
翻译的考核目标 —— 考察学生综合运用英语语法,词汇和句型进行遣词造句的能力。
解题步骤
读懂所给中文句子,分析句子信息,明确意思
判断句型和结构
使用所给提示词
翻译
检查
Ỉ 翻译和词汇的关系
1.动词,所以动词的搭配以及动词的一词多义是记忆和梳理的重点。动词之后的搭配有的是动宾,有的是动+双宾,还有的是动+宾+宾补,动+表语。使用时注意以下几点
动词单复数与主语一致; 2)动词是及物还是不及物;3)及物动词后的动名搭配;4)动词与形容词介词副词的搭配
1.宾语不同,意义也不同
英语中有些动词可同时后接不定式和动名词作宾语,但意义不同。它们是高考试题的考查重点。这类词主 要有:
go on doing(继续干同一件事) go on to do(接着去干另一件事)
stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事) stop to do sth.(停下来去干某事)
regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相当于be sorry to do)
forget/remember doing(忘记/记得已做过的事) forget/remember to do(忘记/记得要干的事)
mean doing(意味着干…) mean to do(想干…)try doing(尝试做) try to do(设法做)
2.宾语不同、语态不同,意义却相同
有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式),可接动名词(要用主动形式表被动意义),可与worth,worthy一并记忆。两种形式意义相同。如:This sentence needs______________. A.an improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved
3.只接不定式作宾语的词和词组
只接不定式作宾语的词和词组有:
decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,happen,seem,make up one's mind,used,be about,be able,have等。如:She pretended_______me when I passed by. A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen
4.只接动名词作宾语的词和词组
只接动名词作宾语的词和词组:
mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,escape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,delay,finish,feel like,look forward to,can't help,keep(on),miss,be usedto,excuse,be worth,imagine ,put off,give up等。如:
I would appreciate_________back this afternoon.A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.you are calling
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed______.A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch
5.系动词
系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语,这类词有:
表感观的系动词:look,sound,taste,smell,feel,seem,appear(这些词用形容词作表语)
表变化的系动词:become,get,grow, go, turn(该词后接的单数名词前多不用冠词)
表依旧的系动词:remain,keep,stay
可带名词作表语的系动词:be,become,prove,remain
6.含"被动"意味的动词
有些动词,如sell,close,wash,burn,measure,cut,read, write,tear,wear,let(出租)等,它们的主语是事物,且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态,与行为方式状语连 用时,要用主动形式表被动意义:
"Is this raincoat yours?""No,mine____________there behind the door."A.is hanging B.has hung C.hangs D.hung
7.具有两种形式的易混动词
中学英语教材中有些不规则动词有两种过去式或两种过去分词形式,使用或考测时极易弄混。如:
hang,hanged,hanged(绞死)hang,hung,hung(挂起)light,lit,lit(点燃,作谓语)light,lighted,lighted(过去分词作形容词用时,意谓"燃烧着的",作定语)drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,饮;过去分词作形容词同时,意谓"醉的",drunk多作表语,drunke n多作定语)sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;过去分词sunken作形容词用时,作定语) lie(撒谎), lied, lied, lying; lie(躺,卧,位于),lay, lain, lying
如:Do you know the boy___________under the big tree? A.lay B.lain C.laying D.lying
2.重视名词拼写和抽象名词的搭配 如:
特长 strong points 电子产品 electronic products 自然灾害 natural disasters/a….
