规则变化 | ||
范围 | 变化规则 | 例词 |
大部分形容词 | 加ly | careless----carelessly quiet----quietly different----differently |
以le结尾的形容词 | 变le为ly | possible----possibly probable---probably terrible----terribly comfortable----comfortably gentle----gently simple----simply |
以y结尾的形容词 | 变y为ily | easy----easily angry----angrily noisy----noisily happy----happily heavy----heavily healthy----healthily |
不规则变化 | ||
本身既是形容词也是副词,无需改变 | fast----fast early----early high----high hard----hard late----late far----far wide----wide alone----alone | |
形容词和副词为完全不同的单词 | good----well | |
唯一一个需要去掉字母e的单词 | true----truly | |
虽然以ly结尾,但却是形容词,不能直接用来修饰动词 | friendly lively lovely lonely likely | |
有些形容词本身即为副词,同时也有加 ly的副词形式。但加不加ly意思不一样 使用时需注意 | wide(形容词,宽阔的,睁大的) wide(副词,睁大地) widely(副词,广泛地) late(形容词,晚的) late(副词,晚地) lately(最近) high(形容词,高的) high(副词,高地) highly(副词,高度地) | |
特别容易犯错的副词 | ||
形容词 | 副词 | 备注 |
hard | hard | hardly意思为“几乎不”,与hard无任何关系 |
1、规则变化
1) 一般情况直接在词尾加-s . 如:chair—chairs;apple—apples;grape—grapes;
2)以s、sh、ch、x等结尾的词加–es .如:bus—buses;watch—watches;box—boxes;brush—brushes
3)以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y 为i 再加es,baby—babies;city—cities;family—families
4)以f或fe结尾的将f或fe直接换成ves. 如:knife—knives;thief—thieves;shelf—shelves
2、不规则变化
1)没有规律的变化。如:child—children;foot—feet;tooth—teeth;mouse—mice;
woman—women等。
2)单复同形。如:deer—deer;sheep—sheep;fish—fish;yuan—yuan;tofu—tofu;
pork—pork等。
3)以o结尾的名词有的加es有的加s. 如:potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes;Hero—heroes
二、动词第三人称单数的变化规则
1)直接在动词后+s. 如:like—likes;play—plays;read—reads;get—gets;help—helps;
ski—skis等。
2)以s, x, sh, ch, 接尾的动词:+es. 如:wash—washes;wacth—watches;teach—teaches;brush—brushes等。
3)以辅音+o接尾的动词:+es. 如:go—goes;do—does等。
4)以辅音+y接尾的动词:变y为i+es. 如:fly—flies;study —studies;carry—carries;
sky—skies等。
末尾字母y前为元音字母的,直接在动词后面加-s. 如:play—plays;say—says
5)特殊变化。如:be—is;have—has等。这些没有规律,需要加强记忆。
三、动词现在分词-ing形式的构成
1)一般情况在动词原形后加-ing . 如:go—going;stand—standing;climb—climbing等。
2)以不发音的e结尾的动词,去掉e,再加-ing. 如:write—writing;hope—hoping;care—caring
3)以-ie结尾的动词应先将e去掉,将i变成y然后再加-ing. 如:die—dying,tie—tying等。
4)如果动词最后一音节为重读闭音节,最后一个字母需要重复. 如:run—running; stop—stopping;hop—hopping;plan—planning;star—starring; 但辅音x是个例外,无需重复(x其实起着两个辅音的作用)。如:tax—taxing,relax—relaxing等。
5)以-ee,-oe,-ye结尾的动词加-ing时应保留词尾e. 如:see—seeing;hoe—hoeing;eye—eyeing
6)-ic结尾的动词应先在字母c后加一字母k再加-ing. 如: panic—panicking; picnic—picnicking
三.动词变名词小结
1.在词尾加er,r ,双写加er 或or:
A. play _ player, sing _ singer, wait _ waiter , find _ finder, thrill _ thriller
B. write _ writer, drive _ driver, come _ comer, explore _ explorer , dance _ dancer
C. run _ runner, win _ winner, rob _ robber, travel _ traveler
D. visit _ visitor, invent _ inventor
2. 在词尾加ing:
build _ building, draw _ drawing, end _ ending, begin _ beginning,
swim _ swimming, skate _ skating, feel _ feeling, say _ saying,
mean _ meaning, cross _ crossing, surf _ surfing, paint _ painting
3.在词尾加ion 或去e加ion:
A. decide _ decision, describe _ description, produce _ production,
celebrate _ celebration, pronounce _ pronunciation, decorate _ decoration
graduate _ graduation, frustrate - frustration, pollute _ pollution
contribute _ contribution, congratulate _ congratulation,
educate _ education,organize _ organization, donate _ donation,
appreciate _ appreciation,operate _ operation, invite _ invitation
B. discuss _ discussion, invent _ invention, attract _ attraction
impress _ impression, inject _ injection, instruct _ instruction
4.其它:
know _ knowledge, please _ pleasure, enjoy _ enjoyment, practice _ practice, die _ death,
succeed _ success, weigh _ weight, sit _ seat, change _ chance,enter _ entrance, fly _ flight,
rob _ robbery, discover _ discovery,fail _ failure, appear _ appearance, breathe-breath
四.动词变形容词小结
1.词尾加ful:
use - useful, care - careful, help - helpful, thank – thankful, peace - peaceful,
forget - forgetful, play - playful, succeed - successful, wonder - wonderful
2.词尾加d或ed:
please - pleased, unite - united, excite - excited, surprise - surprised, organize - organized,
close - closed, wound - wounded, relax - relaxed, develop - developed, appreciate - appreciated, frustrate - frustrated, interest - interested, annoy - annoyed, use - used, frighten - frightened,
crowd - crowded, thrill - thrilled, pollute - polluted
3.词尾加ing:
interest - interesting, surprise - surprising, excite – exciting, develop - developing,
frighten - frightening, thrill – thrilling, frustrate - frustrating, relax _ relaxing,
live – living, rock - rocking, sleep – sleeping
4.词尾变y为i,加ed:
worry - worried, marry - married, fry - fried, terrify – terrified, satisfy - satisfied
5.词尾加able:
know - knowledgeable, enjoy - enjoyable, suit – suitable, adjust - adjustable,
comfort - comfortable
6.其它:
lose - lost, fool - foolish, live - lively / alive /living,
sleep - sleepy / sleeping / asleep, wake - awake, taste - tasty
speak - spoken, break - broken, die - dead, educate - educational, world - worldwide
五、人称代词的变化形式
主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 | ||
第一 人称 | 单数 | I我 | me我 | my我的 | mine我的 | myself我自己 |
复数 | we我们 | us我们 | our我们的 | ours我们的 | ourselves 我们自己 | |
第二 人称 | 单数 | you你 | you你 | your你的 | yours你的 | yourself你自己 |
复数 | you 你们 | you 你们 | your你们的 | yours你们的 | yourselves 你们自己 | |
第 三 人 称 | 单 数 | he他 | him他 | his他的 | his他的 | himself他自己 |
she她 | her她 | her她的 | hers她的 | herself她自己 | ||
it它 | it它 | its它的 | its它的 | itself它自己 | ||
复 数 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |