非人称代词“it”
●Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
●外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆。
汉译英的减词情况:
1)不必要的重复或冗词;
2)概念范畴类词语;
3)过详的细节描述;
细节词的省略:
花园里面是人间的乐园,有的是吃不完的大米白面,穿不完的绫罗绸缎,花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
Exercises:
1.我们说,长征是历史记录上的第一次,长征是宣言书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机。
We answer that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a publicity team, a seeding-machine. (省名词)
2.他连续讲了两小时的法语,没出现任何的错语。
He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes. (省动词)
3.学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。
Learning without thought is vain. Thought without learning is idle. (省连词)
4.人群渐渐静了下来。
Silence came over the crowds. (省副词)
5.问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。
They enquired about the politics of the day, ignorant of the establishment of the Han Dynasty, and of course of the later dynasties that had succeeded it. (省助词)
6.你将来一定得努力工作
Do work harder in the future. (省代名词)
7.生活在四川的十几个民族,各有不同的文化和风俗,成为巴蜀歌舞取之不尽,用之不竭的创作源泉。
The Nationalities in Sichuan maintain different cultures and customs, which provide the inexhaustible source of folk songs and dances. (省意义复重的词语)
8.她的朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后,都主动伸出援助之手。
After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand. (省范畴的词语)
9.花园里面是人间的乐园,有的是吃不完的大米白面,穿不的凌罗绸缎,花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. (省有修饰效果的词)
10.客词现实世界是变化运动永远没有完结,我们实践中对于真理的认识也就永完没有完结。
The changing movement of the objective world will never end, neither will our knowledge of truth in our practices. (词语替换)
长难句的正确处理
英语中长句的翻译是翻译中的重点和难点,要综合运用我们前面讲过的各种技巧,是一个综合理解及表达的过程。翻译一个长句的过程简单地可以概括为”弄清原文语法结构—找出和层意思之前的修饰关系—按汉语习惯译出原文”。
●It should be realized that when we assign a magnitude and direction to the velocity of a body, we are really expressing its velocity relative to something which is, for this particular purpose, imagined to be stationary.
●这一复合句可分解为以下简单句:
(1)It should be realized.
(2)that we are really expressing its velocity relative to something. (relative….为形容词短语,说明velocity. )
(3)When we assign a magnitude and direction to the velocity of a body.
(4)Which is, for this particular purpose, imagined to be stationary. (to be stationary是主语补足语。)
●各简单句之间相互说明关系:这是一个主从复合句。第一句是主句,第二句是主语从句,第三句是时间状语从句。说明第二句谓语行为发生的时间。第四句是定语从句,说明第二句中的something。
●接下来进行翻译:
“应当认识到,当我们确定某一物体的速度大小和方向时,实际上我们是相对于某一参照物而说的,且为此目的假设此参照物静止不动。”
●有些时候,我们还需要运用重组法,即将结构完全捋清,将英语原意完全弄懂以后按汉语叙事立论的习惯重新组合句子,基本上脱离了原句的层次和结构安排。
For example.
●By the middle of the year, he warned, the Soviet Union would overtake the United Stated in the number of land-based strategic missiles, the result of a massive Soviet effort beginning in the mid-1960s, to achieve possibly superiority in nuclear weapon.
●他警告说,到本年年中,苏联将在陆上发射的战略导弹的数量上超过美国,国为苏联从60年代中期就大力发展导弹,目的是在核武器方面力争超过美国。
Exercises:
●Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
●1. He felt that books and the knowledge in them were part of a world that was against him, a world to which he did not belong and which he did not want to enter, the world of which the hateful teachers were representatives and symbols.
●他觉得书本和书本知识是和他敌对的那个世界的一部份。他属于也不想进入那个世界,而那些可恨的老师就是那个世界的象征和代表。
●2. The great difficulty of introducing radically(从根本上,彻底地) new computer architectures which requires customers to rewrite most of their software excluded the possibility for these techniques to find their way to the commercial market place.
●采用全新的计算机体系结构,势必要求用户改写其大部份软件,因此难以付诸实现,这就排除了这些技术进入商品市场的可能性。
●3. There are several reasons why he(Kissinger) no longer appears to be the magician the world press had put him to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself, he has a tendency toward megalomania.