消防战士 fire fighters 语言实验室 the language lab 医护人员 doctors and medical workers
拉 窗帘 draw (the) curtain 调查结论 the conclusion of the investigation 公众 the public
3.注意抽象名词和动、介词等搭配 如:
do good to 对。。有益处 have an appointment with 与。。约会 on one’s own 地
in good condition 状态良好 pay attention to 注意 protect the environment保护环境
overcome the difficulty 客服困难 lose heart丧失信心 in memory of 为纪念。。
carry out the rescue实施援救 at first sight 乍一看 draw a conclusion得出结论
4.与形容词副词也得注意搭配
as soon as possible 尽快 be good for对。。有益处 be popular with 受。。欢迎
sell well 卖的不错 be sure to do 必然会做。。 be busy with sth./(in) doing sth.忙于做。。
keep sb. awake让。。保持清醒
习惯用语与固定搭配
a few一些,少量 a kind of一种,一类 a little一点,少许a lot of (=lots of)许多,大量
a pair of一双,一副a piece of 一块,一张,一片according to按照,根据after class课后
agree to do sth.同意做某事agree with sb.同意某人的看法,与某人看法一致all kinds of各种各样的
all right行了,好吧and so on等等arrive at (in) place到达某地as soon as一……就……
as…as像,如同at home在家at last最后,终于at once立刻,马上at school在学校,在上课
at the same time同时at work在工作be able to do sth.能够(有能力)做某事be afraid of害怕
be angry with生某人的气be born 出生be busy doing sth.忙于做某事be busy with sth. 忙于做某事
be different from与……不同be full of充满……的be good at擅长……, ……学得好
be interested in对……感兴趣be late for迟到be like像both…and两个都,既……又……
by air(bus, train, ship, car, plane)乘飞机(公共汽车,火车,轮船,小车,飞机)
by the way顺便说catch a cold得感冒catch up with赶上(或超过)change into转换成,把…变成
come back回来come from出生于,来自come in进入,进来come on来吧,赶快come true变为现实
cut down砍倒day and night日日夜夜do (one’s) homework做家庭作业do one’s best尽最大的努力
do some cleaning (cooking, shopping…)做扫除(做饭,买东西)each other相互either…or或者……或者
enjoy oneself过得愉快fall asleep入睡fall ill患病,病倒far away遥远的far from远离feel like doing想要……感觉要……
fill…with用……填充fill in填充find out查明,发现,了解first of all首先for example例如from…to
from now on从今以后,今后get back返回,回来,回家get off下车get on上车get on (along) with与相处
get ready for为……准备好get up起床give up放弃go back回去go fishing (shopping, skating…)(去)钓鱼(买东西,滑冰)
go home回家go on继续go to bed睡觉go to school上学go to sleep睡着,入睡grow up长大成人,成长
had better (do)最好(做)half an hour半小时hand in上交have a cold患感冒have a good time玩得高兴愉快
have a meeting (match, rest, swim, talk, walk…)开会(比赛,休息,游泳,谈话,散步)
have breakfast (lunch, supper, some medicine…)吃早餐(午餐,晚餐,服药)have classes (lessons)上课
have sports进行体育活动have to不得不,必须hear from收到……的来信hear of听说
help oneself to请随便吃点help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事hold a meeting开会hold on等一等(别挂电话)
hundreds of几百,成百上千hurry up赶快,快点in a hurry匆忙,很快地in front of在……前面
in the end最后,终于in the middle of在……中间in time及时,来得及instead of代替,而不是
join in参加,加入just now现在,刚才keep doing sth.继续做某事keep on继续(进行)
knock at (on)敲laugh at 嘲笑less than不到,少于listen to听…….(讲话)look after照顾,照料
look at看,观看look for寻找look out留神,当心look up查找make a face (faces)做鬼脸,做苦脸
make a mistake犯错误make (be) friends with与……交朋友make up one’s mind下决心
neither…nor既不……也不……next to紧接着,相邻no longer(not any longer)不再not …until直到……才
not any more (=no more)不再not at all一点也不,不用谢,别客气not only…but also不仅……而且……
not so… as不像,不如of course当然on the radio通过收音机on foot步行,走路on one’s way在.…..的途中
on time准时,按时out of在……外,从……里头pay for付款pick up拾起,捡起put on穿,戴上,上演
put off推迟rather than而不,非right now立即,马上ring up打电话给run away逃跑,跑开
save one’s life挽救某人生命send up发出,射出so far到目前为止so…that太…以至于..spend…on在花钱
stop doing sth.停止做某事stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事stop to do. sth.停下来做某事
such as例如take a rest (walk)休息,散步take a seat就座,坐下take off脱下,起飞take out取出
take part in参加take place发生take the train (a boat…)坐火车(船……)talk about谈论,议论
the day after tomorrow后天the day before yesterday前天the more…the more越……就越……
the other(s)另一个(其它的)think about考虑(是否去做)think of想起,考虑thousands of成千上万
too…to太……以至于不…try on试穿,试试看turn down关小,调低turn off关掉(水、电、电视、收音机等)
turn on打开(水、电、电视、收音机、灯、煤气等)used to sth.习惯于used to do sth.过去常常
wait for等候,等待wake up 醒来work out 算出,解决worry about 担心, 烦恼write down写下,记下
write to 写信给…..
∏ 翻译中时态和语态的把握
一、时态
1.所给汉语句中如有明确的时间状语,可以作为时态判断的依据;
如: 当时,那位出租车司机别无选择,只能求助于游客。(choice)
At that time the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourist / traveler (for help).
在过去几年里,这家工厂用塑料代替木头来降低成本。 (substitute)
In the past few years, this factory has substituted plastic for wood in order to reduce the cost.
2. 有些汉语句中没有明确时间状语,但是可以从句子结构,特别是括号内所给的连接词来判断动词时态。
请尽早作出决定,不然你会错失良机 (or)
Please make your decision quickly, or you will miss the good chance.
如果队员们不加强配合,我校篮球队就不可能在决赛中战胜对手。(unless)
Our school basketball team will not beat the opponents in the final match / final(s) unless the team members strengthen their cooperation / cooperate well with each other.
