UNIT 1
1.—How do you study for a test?—I study it by working with a group.
你是怎样为考试而学习？ 我通过和小组活动来学习。
句中by意为“以（某种方式），通过”。在此表方式，手段。提问行为方式用疑问词how.
by是一个介词，接动词要用其ing形式。
eg.I practice my English by speaking it as often as possible.
我通过尽量常说来练习英语。
His father makes a living by selling fruit.他的父亲通过卖水果来谋生。
He improves his maths by doing a lot of maths exercise.
他通过做许多练习来提高他的数学。
They improve their English by watching English movies.
他们通过看英语电影来提高英语。
2.What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?大声读来练习发音怎么样？
How/What about sth/doing sth?“……怎么样？”about是一个介词，后接动词要用其ing形式。
eg.What/How about taking a walk after dinner? 晚餐后散步怎么样？
What/How about visiting our grandparents this weekend?
这周周末去拜访我们的祖父母怎么样？
在英语中，介词后接动词只能用ing形式（doing）。be good at doing sth擅长干某事,be interested in doing sth对做……有兴趣,Thanks/Thank you for doing因做……而感谢.
eg.His brother is good at playing soccer ball. 他的哥哥擅长踢足球。
Nowaday ,more and more teenagers are interesting in surfing the Internet.
今天，越来越多的青少年对上网感兴趣。
Thank you/Thanks for lending me your bike. 谢谢你把你的自行车借给我。
3.Do you ever practice conversations with friends?你曾经和你的朋友练习对话吗？
Practice sth“练习……”，practice doing sth “练习干某事”。
eg.Let’s practice playing volleyball in our PE claas this afternoon.
让我们今天下午体育课练习大排球。
Do you practice speaking English after class. 你课后练习说英语吗？
4.We get excited about something and then end up speaking Chinese.
我们对某些事很兴奋，然后却以说中文而结束。
be/get excited about sth“对……感到兴奋”, end up doing sth“以干……而结束”.
eg.The students are/get excited about the coming soccer ball match.
这些学生对即将来临的足球比赛很兴奋。
5.Paul forgot a lot of new words. Paul忘记了许多新单词。
forget doing sth“忘记干了某事（已经干了）”。
forget to do sth“忘记要干某事（未干）”。
eg.Sorry,I forgot to tell you the news. 对不起，我忘记告诉你这个消息了。（未告诉）
Sorry,I forgot telling you the news.对不起，我忘记告诉过你这个消息了。(已经告诉了）
Don’t forget to call me when you get there. 当你到那儿时别忘了给我打电话。
Yesterday afternoon,some students forgot to clean the classroom,so the teacher was a little angry at it this morning.
昨天下午，一些学生忘记打扫教室了，所以今天早晨老师有点生气。
He always forgets to do something. 他总是忘记做某些事。
I forgot asking you the same question before.我忘记以前问过年同样的问题了。
6.First of all,it wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher.
最初，对我来说听懂老师不容易。
It is/was＋形容词＋ (for sb) ＋to do sth.“对某人来说干某事是……”。在这个结构中，it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语。
eg.It’s important for us to learn English well. 对我们来说学好英语很重要。
It is exciting for young people to watch a soccer ball match.
对青少年来说看一场√比赛很兴奋。
It was difficult for me to finsh the work alone. 对我来说独自完成这项工作很困难。
It was impossible for them to walk there on time.对他们来说准时步行到那儿不可能。
而在某些表示人的品质的形容词则要用介词of。
即：It is/was＋形容词＋ of sb ＋to do sth. “对某人来说干某事是……”。
eg.It’s very kind of you to help me with my homework.你能帮我做家庭作业真是太好了
It’s polite of you to help the old.对你来说帮助老人是有礼貌的。
7.Also I was afraid to speak in class because I thought my classmates might laugh at me. 我也害怕在课堂上说话，因为我认为他们可能嘲笑我。
be afraid of sb/sth,害怕某人/某物，be afraid of doing sth害怕干某事,be afraid to do sth害怕（不太敢）干某事。
eg.She is afraid of all kinds of animals,such as snakes,spiders,mice and so on.
她害怕各种动物，比如蛇、蜘蛛、老鼠等等。
She is very shy.She is afraid of speaking before strangers.
她很害羞，她害怕在陌生人面前讲话。
Girls are always afraid to go out alone at night.女孩们总是害怕晚上独自外出。
8.Now I am enjoying leaning English and I got an A this term.现在我喜欢学英语并且我这学期获得了一个A。
enjoy doing sth喜欢干某事, like doing sth喜欢干某事,
finish doing sth做完某事, practice doing sth练习干某事,
keep doing sth一直干某事, feel like doing想要干某事,
mind doing sth介意干某事, be busy doing sth忙着干某事,
give up doing sth放弃干某事, stop doing sth停止干某事。
eg.Do you enjoy playing the violin? 你喜欢拉小提琴吗？
My brother used to like surfing the Internet. 我哥哥过去喜欢上网。
They finished cleaningthe classroom at 8 this morning.
他们今天早晨八点钟扫完了教室。
He often practices speaking English after class. 他经常在课后练习说英语。
It kept raining all night. 昨晚一直下雨。
Do you feel like eating anything? 你想吃点什么吗？
--Would you mind taking out the trash? 你介意把垃圾拿出去吗？
--Of course not.But I’m busy doing my homework.
当然不介意，但是我正忙着做作业。
Don’t give up learning English.It’s very useful for you. 不要放弃学英语，对你很有用。
Don’t stop learning English. It’s very useful for you. 不要停止学英语，对你很有用。
9.How do we deal with our problems?What do we do with our problems?
我们是怎样处理我们的难题的。
deal with“处理、应付、对待”，与do with同义。但是deal with常与疑问词how连用，对方式提问；而do with常与疑问词what连用，用来对干什么提问。
eg.How did they deal with the accident?Wat did they do with the accident?
他们是怎样处理这个事故的。
10.By regarding problems as challenges. 通过把困难当作挑战。
regard……as……“把……当作……”。
eg.We regard our teachers as our friends. 我们把我们的老师当作我们的朋友。
11.So I decide to take lots of grammer notes in every class.
因此我决定在每节课上作许多笔记。
decide to do sth=make decisions to do sth=make up one’s mind to do sth.
“决定干某事”。
eg.They decided to go on vacation this weekend. 他们决定这周周末去度假。
He decided to visit us next month. 他决定下个月来看我们。
decide not to do sth. “决定不干某事”。
eg.My father decided not to smoke anymore. 我父亲决定不再吸烟了。
David decided not to argue with his parents.大卫决定不和他父母亲争吵了。
12.with the help of our teachers.在老师的帮助下。
with one’s help=with the help of sb. “在……的帮助下”。
eg.With the help of the computers ,we can work better and faster.
在电脑的帮助下，我们能更快更好地工作。
without one’s help.“没有……的帮助”。
eg.I think we can’t finish the work on time without your help.
我想没有你的帮助我们不能按时完成这项工作。
13.unless与 if，它们互为反义词，unless“除非、如果不……”=if……not。都用来引导条件状语从句，在引导条件状语从句时，如果主句是将来时，那么从句就只能用一般现在时表示将来。
eg.We will hold a soccer ball match if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
We will hold a soccer ball match unless it rains tomorrow.
我们要举行一场足球比赛，如果明天不下雨（除非明天下雨）。
He will help us with the work if he has time.
He will help us with the work unless he doesn’t have time.
他将帮助我们这项工作，如果他有时间（除非他没有时间）。
Cindy won’t visit us if we don’t call her.
Cindy won’t visit us unless we call her.
辛迪将不来看我们，如果我们不给她打电话（除非我们给她打电话）。
14.angry“生气的、气愤的”。与angry连用的短语有：
be angry with=be mad at“生……的气”
eg.He was late for class again.His teacher was very angry with him.他昨天上课又迟到了，他的老师很生他的气。
stay angry“（一直）生气”。
eg.They stayed angry for weeks only about a small problem.
他们为了一个小问题生了几周的气。
be/get angry.“（变得）生气”。
eg.When the teacher saw the dirty classroom,he got angry.
当老师看到这肮脏的教室时，他生气了。
15.I had trouble making complete sentences. 我造完整的句子有困难。
have trouble doing sth,“做某事有困难。”
eg.Do you have any trouble learning English? 你学习英语有困难吗？
I have trouble making complete sentences. 我在造完整的句子上有困难。
16.短语：ask sb for help 向某人寻求帮助, study for a test为考试而学习,
have fun玩得高兴, get excited about对……感到兴奋, end up以……而结束,
make a mistake/mistakes犯错误, practice speaking English练习说英语,
not……at all一点也不、根本不……, take notes作笔记, first of all最初、首先,
look up查寻、查阅, deal with处理、处置, be angry with=be mad at生某人的气,
try/do one’s best to do sth.尽力干某事, complain about抱怨……， laugh at嘲笑,
with the help of在……的帮助下, regard ……as……把……当作…….
be afraid to do sth害怕干某事, stay angry生气，
UNIT 2
1.I used to be afraid of the dark. 我过去害怕黑。
a.used to do sth,意为“过去常常……”。仅用于过去时态，没有人称和数的变化。通常用来表示过去的习惯、动作或存在的状态，而现在不再发生了。
eg.He used to smoke too much.Now he has to give it up.
他过去常常吸许多烟，现在他不得不把烟戒掉。
There used to be a lot of fish in the river,but now there aren’t any.