●全世界报界曾经把他渲染成魔术师一般的人物,他没有阻止人们这们做,因为他也承认自已这种自大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样一种人物了,这里有几个原因。
●4. It was on a Sunday evening, when he was lying in the Orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem, that he heard the gate swing to, and saw the girl coming running with the red-checked, stolid Joe in sift pursuit.
●一个星期日的傍晚,他正躺在果园里,一面在听画眉的鸣叫,一面在写一首爱情诗,忽然听得大门砰地关上,接着看儿那姑娘跑来,后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸乔。
●5. And he know how ashamed she would have been if he had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he as born.
●他出生在这一类人中间, 他出生在这种地方,他有这样的母亲,这些要是让她知道,他该多么丢人。
●6. Above all, superstitions remain as outward expressions of anxieties that hold sway over humanity as it struggles down the corridor of life from birth to death, full of change and uncertainty.
●最生要的是,人类在从生到死的生命长廊里为充满变数而又无法欲知的一生进行挣扎的过程中,始终被紧张和焦虑困扰,而迷信的延承正是人类紧张和焦虑的外在表现。
E-C Exercise 1-1
●It is simple enough to say that since books have classes—fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us.
●既然书籍有不同的种类,如小说,传记,诗歌等,我们应该区分他们并且从中摘取书提供给我们的对的东西。这话说起来容易,然而,几乎没有什么人问: 书能给我们什么。
E-C Exercise 1-2
●Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds(分心),asking of(要求,期望) fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that is shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.
●最为普遍的是,我们接触书时怀有一种模糊且相抵触的想法:要求小说情节必须是真实的,要求诗歌必须是虚构的,要求传记必须是奉承的,要求历史必须加强我们自己的认识。
E-C Exercise 1-3
●If we could banish(消除) all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable(好极的,绝妙的) beginning. Do not dictate to (发号施令,指挥) your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice(同谋)
●假如我们读书时能消除所有的先入之见,那么读书将会有一个极好的开端。不要规定作家做什么,要设法站到他的立场去,做作者的同道和他“同谋”。
E-C Exercise 1-4
●If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open you mind as widely as possible, then signs and hits of almost imperceptible (感觉不到的,极细微的) fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.
●如果你读书起初就犹豫不决,保留态度,或者进行批评,你就不能从阅读中获得最大益处。如果你尽可能打开思路,那么及细微的迹象和暗号都会从曲折婉转的文章开头的语句中显现出来,把你引到一个与众不同的人物面前去。
E-C Exercise 1-5
●Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.
●沉浸于其中,去熟识这个人物,很快你就会发现作者正给你或试图给你某些明确得多的东西。
E-C Exercise 2-1
●It is an illusion that youth is happy, an illusion of those who have lost it; but the young know they are wretched, for they are full of the ruthless(无情的) ideals which have been instilled (灌输) into them, and each time they come in contact with the real they are bruised (擦伤) and wounded.
●认为青春是快乐的,这是一种错觉,是那些失去了青春的人的一种错觉。年轻人知道,自己是不幸的,他们脑子里充斥了被灌输的不切实际的想法,每次与一现实接触时,都会碰的头破血流。
E-C Exercise 2-2
●They must discover for themselves that all they have read and all they have been told are lies, lies, lies; and each discovery is another nail driven into the body on the cross of life.
●他们必须自己发现,所有他们读到的,听到的东西,都是谎言、谎言、谎言。每一次这样的发现,都像是另一根钉子钉入他们的身体,那被束缚在生活的十字架上的身体。
C-E Exercise 1
1. 手机刷新了人与人的关系。
Cell phones have altered the relationship among people.
2. 在得病以前,我受父母宠爱,在家中横行霸道。
Before I fell ill, I had been the bully(欺凌弱小者) under our roofs owing to my doting) parents.
3. 老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”
The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition.
4. 他是个墙头草,谁硬就跟谁。
He always sits on the fence and falls on the side of the stronger.
5. 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
His arrival at this conclusion was the result of much (deliberate) thought.