3. 描述客观现象,表达观点或愿望,得出结论的句子大都用表示现在的各种时态。
小组讨论有助于更好的理解课文。 (help)
Group discussion helps to understand the text better.
我希望尽快收到你的照片。
I hope that I can receive your photos as soon as possible.
4 如果译文是复合句,要注意主从时态一致
物理课上他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。 (fail)
In the physics class, he failed to understand what Professor Wang was talking about.
听到2008年奥运会在北京举办的消息是,人们欣喜若狂。
People wild with joy / overjoyed at the news that the Olympic Games would be held in Beijing in 2008.
5. 翻译中有些动词要根据具体情况选用相应时态,有些时候一般现在时和一般过去式皆可以。
不管天有多晚,他从不把今天的事拖到明天(put off)
However late it is, he never puts off what must be done today till tomorrow.
or: However late it was, he never put off what he could do the day till the next day.
二、 翻译中的语态
有些所给汉语中没有明确的“被 ”,但翻译中宜用被动。比如不强调动词的实施者。
i.e. 应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识运用到实践中去。(encourage)
Students should be encourage to apply what they have learned in class to practice.
2. 有些主动被动都可以。
在大城市迷路没有关系,会给你指路的。
It doesn’t matter if you lose your way / get lost in a big city, for a policeman will show you the way.
人们相信好书如益友 (equal) It’s believed that/ People believe that a good book is equal to a good friend.
3. 注意非谓语以及其他特殊的用法比如easy 和difficult 用法
他这人很容易相处。He is very easy to get along with.
你这样穿着很容易感冒。You will easily catch a cold if you are dressed like this.
4. 有些主语是人,但译成英语注意用法。
i.e. 如果方便的话,请帮我从邮局取回包裹。(convenient)
If it is convenient to you, please fetch the parcel for me from the post office.
三 直译和意译
1 直译和意译没有明确界限,往往是一句汉语整体可以直译,但局部(特别是成语和俗语)却要通过意译。
i.e. 请尽早做出决定,不然你会坐失良机。(miss)
2 注意逻辑主语的变化。
那个国家又发生地震了。 Another earthquake broke out in that country.
要注意的随词汇改变语序的词还有take place, happen, appear, exist, occur, spring up
你不可能完成任务。 It is impossible for you to complete the task alone.
( 类似用it形式主语或宾语的形容词还有convenient, necessary, essential, important 等)
3 适当加和减词
我爸爸是老师,在重点中学教书。My father is a teacher and teaches in a middle school.
每天早晨妈妈是全家第一个起床的人。Every morning Mum is the first to get up in the family.
他的包被抢了He was robbed of his bag.
他抓住了小偷的胳膊。He held the thief by the arm.
他虽然退休了,但仍然关心着公司的业务。Though he has retired, he still cares about the company’s business.
3. 语序的变化
所有出席会议的人都拿到一张电影票。
All those present at the meeting got a film ticket.
我认为你找不到你的自行车了。
I don’ t think you can find your bicycle. I think/believe/suppose ‘
你认为我该去哪里买药?
Where do you think I should go to buy the me cine?
他越说越激动
The more he said, the more excited he became.
我们就是在那家餐厅认识的。(It was…that)
It was in that restaurant that we got to know each other.
4. 词性的合理变化
这家超市能买到各种床上用品。Bed clothes of all kinds are available at this supermarket. (adj.)
每年都有很多物种灭绝Every year many species of animals become extinct(adj.)
那本小说很值得一看。That novel is well worth reading. (prep.)
我们都非常赞成你的提议。We are all in favor of ‘your proposal. (prep.)
他强烈反对周末加班。He is strongly against working extra time at the we work at weekends. (adv.)
因为缺钱,他不得不推迟度假。Because of lack (n.)of money, he had to put off his vacation.
学生不能进教师阅览室。Students have no access to the teachers’ reading room. (n.)
Ш 翻译和句型的关系
一 基本句式和句子成分
句子的种类:陈述句,疑问句,祈使句和感叹句 。翻译中最常见的当然是陈述句以及正常的肯定句语序
简单句的句子成分 Grammar 分析句子成分 英文基本句式
主谓结构 ( 主语 + 不及物动词 )主谓宾结构 (主语 + 及物动词 +宾语 )
主系表结构 (主语 + 系动词 +主语补语 )双宾语结构 (主语 + 双宾动词 +间接宾语 +直接宾语 )复合宾语结构 (主语 + 宾补动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 )
二 复合句的翻译要注意连词,关系代词和关系副词的正确使用,从从句性质上区分好定语,状语以及宾语从句是关键,请看以下例子
只要专心学习,你一定能够顺利通过考试
So long as/If you concentrate on your studies, you’ll succeed in passing the examinations.