在这条河里过去有许多鱼。而现在没有了。
They used to play together when they were kids.Now they are working in different cities. 当他们年幼时常常在一起玩，而现在他们在不同的城市工作。
She used to eat lots of chocolates.But now she is too heavy,so she has to stop eating them. 她过去常常吃许多巧克力。但是现在她太胖了，所以她不得不停止吃了。
肯定句式：Sb used to do sth.
否定句式：Sb didn’t use to do sth.或 Sb usedn’t to do sth.
一般疑问句式：Did sb use to do sth? 或Used sb to do sth?
eg.We used to play a lot after school. →We didn’t use to play a lot after school.
→Did you use to play a lot after school? —Yes,we did./No,we didn’t.
b.be/get used to doing sth,“习惯干某事”。to是一个介词，接动词时要用其ing形式。
eg.We are used to exercising every morning. 我们习惯每天早晨锻炼。
The old man has been used to living alone. 这个老人已经习惯独自居住。
c.be used to do sth=be used for doing sth,“被用来做……”。此结构用来表示一个被动形式。
eg.Stamps are used to send letters.= Stamps are used for sending letters.
邮票是用来寄信的。
Knives are used to cut things.=Knives are used for cutting things.
小刀是用来切东西的。
2.Don’t you remember me?难道你不记得我了吗？
在英语中，否定的一般疑问句常常译作“难道……吗？”
eg.Don’t you like ice cream?难道你不喜欢冰淇淋吗？
Don’t you want to go to movies with us?难道你不想和我们一起去看电影吗？
Isn’t he friendly to us?难道他对我们不好吗？
Haven’t you bought a birthday cake for your birthday?Your friends are coming.
难道你还没有为你的生日买个生日蛋糕吗？你的朋友们都要来了。
3.be afraid of 与be terrified of的区别：be afraid of“害怕……、害怕干……”。be afraid of“对……感到恐惧”。比be afrdid of害怕的程度更深。
eg.I used to be afraid of insects,and I used to be terrified of snakes.
我对昆虫很害怕，并且我对蛇感到很恐惧。
4.I go to sleep with my bedroom light on.我总是开着卧室的灯睡觉。
with在句中作伴随状语，表示前面动词的一个伴随状态。可译作“带着，拿着……”，也可不译。
eg.He visited his grandparents with some fruit last weekend.
他上周末带着水果去看望他的祖父母。
His brother went to Beijing with a backpack on his back.
他的哥哥背上背着背包去北京了。
The children listened to the stories there with smiles on their faces.
这些小孩脸上带着微笑在那儿听故事。
5.To do this,she had to work.
To do this,在句中作目的状语，用来表示前一个动作的目的。
eg.We went to Beijing to visit my uncle and aunt. 我们去北京看望我的叔叔阿姨。
Don’t worry,I’ll come to your home to look after your baby.
不要担心，我会到你家帮你照顾婴儿。
Last week,we went to a river to plant trees. 上周他们去河边植树。
6.I don’t worry about my tests. 不要担心我的考试。
worry about sb/sth“为……担心”，与be worried about sb/sth.“担心某人/某物”。但前者表示担忧的动作，后者表示担忧的一个状态。
eg.Mum,don’t worry about my study. 妈妈，不要担心我的学习。
The young woman is worried about her weight. 这个年青妇女担心她的体重。
7.It semms that Yu Mei has changed a lot. 好像余美改变了许多。
It seems/seemed that…….“好像……”。
eg.It seems that it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。
It seemed that he got angry. 他好像生气了。
It seems/seemed that…….句型可以与Sb/Sth seem(s)/seemed to do sth.互换，意思一样，“……好像……。”
eg.He seemed to get angry. 他好像生气了。
8.His mother couldn’t afford to pay for her children’s education.
他的母亲不能支付她孩子的教育费用。
can/can’t afford to buy sth.“不能支付……的费用”。
eg.The house is too expensive.We can’t afford to buy it.这个房子太贵了，我们买不起。
9.In the end,she made a difficult decision: to send him to a boy’s boarding school.
最后，她作出了一个艰难的决定：把他送到一个男孩寄宿学校去。
make a decision/decisions＝decide＝make up one’s mind.“决定……”。
in the end=at last.“最后、终于”。
10.To his surprise,this phone call changed his life.
使他吃惊的是，这个电话改变了他的生活。
to one’s surprise,“使某人吃惊的是……。”
eg.He wasn’t good at sports.To our surprise,he did best in the sports meeting.
他不擅长运动。使我们吃惊的是，他在运动会上做得最好。
He was busy these days,but to our surprise,he tried his best to help us.
他这些天很忙，但令我们吃惊的是，他尽力帮助我们。
The problem was very difficult,but to their surprise,David worked it out.
这个问题很困难，但使他们吃惊的是，大卫把他算了出来。
11……he was watching me and would always take pride in everything I do.
他一直在看着你并且会为你做的每一件事而骄傲。
take pride in“对……感到骄傲、自豪”。与be proud of sb/sth同义。但前者表示骄傲的动作，后者表示骄傲的状态。
eg.If you get a good grade,don’t take pride in it. 如果你获得一个好成绩，不要骄傲。
We were proud of what we did. 我们为我们所做的感到骄傲。
be proud to do sth“对干……感到骄傲”。
eg.They were proud to win the soccer ball. 他们对赢得足球比赛感到骄傲。
12.I have tried to make my mother pay more attention to me.
而且时常在试图让妈妈更关注我。
make是一个使役动词，后常用动词原形作宾语补足语。make sb do sth“使得某人干某事”
eg.He didn’t use to like milk,but his mother always made him drink it every morning.
他过去总是不喜欢牛奶，但是他的母亲总是要他每天早晨都要喝。
pay attention to sb/sth“对……关注、注意”。
eg.My parents always pay attention to my study. 我的父母亲总是关注我的学习情况。
13.What his mother said didn’t change Martin’s mind. 他母亲的话没有改变他的想法。
change one’s mind,“改变某人的想法/决定……”。
eg.You haven’t change your mind,have you?你还没有改变你的主意，是吗？
14.He has been working hard and is now one of the best students in the class.
他努力学习，并且是班上最好的学生之一。
one of the 形容词最高级＋名词的复数形式，表示“最……之一”的意思。
eg.China is one of the oldest countries in the world. 中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海是中国最大的城市之一，
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一，
Newton is one of the greatest scientists in the world.
牛顿是世界上最伟大的科学家之一。
15.短语： used to do sth过去常常干某事, change one’s mind改变某人的主意.
instead of代替, be terrified of对……感到恐惧, go to sleep去睡觉,
make a decision/decisions作决定, to one’s surprise使某人吃惊的是,
even though即使，尽管, take pride in＝be proud of对……感到骄傲,
pay attention to注意, not……any more不再, play the piano弹钢琴,
change one’s mind改变某人的主意. no longer不再, give up放弃，
give up doing sth=stop doing sth放弃干某事, be interested in对……感兴趣,
can’t afford to buy/pay for不能支付……的费用，买不起……。
UNIT 3
1.Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.
a.allow“允许，准许”，allow sb to do sth, “允许/准许某人干某事”.
eg.My parents allow me to watch TV on weekends.
我父母亲允许我在周末看电视。
The teachers don’t allow the students to talk in class.
老师不允许学生在课堂上谈话。
如果allow后面没有宾语，后面的动词只能用－ing形式，而不能用不定式。
My parents don’t allow smoking. 我父母亲不允许吸烟。
Teachers don’t allow talking in class. 老师不允许在课堂上谈话。
b.be allowed to do sth “被允许干某事”。这是一个被动语态的句子。
eg.In the past,women weren’t allowed to take part in the Olympics.
在过去，妇女不被允许参加奥运会。
In the zoos,people aren’t allowed to throw food to the animal.
在动物园，人们不被允许给动物扔食物。
I’m allowed to watch TV on weekends. 我被允许在周末看电视。
c.should be allowed to do sth,“应该被允许干……”，shouldn’t be allowed to do sth“不应该被允许干某事”。这是一个含有情态动词的被动语态的句子，其结构为：请态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词。
eg.The students should be allowed to play sports after school.
学生应该被允许在课后做运动。
Children shouldn’t be allowed to swim in the river alone.
小孩们不应该被允许独自在河里游泳。
Teenagers shouldn’t be allowed to go out on school nights.
青少年不应该被允许在上学的晚上外出。
2.Parents shouldn’t be too strict with teenagers. 父母亲不应该对青少年太严厉。
be strict with sb,“对某人严格要求”，be strict in sth“对某事严格要求”。
eg.Our head teacher is always with us and he is also strict in his job.
我们的班主任对我们总是严格要求，并且对他的工作也要求严格。
3.I don’t think twelve-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced.
我认为12岁的小孩应该不允许穿耳。
a.当主句中的谓语动词是think（想）、suppose（猜想）、believe（相信）等时，如果从句是否定，则要把从句的否定前移到主句，构成I don’t think/suppose/believe…….“我认为/猜测/相信……不……。”即：否定前移。
不能说：I think Jim won’t come to my party.而要说：I don’t think Jim will come to my party. 我想吉姆不会来我的聚会。
b.get/have sth/sb done“让某人干某事”。此结构表示主语不是动作的执行者，而是主语让某人去做，对于宾语来说是被被动。
eg.My hair is too long.I’ll have it cut this afternoon.
我的头发太长了，今天下午我要去把它剪了。（叫理发师把它剪了）。
His bicycle was broken on his way to school.He had to have it repaired.
