
| 试题 | 一 | 二 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 总 分 | liver disease. One of the key events thought to be critical in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction and sodium retention in cirrhosis is the development of systemic vasodilatation, which causes a decrease in effective arterial blood volume and a hyperdynamic circulation.The mechanism responsible for these changes in vascular function is unknown but may involve increased vascular synthesis of nitric oxide, prostacyclin, as well as changes in plasma concentrations of glucagon,substance P, or calcitonin gene related peptide. However, the haemodynamic changes vary with posture, and studies by Bernardi et al have shown marked changes in secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide with posture, as well as changes in systemic haemodynamics. In addition, data showing a decreased effective arterial volume in cirrhosis have been disputed. It is agreed however that under supine conditions and in experimental animals, there is an increase in cardiac output and vasodilatation. The development of renal vasoconstriction in cirrhosis is partly a homeostatic response involving increased renal sympathetic activity and activation of the renin-angiotensin system to maintain blood pressure during systemic vasodilatation. Decreased renal blood flow decreases glomerular filtration rate and thus the delivery and fractional excretion of sodium. Cirrhosis is associated with enhanced reabsorption of sodium both at the proximal tubule and at the distal tubule. Increased reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule is due to increased circulating concentrations of aldosterone. However, some patients with ascites have normal plasma concentrations of aldosterone, leading to the suggestion that sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule may be related to enhanced renal sensitivity to aldosterone or to other undefined mechanisms. In compensated cirrhosis, sodium retention can occur in the absence of vasodilatation and effective hypovolaemia. Sinusoidal portal hypertension can reduce renal blood flow even in the absence of haemodynamic changes in the systemic circulation, suggesting the existence of a hepatorenal reflex. Similarly, in addition to systemic vasodilation, the severity of liver disease and portal pressure also contribute to the abnormalities of sodium handling in cirrhosis In compensated cirrhosis, sodium retention can occur in the absence of vasodilatation and effective hypovolaemia. Sinusoidal portal hypertension can reduce renal blood flow even in the absence of haemodynamic changes in the systemic circulation, suggesting the existence of a hepatorenal reflex. Similarly, in addition to systemic vasodilation, the severity of liver disease and portal pressure also contribute to the abnormalities of sodium handling in cirrhosis. | |||
| ————————— 密 ———————————— 封 —————————— 线 ———————— 学院: 专业: 年级: 班级: 学号:
本人承诺:在本次考试中,自觉遵守考场规则,诚信考试,绝不作弊。 学生签名: 装 订 线 内 答 题 无 效 得分 | |||||||||||
| 专业英语试题 PATHOGENESIS OF ASCITES FORMATION 1.Role of portal hypertension Portal hypertension increases the hydrostatic pressure within the hepatic sinusoids and favours transudation of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. However, patients with presinusoidal portal hypertension without cirrhosis rarely develop ascites. Thus patients do not develop ascites with isolated chronic extrahepatic portal venous occlusion non-cirrhotic causes of portal hypertension such as congenital hepatic fibrosis, except following an insult to liver function such as gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Conversely, acute hepatic vein thrombosis, causing postsinusoidal portal hypertension, is usually associated with ascites. Portal hypertension occurs as a consequence of structural changes within the liver in cirrhosis and increased splanchnic blood flow. Progressive collagen deposition and formation of nodules alter the normal vascular architecture of the liver and increase resistance to portal flow. Sinusoids may become less distensible with the formation of collagen within the space of Disse. While this may give the impression of a static portal system, recent studies have suggested that activated hepatic stellate cells may dynamically regulate sinusoidal tone and thus portal pressure. Sinusoidal endothelial cells form an extremely porous membrane which is almost completely permeable to macromolecules, including plasma proteins. In contrast, splanchnic capillaries have a pore size 50–100 times less than that of hepatic sinusoids. As a consequence, the trans-sinusoidal oncotic pressure gradient in the liver is virtually zero while it is 0.8–0.9 (80%–90% of maximum) in the splanchnic circulation. Oncotic pressure gradients at such extreme ends of the spectrum minimise any effect the changes in plasma albumin concentration may have on transmicrovascular fluid exchange. Therefore, the old concept that ascites is formed secondary to decreased oncotic pressure is false, and plasma albumin concentrations have little influence on the rate of ascites formation. Portal hypertension is critical to the development of ascites, and ascites rarely develops in patients with a wedged hepatic venous portal gradient of<12 mm Hg. Conversely, insertion of a side to side portacaval shunt to decrease portal pressure often causes resolution of ascites. 2.Pathophysiology of sodium and water retention The classical explanations of sodium and water retention occurring due to “underfill” or “overfill” are oversimplified. Patients may exhibit features of either “underfill” or “overfill” depending on posture or severity of | |||||||||||
| 使用班级 | |||||||||||
| 出卷日期 年 月 日 | |||||||||||