她挥舞着手,像疯了似地She waved her hands as if she were mad.
你爱坐哪里坐哪里 You can sit where you like.
一进来,我们就都站了起来
We all stood up as soon as/the moment the chairman entered.
天那么黑,我们看不清彼此的脸了 It was so dark that we couldn’t se e each other’s faces.
这张照片使我想起了我们在夏令营里度过的日子
This photo reminds me of the days (that) we spent in the summer camp.
你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。
You should apologize to the people present for what you have just done.
三 强调句
他就是在那座教堂里面结婚的 (It...)It was in that church that he got married.
他到底是什么时候犯罪的?When was it that he committed a crime?
四 其他特殊句式.
(1) The more ..., the more 书读得越多,就对你越有好处。
The more books you read, the more good it will do you.
(2) there be 句式 阅读时你不必碰到生词就查字典。
There is no need for you to look up every new word you come across while reading.
(3)祈使句+and…
再试一下,你很有可能就成功了。
One more try, and you will be likely to succeed.
(4) would rather 我宁可在家看报纸和杂志,也不愿去电影院看这么可怕的电影。 I (would rather) I would rather stay at home magazines than go to the cinema to see such a ten film.
(5) 形式主语宾语it
众所周知,吸烟会导致多种疾病 (cause) It is known to all that smoking can cause many eases.
保护环境是每个公民的职责 (It...)It is the duty of every citizen to protect our environment.
我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会。
(occur) It never occurred to me that Tom would be made chairman of the Students’ Union.
那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描述出它的美丽。(It...)
It’s very hard for those who haven’t been to the village to describe its beauty.
我发现很难与那些一贯固执己见的人合作
(...it...) I find it (is) hard to cooperate with those who a] stick to their own opinions.
(6)简单的非谓语结构
充分利用时间并不意味着从早到晚不停的看书。(keep)
Making full use of time doesn’t mean keeping reading books from morning till night.
同其他学生相比,那个女孩子有更强的英语听说能力。(compare)
Compared with other students, the girl has better listening and speaking abilities in English.
我们盼望能参加下星期举办的艺术节开幕式。(look forward to)
We are looking forward to attending the opening ceremony of the art festival to be held next week.
为了保持健康,我们经常参加体育锻炼。(To…)
To keep fit, we often take part in physical exercises.
熟背一些常用句式
1)Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
2)There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
3)The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
4)The more books we read, the more learned we become.
5)By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
6)Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
7)For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
8)Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
9)In spite of his poor health, he managed to finish writing the book.
10)It is believed that reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.
11)As an old saying goes, "Honesty is the best policy."
12)It was in the stadium that I first came across that pop singer.
13)We found it hard to solve such a problem within a couple of hours.
14)To our disappointment, her son failed in the exam again.
15)Make another effort, and you are sure to realize your dream.
16)I would rather sit at home reading a novel than go to that crazy concert.
17)Of all the people I know, perhaps none deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.
18)Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.
= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.
19)This is the first time that I have climbed to the top of such a tall mountain.
20)To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.
练一练
1 多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。(good)
2 你一旦养成坏习惯,改掉它是很难的。(once)
3 据报道,那歌声又遭受台风的袭击。(report)
4 近十年上海发生了巨大变化。(take place)
5 这对母子俩的将来影响很大。(effect)
6 他年轻时向往着成为电影明星。(dream)
7 全世界的运输系统将因没有电力供应而陷于瘫痪。 (supply)
8 一只蚊子就可以感染很多人。
9 理论应当和实践相结合(combine)
10 几乎没有比奥运会开幕式更值得看的东西了。(worth)
11他现在担心的是儿子上大学的费用。(What)
12 大凡酒后开车的都易出车祸。(those who)
13 导游提醒游客们爬山时务必小心。(warn)
14 劫机者扬言若不满足他们的要求, 就把乘客都杀死。
15 许多制造者认为,开发一种人们喜欢的实用型车需要很多年。 (take)
16毫无疑问,我们能把这项工程设计出来。 (succeed)
17 我们建议采取更加有效的措施解决污染问题。 (suggest)
18 由于禽流感,鸡鸭等食品将暂时被猪肉取代。(replace)
19 由于大西洋的阻隔,欧洲人好几个世纪一直未发现美洲。(prevent)
20 他保证从现在算起10年以后再到这里来。(promise)
21 她总算设法使她的孩子有饭吃,有衣穿。 (provide)
22 我宁愿去参加她的生日聚会而不愿去接他。 (prefer)
23 你越勤勉,对于未来的工作就越有准备。(the more…the more)
24 你应该来跟我们一起庆祝农历新年。(join)
25我可以想象和他们一起去冒险。(imagine)