在上学的路上，他的自行车坏了。他不得不请人修理。（叫别人修理）。
Nowaday ,many parents in the country go to work in the cities and have their children looked after by the olds.
现在，农村里的许多发明权在城市里打工，并且把他们的孩子托付给老年人照管。
4.You should stop wearing the silly earrings.你应该停止戴那愚蠢的耳环。
a.stop doing sth停止做某事, 指停止正在做的事,
stop to do sth停下来干某事，指停止原来做的事去做另外的事
eg. The students stop talking when the teacher comes in.
当老师进来的时候，学生们都停止说话。
Why did you stop working? 你为什么停止工作？
It’s time for class,boys and girls.please stop to listen to the teacher.
同学们，该上课了。请停下来听老师讲课。
He stopped to have a look at the map. 他停下来看了看地图。
Jim stopped to pick up the wallet. 吉姆停下来捡起了钱包。
b.stop sb/sth (from) doing sth =prevent sb/sth (from) doing sth=keep sb/sth from doing sth. 阻止某人/某物干某事。
eg.The heavy rain stopped us from playing soccer ball outside.
这场大雨阻止我们在外面踢足球。
We must do everything to stop such accidents from happening again.
我们必须做点事情阻止如此的事故再次发生。
His parents stop him from surfing the Internet on school nights.
他的父母亲阻止他在上学的晚上上网。
c.can’t stop doing sth“忍不住……，无法不……”。
I can’t stop laughing when I heard it. 听到那件事，我忍不住大笑。
5.—We have a lot of rules at home.--So do we.我们在家有许多规则。我们也一样。
a.So do we。“我们也一样”是一个倒装句式。倒装句常用来谈论两个人或物同时符合一个情况。
肯定倒装句：so＋be代词、情态动词或助动词/（do、does或did）＋sb。“某人也一样……”。
eg. We had fun in the park yesterday,so did our parents.
我们昨天在公园玩得开心，我们的父母亲也玩得开心。
He has been to that museum many times,so have I.
否定倒装句：neither/either/nor＋be代词、情态动词或助动词/（do、does或did）＋sb。 “某人也一样不……”。
eg.I don’t like coffee, neither does my brother. 我不喜欢咖啡，我的弟弟也不喜欢。
They won’t go to Beijing on vacation,either will I. 他们将不去北京度假，我也不去。
He hasn’t been to the Great Wall before,nor have I. 他没有去过长城，我也没有去过。
b.—It’s cold ,but sunny today.—So it is.今天冷但很晴朗。的确如此。
So it is.是一个陈述句。用于两个人谈论同一件事，其中一个人也同意另一个人的观点。常用于对话中。
eg.—Mary speaks English very well. —So she does.玛丽说英语说得好。的确是这样。
—They will go fishing this afternoon. —So they will.And so will we.
他们今下午要去钓鱼。 他们的确要去。并且我们也要去。
—They went to the movies last night.—So they did,and so did I.
他们昨晚去看了电影。 他们的确去看了电影，并且我也去了。
（ ）—He works very hard. — .And .
A.So does he , so do you B. So he does , so do you
C.So he does , so you do D. So does he , so you do
6.be serious about sth/doing sth,“热衷某物/干某事”。
eg.Now,more and more children are serious about playing computer games.
今天，越来越多的小孩热衷于玩电子游戏。
A lot of foreigners are serious about Chinese Beijing Opera.
许多的外国人热衷于中国的京剧。
7. a. It takes(took/will take) sb(常用人称代词的宾格形式)some time to do sth.“花费了某人多少时间干某事”。 It作形式主语，后面的动词不定式（to do）作真正的主语。
b. 相同的表达还有： Sb spend/（spent/will spend） some time (in) doing sth.“某人花费多少时间干某事。”
eg.It took them half a year to build the bridge.
They spent half a year building the bridge. 他们花费了半年时间建这座桥。
8.stay up,“熬夜”。
eg.He stayed up surfing the Internet last night,so he was late for school this morning.
他昨晚熬夜上网，因此今天早晨他上学迟到了。
9.Our teacher believe that if we did that,we would concentrate more on our clothes than our studies.
我们的老师认为，如果我们穿得漂亮，我们就会更多关注衣服而不是学习
concentrate on sth“全神贯注于……”。
eg.He decided to concentrate on physics because he just failed the exam.
他决心专攻物理因为他刚刚考试不及格。
10.……but we learn a lot from each other. 但是我们可以互相学到许多东西。
learn from……“向……学习”。
11.Last year I had an opportunity to volunteer at the local hospital.
去年夏天，我有机会在本地一家医院里进行自愿者活动。
have an opportunity to do sth“有做……的机会”。
12.But sometimes these hobbies can get in the way of schoolwork.
但是这些爱好有时候会阻碍学业。
get in the way (of)……“妨碍、碍事”。
eg.Please don’t get in the way of my study. 请不要妨碍我的学习。
I think the part-time job will get in the way of your study.
我认为这项兼职工作会妨碍你的学习。
13.care about a.“关心”。 b.“在乎、在意”多用于否定句中。
eg.She thinks only about herself,she doesn’t think about other people.
她仅仅考虑她自己，而不考虑别人。
14.表达同意与不同意时要用到:I agree.I disagree.I don’t agree.
eg.—I think students should be allowed to do homework with friends.
--I disagree.They talk instead of doing homework.
--Sixteen-year-olds should not be allowed to drive.
--I agree.They aren’t serious enough at that age.
15.短语： stay up熬夜, concentrate on全神贯注于, at present目前、现在,
get in the way of妨碍, care about担心关心, go to (the) movies看电影,
get/have……done使得……（被）别人……, take the test later参加补考,
be strict with对某人严格要求, be strict in sth 对某事严格要求，
be good for对……有益, have ……off休息、放假， take the test参加考试,。
be serious about热衷于, have a chance of有机会， take a chance抓住机会。
UNIT 4
1.What would you do if you had a million dollars.如果你有一百万美元，你将干什么？
此句是含有虚拟语气的句子，它表示的是一种不可能实现的假设、愿望、建议想像、猜测或纯粹的空想。也即表示与事实相反的假设。在初中阶段只要求掌握由if引导的条件状语从句和结果状语从句组成的句型所表示的与现在事实或与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的用法。
结构为：（条件从句）If＋主语＋动词过去式，（结果主句）主语＋would＋动词原形。
当条件状语从句的谓语动词是be动词时，均用were。
eg.If I were you,I would call him up.如果我是你，我将给他打电话。（事实上我不是你）
If it were Saturday tomorrow,I would go to see my friends there.
如果明天是星期六，我会去那里看我的朋友。（事实上明天不是星期六）
If you gave him a present,he would be happy.
如果你给他一件礼物，他会很高兴。（事实上你没有给他礼物）
If I were you,I would finish my homework first.如果我是你，我会首先完成我的工作。
If you worked hard,you would pass the exam.
如果你努力学习，你会通过这次考试。（事实上他没有努力学习）
If I were you,I’d ask our teachers for help.如果我是你，我会向老师寻求帮助。
If he had time,he would help us.如果他有时间，他会帮助我们。（事实上他没有时间）
If I had money, I’d buy a lot of roses for you.
如果我有 钱，我会给你买很多的玫瑰花。（事实上我没有钱）
2.What if it rains tomorrow?如果明天下雨怎么办？
What if ＝What would happen if……“如果……怎么办？、即使……又有什么关系？”。这是一个固定搭配，引导带条件从句的疑问句。
eg.What if he doesn’t help us?如果他不帮助我们怎么办？
What if your parents don’t allow you to go with us?
如果你父母亲不允许你和我们一起去怎么办？
What if I don’t know the way to the station? 如果我不认识去车站的路怎么办？
3.I can’t sleep the night before an exam.Then I’m too tired to well.
考试前的晚上我不能入睡，然后我太疲惫而考不好试。
a.too ……to do sth,“太……而不能……”。看似肯定形式，实际上表达否定意思。too后接形容词或副词的原形，to后接动词原形，构成动词不定式。
eg.He was too excited to say a word.他太兴奋了而不能说一句话。
I’m really sorry.But I’m too busy to help you now.
我的确很抱歉，但是我现在太忙而不能帮助你。
b.too……for sb to do sth,“对某人来说太……而不能……。”
eg.The question was too difficult for us to answer.
这个问题对我们来说太难而不能回答。
The box was too heavy for a little boy to carry.
对这个小孩来说这个盒子太重了而搬不动。
The house is too expensive for me to buy. 这座房子对我来说太贵了而买不起。
c.too……to do sth，句型可以与so……that……句型互换。相同点是它们中间都只能接形容词或副词的原形；而不同点是to后接动词不定式，而that后接一个从句（句子）。He was too excited to say a word.=He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
他太生气了而说不出一句话。＝他如此生气以至于说不出一句话。
He is too young to go to school.=He is so young that he can’t go to school.
他太小了而不能去上学＝他如此的年幼以至于不能去上学。
d.too……to do sth ,还可以与not……enough to do sth互换。
eg.He is too young to go to school.=He isn’t old enough to go to school.
他太小了而不能去上学。＝他年龄不是足够大而能去上学。
She was too careless to pass the exams. 她太粗心了而没能通过这次考试。
=He wasn’t careful enough to pass the exams.他不是足够仔细而没能通过这次考试。
5.You would also rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party.你也宁愿呆在家读一本好书而不宁愿去那个聚会。
would rather do sth than do sth,宁愿干……而不愿做……。
eg.They would rather walk there than go there by bus.
他们宁愿步行去也不愿乘公共汽车去那儿。
It’s too hot today.we’d rather go swimming than play soccer.
今天太热了，我们宁愿去游泳也不愿去踢足球。
6.in the slightest,“一点也……、根本……”
eg.He doesn’t know how to answer the question in the slightest.
他根本不知道怎样回答这个问题。
They didn’t have a good time at the party in the slightest.
他们在聚会上玩得一点儿也不高兴。
7.get along/on (well) with “和某人相处融洽”。
eg.Do you get along/on well with your classmates?你和你的通宵相处融洽吗？
He is friendly.He always gets along/on well with his friends.
他很友好。他和他的朋友一直相处都很融洽。
8.You have plenty of friends and you enjoy the company of other people.
plenty of“很多的”既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。一般用于肯定句中。
eg.They have plenty of friends in that city. 他们在那个城市有很多的朋友。
We have plenty of water to drink. 我们有足够的饮用水。
9.He doesn’t want to let his friends down,but he’s terrified of speaking in front of other people. 他不想让他父母亲失望，但是他很害怕在别人面前说话。
let sb down,“让某人失望”。
eg.He never let his parents down. 他从来没有让他的父母亲失望过。
Try your best,and don’t let us down.尽你最大努力，不要让我们失望。
10.It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations.
它提供了在许多不同的情形下如何去做的建议。
give advice,“提建议”；advice是一个不可数名词，所以give sb a piece of advice “给某人提建议”；ask for one’s advice“向某人征求意见”；take one’s advice“接受某人的意见（劝告）。”
eg.This book gives us some advice on how to learn English well.
这本书给我们提供了一些如何学好英语的建议。
Please give some good advice about first-aid(急救)。请你提出一些急救的好建议。
11.by accident,副词短语，“偶然地、无意之中地”。
eg.Last weekend,I met an old friend of mine on the bus by accident.
上周末，我无意中在公共汽车上遇见了我的一个老朋友。
12.短语：be late for干……迟到, what if……？如果……将会怎样？
in the slightest一点也、根本, plenty of很多的、大量的, get along with和某人相处,
let……down让某人失望, come up with提出、想出, get nervious紧张,
in public在公共场所, give a speech作演讲, without permission没有允许,
give advice提建议, ask……for advice向某人寻求建议.
by accident碰巧、偶然地, don’t have to不必, go alone独自去,
UNIT 5
1.—Whose book is this?—It must be Mary’s.Wanda wilbur is her favorite author.
这本书是谁的？一定是玛丽的，Wanda wilbur是她最喜欢的作家。
在英美人士中，他们常常用must,could,might,can’t对事物表示推定和推测。must意为“肯定，必定，必须”，即认定有100%的可能性。因此常被用来指所认定的事情是真实存在的。could和might意为“也许、可能、或许”，事物的真实性一般在20-80%之间，没有十足的把握。而can’t则是对事物的真实性持否定态度，其可能性为0，意为“绝对不可能、肯定不是”。
eg.a.—Whose basketball is this?—It be Jack’s.He doesn’t like it.
b.The tennis racket belong to Miss Liu.She loves playing tennis very much.
c.I can’t find my backpack.I leave it on the playground.
d.This dictionary be Ann’s.It has her name on it.
e.The earrings be a boy’s.
另外，must有“应该、必须、一定”之意，其否定形式为mustn’t，意为“不准，不允许，禁止”。所以must提问作肯定回答仍用must，但作否定回答时，要用needn’t，意为“不必”。
eg.（ ）—Must I take out the trash at once?
— ,You can take it out after you finish your homework.
A.Yes,you must B.No,you mustn’t C.No, you needn’t D.No,you can’t
2.She’s worried(anxious) because of her test.她因为考试而担忧。
be worried about ＝be anxious about, “对……担忧、忧虑”。
They are worried/anxious about the coming soccer ball match.
他们对即将来临的足球比赛而担忧。
because 与because of “因为”的区别： because是一个连词，用来引导原因状语从句（接一个句子）；而because of则是一个介词短语，后面只能接名词、代词或动词的ing形式（接一个词组）。
eg.We have to put off the sports meeting because it is raining.
We have to put off the sports meeting because of the rain.
因为下雨，我们不得不推迟这个运动会。
They were very tired because they had wored for a long time.
他们很累了，因为他们已经工作了很长时间了。
They were very tired because of the long work. 因为长时间的工作，他们很累了。
3.There must be something visiting the house in the neighborhood.
一定有某物拜访了附近的这座房子。
There be sb doing sth.“有某人在干某事”。
eg.There are some boys playing soccer ball on the playground.
有些男孩在操场上踢足球。
There are some birds flying high in the sky. 有些鸟儿在天空中高高地飞翔。
4……these days,strange things are happening in our neighborhood.
……这些日子，奇怪的事情正在这附近发生。
eg.When did the traffic accident happen?这个交通事故发生在什么时候？
She happened to go out when I called her last night.
当我昨晚给她打电话的时候她 碰巧出去了。
If anything happens to you,please let me know. 如果你发生了什么事，请让我知道。
5. 短语：belong to属于, use up用完、用光、耗尽, turn off关掉,
because of因为……, escape from从……逃跑。
UNIT 6
1.I like music that I can dance to.我喜欢可跟随跳舞的音乐。
that I can dance to为定语从句，修饰music。在英语中，用一个句子作定语修饰名词或代词时，这个句子被称作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫引导词。引导词在句中作用有二：一是起引导作用，二是在句中作一定成分。一般情况下，当先行词是人时，用关系代词what引导；当先行词是物时，用关系代词that引导。
a.who用于指人。在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
eg.I love singers who write their own music.
我喜欢自己能作曲的歌手。（who在从句中作主语）。
He is the man who I talked about yesterday.
他就是我昨天谈到的那个人。（who在从句中作宾语）。
b.that在定语从句中可用来指人，也可用来指物。在定语从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。作宾语时，关系代词that可省略，但作主语时则不能省略。
eg.Rose likes music that’s quiet and gentle.
罗莎喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that在从句中作主语）
The flowers that we have planted grow well.我们种的花长得好。（that在从句中作宾语）。
练习题：用who或that完成下列定语从句。
eg.Carmen likes musicians different kinds of music.
I like music is really loud and energetic.
He loves the movies have scary monsters.
The young people plays basketball very well is my brother.
I lost the pen my father bought for my tenth birthday.
2.It does have a few good features though.它的确有一些好的优点。
（1）.句中does为助动词，起加强语气的作用，意为“的确，确实”。
eg.I do know the answer to the question.我的确知道这个问题的答案。
He did go to the movies with his friends last night.他昨晚的确和他的朋友去看电影了。
（2）.a few 与a little , few 与little .
a. a few ,a little “一些”，a few 修饰可数名词复数形式，a little 修饰不可数名词。
eg . I have friends in the city .I often visit them when I am free.
There is bread and milk in the fridge. Let’s have it.
b. few, little “几乎没有” few 修饰可数名词复数形式，little修饰不可数名词，在句中都表示否定。
It’s raining hard outside . There are people in the street now.
I have money with me. I want to borrow some from you.
3.Be sure to see this exhibition at the Lido Gallery.务必去看在Lido美术馆的这次展览。
a.be sure 意为“一定、务必”。be sure to do sth所表示的内容是说话人的一种判断，认为句子的主语“必须、必定会、准会座某事”
eg.He is sure to come back tomorrow. 他明天必定会回来。
b.但be sure to do sth.用于祈使句时，不是表示判断，而是表示对对方的要求，译作“务必要、一定要”。与make sure to do sth.同义。
eg.Be sure to ring me up when you come back. 你回来时一定要给我打电话。
be sure that＋宾语从句，表示主语对宾语从句所涉及的事物所作出的判断，意为“确信某事一定……”。be sure that＋宾语从句，可与be sure to do sth.替换。
eg.I’m sure that he’ll be pleased with your words.=He’s sure to be pleased with your words. 我确信他对你的话会满意。
4.Amy Kim is one of the best known Chinese photographers in the world today.
one of the 形容词最高级＋名词的复数形式，表示“最……之一”的意思。
eg.China is one of the oldest countries in the world. 中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 上海是中国最大的城市之一，
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.黄河是中国最长的河流之一，
Newton is one of the greatest scientists in the world.
牛顿是世界上最伟大的科学家之一。
English is one of the most important subjects in the school.
英语是学校里最重要的一门课程之一。
5.It’s said that more than 10 percent of boys,and 5 percent of girls ,aged 7 to 18 were overweight. 据说七到十八岁中，有百分之十的男孩，百分之五的女孩体重超重。
It’s said that…….“据说……”。
eg.It’s said that he has gone to Hong Kong. 据说他去了。
It’s said that he married a foreign girl. 据说他娶了一个外国女孩。
It’s said that the Greens will move to London.据说格林一家要搬到伦敦去。
6.Whatever you do,don’t miss this exhibition. 你做什么，都不要错过这个展览。
疑问词＋ever＝no matter ＋ 疑问词。
eg.however=no matter how“无论怎样”,
However/No matter how difficult the problem was, he never gave up.
无论这个难题有多难，他从来也不放弃。
wherever=no matter where“无论在哪儿”,
Wherever/No matter where you go,please remember to call me up.
无论你去哪儿，请记得给我打电话。
whatever=no matter what“无论什么”,
Whatever/No matter what you do,you must do/try your best to do it well.
无论你做什么，你都要尽力做好它。
whoever=no matter who“无论谁”,
Whoever/No matter who we meet,we should say hello to him.
无论外面遇见了谁，外面都应该向他问好。
7.I’d like to stay healthy,but to be honest,I only eat food that taste good.
我想要保持健康，但是老实说，我仅仅吃味道好的食物。
stay healthy＝keep fit，“保持健康” to be honest“老实说，说实在的”。
8.I prefer music has great lyrics.我更喜欢有好歌词的音乐。
prefer”更喜欢……”=like better/more.
eg. ( ) Which do you like better,tea or coffee?
A.agree B.enjoy C.prefer D. drink
prefer……to…… “与……相比，更喜欢……”
eg. I prefer coffee to tea.=I like coffee better than tea.和茶相比，我更喜欢咖啡。
prefer to do sth rather than do sth “宁愿干……而不愿干……”。
eg. I prefer to stay at home and watch TV rather than go to see that awful movie.
我宁愿呆在家里看电视也不愿去看那部糟糕的电影。
We prefer to walk there rather than go there by bus.
我们宁愿步行去那儿也不愿乘公共汽车去。
9.remind sb of sb/sth,“提醒、使某人记/想起……”。
eg.This movie reminded him of his mother. 这部电影使他想起了他的母亲。
This photo reminded us of that funny school trip.
这张照片使我们记起了那次有趣的学校旅行。
10.stay away from,“不吃……食物”。
eg.The doctor adviced him to stay away from fattening food.
医生建议他不要吃油腻的食物。
stay away from,还有“不去（某处）、不上（学、班）、不要靠近、走开、避开”等意。
eg.Stay away from me,I’ve got a cold. 不要靠近我，我感冒了。
Why did you stay away from school? 为什么你不上学？
11.短语： prefer……to……和……相比更喜欢……, be sure to do sth一定要……,
make sb happy使得某人高兴, keep fit＝stay healthy保持健康,
to be honest说实在的, take care of照顾、照料, stay away from与……保持距离,
be in agreement意见一致, on display展览、陈列.
UNIT 7
1. —Where would you like to visit? —I’d like to go somewhere relaxing.
－你想去哪儿参观旅游？ －我想去某个休闲的地方。
a. I’d like 是I would like的缩写形式，译作：“我想要……” 。其中would是一个情态动词，变成否定句在would后加not即可；变成一般疑问句则将would提前到句首大写，后门作相应的变化即可。
would like后面可接名词:would like sth ，也可接动词的不定式would like to do sth。
eg. I’d like some ice cream. 我想要一些冰淇淋。
I’d like to buy some ice cream. 我想买一些冰淇淋。
b. would like与want同义，可互换。但would like比want语气更委婉、客气。
eg. —Can I help you? —Yes,please.I want some fruit./ I’d like some fruit.
C. 其疑问句式为：Would you like……？
—Would you like＋名词？—肯定回答：Yes，thanks/please.
—否定回答：No,thank you.
eg. —Would you like some green tea? 你想要一些绿茶吗？
—肯定回答：Yes，thanks/please. 是的，请给我一些。
—否定回答：No,thank you. I’d like only some water. 不，谢谢。我仅仅要点水。
—Would you like＋to do（动词不定式） sth？回答：Yes，I’d love/like to.
eg. —Would you like to go shopping with us? 你想和我们去购物吗？
—Yes，I’d love/like to. 是的，我很乐意。
2.I’d like to trek through the jungles. 我想徒步跋涉穿越丛林。
I’d love to sail across the Pacific. 我想横穿太平洋。
句中across和through都有“穿过”，但across表示“（从事物的表面上）穿过”。而through则是“（从事物的内部）穿过”。
You must be careful when you walk across a busy street. 当你过马路时一定要小心。
He lost his keys.So he had to get into his house through the window.
他把他的钥匙掉了。因此他不得不爬窗进入他的房子。
3.Where would you like to go on vacation,Sam? 山姆，你想去哪儿度假？
go on vacation,“去度假”。go on……“去干某事”。
eg.Thay are going on a picnic next week. 他们下一周要去野餐。
4.I hope to visit Hainan one day. 我希望有一天能参观海南。
a.hope to do sth,“希望干某事”，hope后可接动词不定式作宾语。
eg.I hope to travel aroud the world when I grow up. 我希望我长大了旅行全世界。
b.但是其后不能接双宾语，即不能说hope sb to do sth。
eg.I hope you to help me with my English.(X)
hope 后可接由that引导的宾语从句。在通常情况下that常省略。
eg.I hope（that）you can come to my birthday party tonight.
I hope (that) you can help me with my English.
wish与hope同义，都是“希望”的意思。但它们在用法上有很大的区别：wish后可接双宾语，即wish sb to do sth“希望某人干某事”。而hope则不能接双宾语，只能接动词不定式。
eg.My parents wish me to pass the exams next year.
我的父母亲希望明年我能够通过考试。
My sister wishes me to help her with her English. 我的妹妹希望我能够帮助她学英语。
wish后也可接动词不定式，即wish to do sth“希望干某事”，但它实现的可能性要比hope小。
eg.He wishes to travel to the moon some day. 他总是希望有一天能够去月球旅行。
wish后也可接宾语从句，只是常用虚拟语气（用过去时）表示不可实现的愿望。
eg.I wish everyone of us could pass the exams next year.
我希望明年我们每一个人都能通过考试。
5.I hope to go to France someday. 我希望有一天我能够去法国。
some day“某一天，某个时候”。常用来表示将来的某一天。one day“某一天”，既可以指将来的某一天（＝some day），也可以指过去的某一天。
eg.I met him in Beijing one day last year.我去年的某一天在北京遇见过他。
They will go trekking one day next month.下个月的某一天它们要去旅行。
I think my dream will come true some day.我想我们的梦想会在某一天实现的。
6.I love the place where the people are really friendly. 我喜爱那儿人民很友好的地方。
where the people are really friendly.是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the place。where引导的定语从句用来修饰地点。引导词where在句中起引导作用，同时在定语从句中作地点状语。
eg.This is the school where the old teacher has taught for 30 years.
这就是这位老教师教了30年的学校。
This is the house where they have lived for five year.
这就是他们在里面住了五年的那座房子。
I love the place where the weather is always warm. 我喜欢天气总是很暖和的地方。
7.Why not consider visiting Singapore. 为什么考虑参观新加坡。
a.Why don’t you do sth?“你为什么不……呢？”用来提建议或征求意见。简略形式为：Why not do sth ?“为什么不做……？”
eg.Why don’t you take a vacation with us?=Why not take a vacation with us?
为什么不和我们一起去度假呢？
Why don’t you go to movies tonight?=Why not go to movies tonight?
今晚为什么不去看电影呢？
b.consider doing sth,“考虑干某事”。
eg.We are considering going to Canada on vacation next year.
我们正考虑明年去加拿大度假。
They considered visiting their grandparents this weekend.
他们考虑这周周末去看望他们的祖父母。
8.It’s best to travel with someone who can translate things for you.
It’s better/best to do sth “最好干某事”。it 作形式主语，后面的动词不定式才作真正的主语。
eg.It’ better/best to finish the work today and not to leave it till tomorrow.
最好今天完成这项工作，不要把它拖到明天。
It’s better/best to turn down your music a bit.I’m doing my homework now.
最好把你的音乐关小一点，我在做家庭作业。
translate …into …“把……翻译成……”。
eg.Can you translate English into Chinese? 你能把英语翻译成汉语吗？
9. unless与 if，它们互为反义词，unless“除非、如果不……”=if……not。都用来引导条件状语从句，在引导条件状语从句时，如果主句是将来时，那么从句就只能用一般现在时表示将来。
eg.Unless he invites me,I won’t go to his party.除非他邀请我，我不会去他的聚会。
=If he doesn’t invite me,I won’t go to his party.如果他不邀请我，我不会去他的聚会。
Unless it rains tomorrow,we will go to the park.我们要去公园，除非每天下雨。
=If it doesn’t rain tomorrow,we will go to the park.如果每天不下雨，我们要去公园。
10.Isn’t it supposed to be very hot? 难道不应该热吗？
be supposed to do sth=should do sth,“本应该做……、认为必须做……”表示有某种义务去做某事。
be not supposed to do sth=shouldn’t do sth,“本应该不做……、认为必须不做……”表示有某种义务不去做某事。
eg.We are all supposed to wait in line. 我们应该排队等候。
You aren’t supposed to smoke in the library.你不应该在图书馆吸烟。
You are supposed to be careful when you walk across the busy street.
You aren’t supposed to laugh at others’mistakes.
11.I hope you can provide me with some information about this kind of vacation that you can offer. 我希望你能给我提供一些你公司所能提供的各种旅游信息。
provide sb with sth,“提供某人某物”。
eg.Our parents provide us with food and money.我们的父母给我们提供食物和零用钱。
The sun provide man with light and heat. 太阳给我们提供光和热量。
12.It seems some students would like to start work as soon as possible so that they can help provide better lives for their paarents.似乎有些学生想尽快参加工作，以便于帮助父母亲过上更好的生活。
a.It seems/semmed (that)……“似乎、好像”，后接that引导的宾语从句，（that常省略）。
eg.It seemed that he felt a little worried. 好像他有点担忧。
It seems that it’s going to rain. 好像天要下雨了。
It seems that they will go on vacatio. 好像他们要去度假。
b.as ……as possible=as ……as sb can/could, “尽可能地……”。注意在as……as之间只能用形容词或副词的原形。
eg.You’ll have to speak as much English as possible(you can) to improve your English.你将不得不说尽量多的英语来提高你的英语。
The little girl ran as fast as possible(she could) to her mother when she saw her.
那个小女孩看到她母亲时尽快跑了过去。
You should be as careful as possible(you can) when you walk across the busy street. 当你横穿繁忙的街道时，你应该尽量小心。
We will spend as much time as we can helping you with your English.
我们会尽量花费时间来帮助你学英语。
c.They saved money so that they could go on vacation the next year.
他们存钱以便于明年他们能去度假。
He got up early so that he could catch the bus.他起得早以便于他能赶上公共汽车。
We work very hard so that we can pass the exams next year.
我们努力学习以便于我们明年能通过考试。
13.Some students hope to continue studying after finishing school.
一些学生希望毕业后能继续上学。
continue doing sth=go on doing sth“继续干……”。
eg.Although they were a little tired,they continued (went on) working.
虽然他们有一点累，但是他们继续工作。
14.Quite a few dreams of becoming famous. 相当多的梦想很出名。
quite a few,quite a little.“相当多……”。
eg.Quite a few young people like playing games on line.
相当多的年轻人喜欢在网上玩游戏。
There is quite a little rain here this year. 今年这儿的雨水相当多。
15.短语： take it easy从容、轻松、不紧张, in general一般的、概括的,
provide with给……提供（供给）……, as soon as possible尽快地,
come ture实现达成, go on vacation去度假, consider doing sth考虑干某事,
the captial of……的首都（省会）, It’ best to do sth最好干……,
be supposed to do sth应该做……, continue doing sth继续做……,
dream of梦想……, quite a few/alittle相当多……, on the other hand另一方面.
UNIT 8
1.You could help clean up the city park. 你可以帮助打扫城市公园。
clean up,“清扫、把……打扫干净”。
eg.They had to clean up the sitting-room after the party.
他们不得不在聚会后把客厅打扫干净。
2.You could give out food at a food bank.你可以在食物中心去分发食物。
give out,“分发、发放”
eg.Please give out the apples to your friends. 请把这些苹果发放给你的朋友。
3.I’d like to cheer up the sick kids.
cheer up,“高兴、振作”；cheer sb up＝make sb happier,“使某人高兴/振作”。
eg.They lost the soccer ball match.Let’s cheer them up.
他们输了足球赛。让我们使他们振作起来
4.sick 与ill,都有“生病的”意思，都是形容词。但是sick在句中可作定语（修饰名词），也可作表语（放在be动词之后）；而ill则只能作表语。
eg.He was ill/sick last week,so he didn’t go to school.上周他病了，因此他没去上学。
Let’s cheer up the sick children in the hospital.让我们去让医院里生病的小孩高兴起来。
5.We need to come up with a plan.我们需要想出一个计划。
come up with“想出、提出”=think up ,produce.
eg.In the end,they came up with a good idea.最后，他们想出了一个好主意。
Dan came up with a good way to work out the math problem.
丹想出了解答这道数学题的好方法。
6.We are going to set up a food bank to help hungry people.
我们将要建立一个救济食品发放中心去帮助饥饿的人们。
set up =establish，start.“建立、开办”。
eg.They are going to set up a hospital in the poor mountain village.
他们将在这个贫困的山村建立一座医院。
7.He spends every Saturday morning working in an animal hospital.
他花费每个周六的上午在一家动物医院工作。
a. It takes(took/will take) sb(常用人称代词的宾格形式)some time to do sth.“花费了某人多少时间干某事”。 It作形式主语，后面的动词不定式（to do）作真正的主语。
b. 相同的表达还有： Sb spend/（spent/will spend） some time (in) doing sth.“某人花费多少时间干某事。”
eg. 每天他都要花费半个小时帮助我的英语。
It takes him half an hour to help me with my English every day.
He spends half an hour helping me with my English every day.
8.Not only do I feel good about helping other people,but I get to spend time doing what I love. 帮助别人，不但我自己感到快乐，而且我开始花费时间做我自己喜欢的事。
not only……but(also)……“不仅……而且……”。用来连接两个相同的成分（主语、谓语、宾语、表语）。当连接两个主语时，谓语动词要与离其最近的（后一个）主语。即近邻一致。
eg.Not only I but also he has visited the Great Wall.
不仅是我，而且他也参观了长城。（连接两个主语，谓语动词要与后一个主语he保持一致）。
He can not only speak English well,but also write it well.
他不仅英语说得好，而且写得好。（连接两个谓语）。
He is not only clever,but also hardworking.他不仅聪明，而且很勤奋。（连接两个表语）。
He likes not only skating,but also skiing.他不仅喜欢滑冰，而且喜欢滑雪。（宾语）。
9.Jimmy takes after his mother. 吉米和他的母亲长得很像。
take after“和某人长得很像”。
10.I fix up bicycles and give them away。我修理自行车并且把他们赠送出去。
fix up“修理”，give away“赠送”。
11.Jimmy has run out of money. 吉米已经把他的钱用完了。
run out of“用完、用光、耗尽”。
12.For sure,you have helped make it possible for me to have “Lucky”.
毫无疑问，你曾经提供帮助使我拥有Lucky成为可能。
a.for sure“确实如此、毫无疑问”。
b.it在该句中作为形式宾语。真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式to have Lucky。Iit作形式宾语的句型结构为：主语＋谓语动词＋it＋形容词（for sb）to do sth。
eg.He found it easy to babysit his little sister.他发现照顾他的小妹妹很容易。
We all know it important for us to learn English well.
我们所有的人都知道学好英语对我们来说很重要。
He found it difficult to finish the work without any help.
他发现没有任何帮助完成这项工作很困难。
13.help sb out“摆脱困境、帮助……做事、解决难题”。
eg.My friends often help me out when I am in trouble.
当我有困难时，我的朋友经常帮我解决
14. 短语：clean up打扫干净, cheer up使……振作（高兴）起来, think up想出,
put off推迟、拖延, set up建立、创立、开办, take after与……相象,
give away赠送、分发, put up展示、张贴, hand out分发、发放,
put……to (good) use（好好）利用, come up with想出, give out分发、发放,
help sb out帮助某人摆脱困境, because of因为……, run out of用完、耗尽.
UNIT 9
1.英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语的动作的执行者；而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动词的动作承受者，也就是动作的对象。其结构为：be＋（及物）动词的过去分词。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。
一般现在时的被动语态：be（am/is/are）＋动词的过去分词。
一般过去时的被动语态：be（was/were）＋动词的过去分词。
含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词。
现在完成时的被动语态：have/has＋been＋动词的过去分词。（只要求理解）。
eg.Chinese (speak) by the largest numbers of people in the world.
The lost child (find) by the police last week.
My homework (leave) at home last Monday.
The books (must not take) out of the reading room.
Teenagers (should allow) to make their own decisions.
He (ask) to keep quiet in class.
The photo chips (invent) by mistake.
The child (take) good care of by the nurse.
2.It’s used for scooping really cold ice cream.
a. be used for doing sth. “被用来做……。”
eg.Alarm clocks are used for (wake) people up.
Computers are used for (help) people
b.be used to do sth.“被用来做……。”
eg.Knives are used to cut things.
c.be used to doing sth. “习惯……，习惯做……。”
eg.We have been used to getting up early. 我们已经习惯早起。
We will have to be used to looking after ourseves. 我们将不得不习惯照顾我们自己。
d.used to do sth,“（过去）常常做某事。”
eg. There used to be a lot of fish in the river,but now there aren’t any.
在这条河里过去有许多鱼。而现在没有了。
They used to play together when they were kids.Now they are working in different cities. 当他们年幼时常常在一起玩，而现在他们在不同的城市工作。
3.Shoes with adjustable heels are used for changing the style of the shoes.
with“含有、带有、包括”之意。with引导的短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词shoes。
eg.He lives in a house with a beautiful garden in front of it.
他居住在前面有花园的房子里。
Do you know the singer with funny glasses.你认识那个戴着滑稽眼镜的歌手吗？
4.Do you know photo chips were invented by mistake.你知道炸薯条是被偶然发明的吗
mistake可作名词“错误”。常用短语 by mistake,“错误地”。make mistakes/a mistake“犯错误”。
mistake还可用作动词“弄错，犯错误”。 mistake ……for……“把……误认为……”。
eg.I often mistake him for a famous actor. 我经常把他误认作一位著名演员。
5.Tea was invented by accident.茶是被无意中发明的
by accident“偶尔地、意外地、无意中地”。
eg.I met an old friend of mine on a crowded bus by accident.
我在拥挤的公共汽车上无意中遇见了我的一位老朋友。
He found his lost purse by accident yesterday. 昨天他无意中发现了他丢失的钱包。
6.According to an old Chinese legend…….根据一个古老的中国传说……。
according to“根据……”。是一个介词短语。
eg.According to the forecast,it will be raining these days.
根据天气预报，这些天要下雨。
We will be paid according to the work we do.我们将根据我们的工作情况被付给报酬。
7.It was invented in the 1950s.
in the 1950s 读着：in the nineteen fifties“在20世纪50年代”。
8.It’s played by more than 100 million people in over 200 countries including China.
它被包括中国在内的200多国家的十亿多人玩耍（打篮球）。
eg.Edison invented more than 1000 inventions including light bulb.
爱迪生发明了包括电灯在内的1000多项发明。
9.短语：be used for被用作……, by mistake错误地, by accident偶然地、碰巧地,
fall into落入、陷入, knock into撞上某人, be invented by被……发明,
in the 1950s在20世纪50年代. in this way这样、用这种方式
UNIT 10
1.When I got to school,I realized that I left my backpack at home.
当我到学校时，我意识到我把我的背包落在家里了。
forget与leave都有“忘记”的意思。forget sth“忘记带某物”。leave sth＋地点状语“把某物落在某地了”，即leave后要接一个地点状语。
eg.On my way to school, I left my umbrella on the bus this morning。
今天早晨在我上学路上，我把我的雨伞落在公共汽车上了。
Mary forgot her English book.玛丽忘记了他的英语书。
2.By the time I got outside,the bus had already gone.
当我出去的时候，公共汽车已经离开了。
By the time she got to school,she realized that she had left her backpack at home.当她到学校的时候，她意识到他把她的背包落在家里了
这两句话都用了过去完成时。其结构为：助动词had＋动词的过去分词形式。
肯定句式：主语＋had＋动词的过去分词＋其他。
否定句式：主语＋hadn’t（had not）＋其他。
一般疑问句式：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？
回答：（肯定回答）Yes，sb had。（否定回答）No，sb hadn’t。
用法：（1）、表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。常与by和before引导的时间状语连用。
eg.By the end of last month, I (get) five letters from my friends,David.
Before five o’clock this afternoon,they (come) back home.
还可以与when、before或by the time引导的时间状语从句连用。
eg.When we got to the airport,the plane (take) off.
By the time I got to the bus stop,the bus (leave).
By the time it began to rain,I realized I (leave) my umbrella at home.
Before the police arrived,the robbers (run) away.
如果主句是过去时，从句的谓语动词在主句之前已经完成，也要用过去完成时。
eg.He said he (visit) the zoo many times before.
They told me they (win)the soccer ball match.
（2）、过去完成时还可以用来表示从过去的某一时间开始，持续到过去的另一时间，常与for和since连用，而谓语动词常用延续性动词。
eg.Before I met him,he had lived in the city for 2 years.
在我遇见他之前，他已经在这座城市住了两年时间了。
When I got to the cinema,the movie had been on for half an hour.
当我到达电影院时，电影已经开始半个小时了。
3.Wells was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story.
威尔斯如此让人信任，以致于成千上万的相信了这个故事。
a.so……that……“如此……以致于……”。用来引导一个结果状语从句。（即：that后要接一个句子）。
eg.He was so careless that he made quite a few mistakes in the exam.
他如此不仔细，以至于他在考试中出了相当多的错误。
He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他如此激动以至于他不能说一句话。
b.too……to……“太……而不能……”，形式上是肯定，但是表示否定意思。to后接一个动词。
eg.He was too excited to say a word. 他太激动了而不能说一句话。
c.so……that……，too……to……可与not……形容词、副词＋enoughto do sth替换。
eg. Our uncle was too busy to help us. 我们的叔叔太忙而不能帮助我们。
Our uncle was so busy that he couldn’t help us.
我们的叔叔如此的忙以至于他不能帮助我们
Our uncle wasn’t free enough to help us. 我们的叔叔不是足够空闲来帮助我们。
Tom ran so slowly that he couldn’t catch the school bus.
汤姆跑得如此慢以致于他没能赶上校车。
Tom ran too slowly to catch the school bus. 汤姆跑得太慢而没能赶上校车。
Tom didn’t run fast enough to catch the school bus.
汤姆跑得不是足够地快而没能赶上校车。
4.Why buy CDs?You can listen to radio for free.
为什么你要买CD?你可以免费听收音机。
for free.“免费的”。
eg.If you are a student in the school,you can take the school bus for free.
如果你是这个学校的学生，你可以免乘坐学校的公共汽车。
Why do sth?“为什么要做某事？”。含有责备之意。
eg.Why play computergames all night?You should go to bed at once.
为什么要整夜玩电脑，你应该立刻去睡觉了。
Why not do sth? “为什么你不……？”用来征求对方意见或用来提出建议。其完整形式为：Why don’t sb（you） do sth?“为什么你不……？”
eg.You have worked for a whole day.Why not stop to have a rest?
你已经工作一整天了，为什么不停下来休息一下呢？
5.短语：by the time到……时候, go off（闹钟）闹响, break down损坏、坏掉,
show up出席、露面,set off激起、引起, get married to sb和某人结婚,
take a shower洗澡, so……that……如此……以至于……, take a ride搭便车,
give sb a ride让某人搭便车, run off跑掉、迅速离开, no more不再…….
UNIT 11
1.Excuse me.Could you please tell me where I can get a dictionary?
对不起，你能告诉我在哪儿能买到字典。
Excuse me.Do you know where I can buy shampoo?
对不起，你知道在哪儿能买到洗发水。
这两句都是由关系词（疑问词）引导的宾语从句，目的是为了使提问更有礼貌。由关系词引导的宾语从句，其语序只能用陈述语序。
即：主句＋关系词（引导词）＋主语＋谓语动词＋其他。
eg. ( )Could you tell me ?
A.how I can get to the post office. B.how get to the post office.
C.how I can get to the post office. D.I can how get to the post office.
( )I want to know .
A.how long can I keep the library book. B.I can keep the library book how long.
C.how long I can keep the library book. D.how long I can borrow the library book.
2.The drugstore is between the funiture and the bookstore.
这个药店在家俱店和书店之间。
eg.I want to watch the soccer ball match Japan and China.
我想看日本队和中国队之间的那场足球比赛。
The old man is sitting among the children telling stories.
这个老年人坐在孩子们中间给他们讲故事。
( ) I can’t find my friend so many people in the bookstore.
A. besides B. except C. between D. among
3.I prefer being outside.我更喜欢到外面去。
prefer……to……“与……相比更喜欢……。”与like……better than……同义。
eg.I prefer tea to coffee.=I like tea better than coffee. 和咖啡相比我更喜欢茶。
Which do you prefer,tea with milk or tea without milk?
你更喜欢哪种牛奶，含糖的还是不含糖的。
prefer doing sth to doing sth.“与干……相比更喜欢做……。”
eg.I prefer swimming to skating.和滑冰相比我更喜欢游泳。
He prefers playing chess to watching the awful TV play.
和看那部糟糕的电视剧相比他宁愿下象棋。
4.I go to mall because my friends hang out there.
我去购物中心因为我的朋友常在那儿闲逛。
hang out “闲逛，闲荡”。
eg.Where do you usually hang out with your friends on weekends?
你周末经常和你的朋友去哪儿闲逛。
5.Go out the front door and take a right ,walk about three blo
问路的常用语：
a.Excuse me.Is there a/an……near here,please? 请问这附近有一个……吗？
b.Excuse me.Where is the post office,please? 请问邮局在哪儿？
c.Excuse me.Which is the way to……,please? 请问哪一条路是到……的？
Excuse me.Could you tell me the way to……,please? 你能告诉我到……的路吗？
d.Excuse me.How can I get to ……,please? 请问我怎样到达……？
Excuse me.Could you please tell me how to get to……,please?
你能告诉我怎样到达……吗？
指路的常用语：
a.It’s over there and not far away from here. 它就在那儿，并且离这儿不远。
b.It’s about ……minutes’ walk/ride/drive.大约……分钟的步行/骑车/开车路程。
c.It’s in front of/behind/next to/near/on the right(left)/on the other side of the street.它在……的前面/在后面/靠近/在附近/在左(右)边/在街道的另一边。
d.Walk/Go down the street/road,then turn left/right.沿着这条路走，然后向左/右转。
e.Turn right/left at the second turning/crossing.在第二个十字路口/转弯处向左/右转。
f.Walk on and turn right/left.You’ll see……on your right/left.
继续走并且向左/右转。你将看到……在你的左/右边。
g.Go on until you reach the end.继续走直到你到达末尾。
6.短语：hang out闲荡、闲逛, dress up盛装打扮、装饰, hand in上交,
depend on依靠……, in order to为了……, be/become better at在……更擅长,
any other+可数名词 其他任何.
UNIT 12
1. —In your country,what are you supposed to do when you meet someone for the first time? 在你们国家，第一次遇见某个人应该干什么？
—You are supposed to shake hands.你应该握手。
be supposed to do sth“被期望或被要求（按规则、惯例等）做某事，应该干某事。”与情态动词should同义.
eg.You aren’t supposed to play soccer ball in the street. 你不应该在街上踢足球。
I was supposed to arrive there at 7,but I was late.我本应该在七点钟到，但我迟到了。
They were supposed to be here half an our ago. 他们本应该半个小时前就到这儿了。
2.We are the land of watches after all.我们毕竟还是钟表的土地。
after all.“毕竟”。
eg.Don’t play computer games,after all you are only a student.
不要玩电脑游戏，你毕竟还是应该学生。
at all“根本不……”，常与not构成not ……at all“根本不……，一点也不……”。
eg.He doesn’t play computer games in his free time at all.
在他的业余时间他根本不玩电脑游戏。
3.We never visit a friend without calling first.我们从来不会先不打招呼而去拜访朋友。
without .“无、没有”，是一个介词。后可接名词、代词或动名词。与介词with意思相反。
eg.He left angrily without saying a word. 他没说一句话就生气地离开了。
4.But now I’m used to it. 但是现在我必须习惯它。
be used to“习惯做某事”。
eg.I do the dishes every day.Now I’m used to it. 我每天都洗碗，现在我已经习惯了。
The old men have been used to swimming in winter.So they are very healthy.
这些老年人已经习惯冬泳了。因此他们很健康。
5.短语：shake hands握手, drop by访问、拜访, learn……by oneslf自学……,
make noise发出噪音, table manners餐桌礼仪, after all毕竟,
be/get used to习惯于……, pick up捡起、拾起, be supposed to do sth应该做……, be relaxed about对……感到轻松, go out of their way特别、专门、作出特别努力, not……any more/anymore不再.
UNIT 13
1.The soft music makes Amy relaxed. 轻柔的音乐使得艾咪很放松。
Sth make sb+adj(形容词)。意为“某物使某人……”。
eg.The good news made them happy. 这个好消息使得他们很高兴。
What made you sad(happy,tense,angry,stressed out,sleepy……)？
什么使你难过（高兴、紧张、生气、有压力、想睡觉……）？
make是应该使役动词，其后要接动词原形作宾语补足语。即make sb do sth“使得某人干某事”。
eg.The boss makes the workers work 16 hours a day.
这个老板使得这些工人每天工作16个小时。
His father made him stay at home last night. 他的父亲昨晚叫他呆在家。
2.How do you feel about pollution?
feel是一个连系动词，“感觉到、感受到、……”后常接形容词作表语。
eg.feel cold/hungry/comfortable/sad/happy……“感到冷、饿、舒服、难过、快乐……”。
在英语中，常见的连系动词还有：look“看起来”,smell“闻起来”,taste“尝起来”,sound“听起来”,feel“感觉……”,become“变得、成为”,turn“变成”,get“变成”.
eg.You look worried today.What’s the matter? 你今天看起来很担忧。你怎么啦？
The kind of tofu smells terrible,but it tastes good. 这种豆腐闻起来臭，而吃起来香。
--Let’s play volleyball this afternoon.—That sounds interesting.
让我们今天下午打排球。 那听起来很有趣
Yesterday he was ill.He felt terrible. 昨天他病了。他感觉很糟糕。
Now I am becoming more interested in English. 现在我对英语更感兴趣。
When spring comes,the trees turn green. 当春天来了，树木都变绿了。
Yesterday he didn’t finished his homework,so his teacher got angry.
昨天他没有完成他的家庭作业，因此他的老师生气了。
3.短语：to be honest“说实在的、老实说”，prefer to do sth“更愿干……”，some……,others……“一些……，其他的……”，for instance＝for example“例如”.
Ffeel embarrassed “g
UNIT 14
1.Have you fed the cat yet? 你喂过猫了吗？
此句是现在完成时的一般疑问句。现在完成时的用法特点：1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响，可与already （已经），yet （还、未），just （刚刚），ever （曾经），never （从未、从不）等词连用。（被称作现在完成时的标志词）。其中already“已经”常放在肯定句中，而yet常放在否定句或一般疑问句中。
Have you turned off the radio yet? 你把收音机关了吗？
I’ve already done most of my jobs. 我已经做完了我大部分的工作。
He hasn’t watered the plants yet. 他还没有给这些植物浇完水。
2.—Have they been on TV yet?—Yes,they’ve been on TV many times.
现在完成时还可以用来表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一般时间状语连用。即for和since一定的时间状语连用。而谓语动词常用延续性动词。
go/leave —– be away,die —– be dead,come/go —– be in/at,buy —– have,
join —– be in/be a member of,start/begin —– be on,finish —– be over,
get to/arrive in(at)/reach —– be in/at.
eg.They have been away from their hometown for many years.
他们离开他们的家乡很多年了。
His grandfather has been dead for around 2 years. 他的祖父已经去世两年左右了。
His uncle has been in the city since he came here.
他的叔叔自从来到这儿就一直住在这个城市。
How long have you had your car? 你买你的小汽车多久了？
His brother has been in /been a member of the army for 3 years.
他的哥哥已经参军三年了。
The movie has been on for about half an hour. 这部电影已经放映大约半个小时了。
The meeting has been over for 5 minutes. 这个会议已经结束五分钟了。
They have been in Shanghai for two weeks. 他们已经到上海两周时间了。
3. Thanks to In Search og Roots,……多亏了“寻根”，……。
a.thanks to“多亏了、幸亏”。与because of同义。Thanks to后接名词。在句中作状语表示原因常位于句首或句末。Tthanks to常有“感谢”的感情色彩，表示由于某种原因才有了某种好的结果。相比之下，because of无感情色彩，往往只表示原因。
eg.Thanks to the doctor,the boy was saved. 幸亏这位医生，这个男孩得救了。
We were successful thanks to your help. 由于（多亏了）你的帮助，我们成功了。
Thanks to the good weather,the farmers got good harvest this year.
多亏了好天气，农民今年又获得了好的收成。
We can’t go out to play soccer because of the terrible weather.
因为糟糕的天气我们不能到外面去踢足球。
b.thanks for sth./doing sth.是一个客套用语，意为“因某事或某人做了某事而感谢”。thanks可改为thank you。
eg.Thanks for inviting me to your party. 谢谢你邀请我参加你的聚会。
Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮助我学英语。
3.I’m looking forward to find out more about my roots during my time here.
我在这儿的这些时间，我期望我能发现更多的关于我的根的信息。
look forward to作“盼望、期望”解，常用于表示愉快或满足的心情，期望或向往某事，
eg.Every child is looking forward to the Spring Festival. 每个小孩都盼望着春节。
We are looking forward to seeing each other soon. 我们都盼望着快点见面
注意：look forward to中to为介词，故接动词时应使用动名词
4.短语：so far“到目前为止”, thousands of“成千上万的”,
thanks to“多亏……，幸亏……”,look forward to“盼望、期望”。
UNIT 15
1.We are trying to save the manatees.我们正在尽力挽救海牛。
try to do sth“尽力（设法、尝试）做某事”。
eg.Don’t try to swim across the river.别打算游过那条河。
They tried to help me with my English. 他们努力帮助我学英语
try on 试穿（衣服） ：穿上（衣服）以检验其是否合身。
eg. ( )—May I this T-shirt?—sure,the dressing room is over there.
A.dress up B.find out C.put off D.try on
2.I am writing to say that I am against building a new zoo in our town.
我写信想说我反对在我们城里建一个新的动物园。
be against “反对……”。后了接名词，也可接动名词（doing）。
eg.We are all against the plan. 我们都反对这个计划。
They were against going abroad on vacation. 他们反对到国外去度假。
3.I’ve visited a lot of zoos in my life. 在我一生中我参观了许多动物园。
in one’s life/lives“在某人的一生中”。
eg.The old man has lived in the mountain village in his life and never go out of the mountains. 这个老年人一生都住在这个山村里并且从未走出过大山。
They haven’t heard of such strange things in their lives.
他们一生中从未听说过如此奇怪的事情。
4.I’ve never seen one I like or one that was suitable for animals to live in.
我从未见到过我喜欢或是适合动物生存的动物园。
be suitable for“适合于，适应于”。
eg.These story-books are suitable for children to read. 这些故事书适合小孩阅读。
This kind of food isn’t suitable for patients. 这种食物不适合病人食用。
5.among／between
这两个介词都有“在……之间”的意思。between常用于两者之间；among一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时，仍然要用between。
eg.The girl walked between her father and mother．这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。
She is the tallest among her classmates．她在她同学之间是最高的。
Switzerland lies between France，Italy，Austria and Germany．
瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。
6.be made from与be made of 都有“由……制成”。
be made of表示由成品能看出原材料,也就是物理变化.
eg.The table is made of wood. 桌子是由木头制成的。
be made from则表示由成品看不出原材料.也就是化学变化.
eg.Paper is made from wood. 纸是由木头制成的。
7.a.hear about “听说，接到消息”。
eg.It is great to hear about your recent promotion.听说你近来得到了提升，这好极了。
b.hear from sb = get/receive a letter from sb “收到某人的来信”。
eg.I am looking foward to hearing from you.我盼望着收到你的来信。
c.hear of “听说（已经）”。
eg.Have you ever hear of this matter? 你曾经听说过这件事吗？
hear of 后的宾语更加具体
8.have to 与must的区别：
must说话人的主观意图和要求，没有时态、人称、数量的变化；have to由于外部环境、情况、习惯等客观需要“不得不、必须”有时态、人称、数量的变化。
eg.I must take him to hospital to see the doctor.（主观意愿）
You must treat him as your brother.（要求）
My mother is ill, so I have to stay at home and take care of her.
He has to stay up late because he will take an exam next week.
9.arrive,reach与get 它们都有“到达……”的意思。reach 是及物动词，后边直接跟宾语，而且后边必须有宾语；arrive和get都是不及物动词，后面接宾语时要用介词。arrive at“到达（小地方）”arrive in“到达（大地方）”，get to“到达……”。
eg.When will he reach Dalian? ＝When will he arrive in Dalian ?
＝When will he get to Dalian? 他将什么时候到达大连？
而当它们后面接副词（home、there、here）时，这些动词后都不用介词。
eg.She gets home early.= She reaches home early.
= She arrives home early. 她很早就到家了
如果没有宾语时，就只能用get或arrive来表达这个意思。
eg.I will phone you if she arrives. 如果她到了我会打电话。
10.so many 与so much 的区别：它们的意思为“如此多的……”。
so many形容可数名词复数，so much修饰不可数名词。
eg.There are so many cars. 这里有这么多汽车。（car可数。）
You shouldn't spend so much money. 你不该花这么多钱。（money不可数。）
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