
(作者:林善枝 导师:张志毅)
摘要 毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)属杨柳科(Salicacae)杨属(Populus L.)白杨派(Section Leuce Duby)杨树,是我国独有的乡土树种,为北方地区造林和平原绿化的主要树种。而由于毛白杨的抗冻性存在一定局限性,低温寒冷和冻害已成为毛白杨向北扩大栽培区域的主要因子。因此,为了进一步提高毛白杨的经济、生态和社会效益,扩大其种植区域,尤其把毛白杨推广栽种到更高纬度的寒冷地区,培育抗冻性较强的毛白杨新品种已迫在眉睫。
解决毛白杨北移冻害问题的重点是进行抗冻性遗传改良,而了解毛白杨自身抗冻性以及发生冻害的机理是其抗冻性改良和培育抗冻性较强的毛白杨新品种的重要前提。为此本论文一方面以当年扦插繁殖的毛白杨新品种幼苗为试材,以细胞抗冻性及膜稳定性的相关理化指标为依据,对毛白杨幼苗抗冻性进行了较系统的研究,在此基础上对其发生冻害的可能机理进行了深入探讨。另一方面以比较抗冻抗旱的甜杨为试材,开展抗冻蛋白特性研究,研究的最终目的是分离出抗冻蛋白和克隆其基因,并期望将其用于改良毛白杨等杨树的抗冻性能。本论文的主要研究结果如下:
1)首次对毛白杨幼苗的低温诱导条件进行了研究。结果表明:-3 oC是毛白杨幼苗在生长期发生冻害的临界温度,1 oC的低温锻炼即可开始影响毛白杨幼苗的抗冻性,-3 oC低温锻炼对幼苗抗冻性发育最有效,其锻炼的适宜天数为5天。反映了毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的诱导与发育需要一定的温度和锻炼时间。另外,在-3 oC锻炼期间,结合适当光照的低温锻炼能更有效地促进毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的提高。
2)第一次研究了四种不同CaCl2浓度(1、5、10、15mmol/L)处理对毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的效应。结果发现,不同浓度CaCl2处理对毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的作用效应是不同的,其中10mmol/L CaCl2浓度处理对幼苗抗冻性的提高效应最为明显,处理适宜天数为5天。
3)采用CaCl2处理结合低温锻炼的方法,对在有无CaCl2处理的低温锻炼中和在低温胁迫下及随后的回常温恢复生长中毛白杨幼苗的可溶性蛋白、钙调蛋白(CaM)、膜保护酶(SOD、POD)、丙二醛(MDA)、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDHase) 、质膜和线粒体Ca2+-ATPase、核糖核酸(RNA)、可溶性糖及抗冻性等动态变化进行了系统研究,同时对单纯低温锻炼和结合CaCl2处理的低温锻炼对幼苗抗冻性的作用效应进行了比较分析。结果表明:单纯低温锻炼在一定程度上能提高毛白杨幼苗的抗冻性,而结合CaCl2处理的低温锻炼的效果更明显,表现出幼苗的CaM、RNA含量和膜保护酶(SOD、POD)、G6PDHase以及质膜和线粒体Ca2+-ATPase活性的明显提高,同时增加了可溶性蛋白中热稳定蛋白的含量,降低了MDA含量和核糖核酸酶(RNase)活性。结合CaCl2处理的低温锻炼能减小了低温胁迫所引起的CaM含量、SOD、POD、G6PDHase、Ca2+-ATPase活性以及热稳定蛋白含量等的下降程度,并能在一定程度上抑制MDA含量和RNase活性的增加;同时不仅有利于幼苗在胁迫后恢复过程中CaM、SOD、POD、G6PDHase、Ca2+-ATPase及热稳定蛋白水平的迅速回升和MDA含量及RNase活性的下降,而且有利于幼苗恢复生长。由此可认为低温锻炼是一个活跃的生理生化过程,抗冻性的发育与提高是低温锻炼所引起的一系列生理生化适应性变化的综合结果。结合CaCl2处理的低温锻炼之所以能较大幅度地提高了毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的一个表现是能较快而又明显地提高了CaM含量,进一步激活并调节可能依赖于Ca2+-CaM的酶类(SOD、POD、G6PDHase和Ca2+-ATPase)活性, 而这些酶活性变化的综合结果是使它们能在低温下行使其功能,如促进幼苗体内PPP途径的提高、加强ATP水解作用、增强消除细胞活性氧能力,从而为抗冻性的形成与提高有关的RNA、蛋白质等物质的合成提供基础,最终导致幼苗膜稳定性和抗冻性的明显提高,体现在幼苗抵御低温胁迫及恢复生长能力的明显增强。
4)首次进行了在毛白杨抗冻性的低温诱导中钙离子螯合剂EGTA、钙离子通道阻断剂LaCl3和钙调素拮抗剂CPZ的抑制实验。结果表明,这三种效应剂处理强烈减弱低温锻炼的效果,表现在明显降低了幼苗SOD、POD、G6PDHase、Ca2+-ATPase活性以及CaM、热稳定蛋白、RNA含量的同时,也妨碍了低温诱导幼苗抗冻性的获得。进一步分析发现,无论是单纯的低温锻炼还是结合CaCl2处理的低温锻炼,幼苗中SOD、POD、G6PDHase、Ca2+-ATPase活性以及热稳定蛋白含量的变化与CaM含量变化有关,而且这些指标的变化与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关。据此可认为Ca2+-CaM可能参与低温锻炼过程中的SOD、POD、G6PDHase、Ca2+-ATPase活性的调节和蛋白质的合成及抗冻性的诱导。
5)比较分析所测定的各项理化指标在同一植株叶片和枝条中的具体变化时发现,在有无CaCl2处理的低温锻炼中,毛白杨幼苗其枝条内SOD、POD、G6PDHase、Ca2+-ATPase、CaM、可溶性蛋白中热稳定蛋白、RNA的增加,以及MDA含量和RNase活性的降低都比叶片明显。相反,无论在低温胁迫下还是在回常温恢复期间,枝条中SOD、POD、G6PDHase、Ca2+-ATPase、CaM、可溶性蛋白中热稳定蛋白、RNA水平的下降以及MDA含量和RNase活性的增加都不如叶片明显。这些结果表明相同的低温锻炼或结合CaCl2处理的低温锻炼对同一植株枝条的上述各种指标的作用效应较为明显。
6)以甜杨为材料,首次在国内开展高大乔木树种抗冻蛋白的研究,成功地从-20oC低温诱导所产生的热稳定蛋白中分离纯化到一种分子量约为60kD的特异性抗冻蛋白。该抗冻蛋白可被蛋白质合成抑制剂环已亚胺所抑制,且具有较高的热滞活性,当浓度为20mg/ml时,其热滞活性为2.2oC,比已发现的鱼类,以及冬黑麦和沙冬青等植物抗冻蛋白活性高得多。当用蛋白酶K消化后,其热滞活性(THA)显著降低,由此推断该低温诱导所产生的60kD蛋白可能是一种热稳定的特异性抗冻蛋白。同时对该高活性特异抗冻蛋白的氨基酸序列进行了测定与分析。这些研究可为与该抗冻蛋白相关的基因的进一步克隆与应用奠定了基础,亦可为开展其它树木抗冻蛋白的研究提供借鉴。
关键词:毛白杨,甜杨,低温锻炼,钙调蛋白,抗冻性,抗冻蛋白,热滞活性
Freezing Acclimation of Freezing Resistance of Populus tomentosa and Identification of Antifreeze Proteins in Populus suaveolens
(Lin Shanzhi Directed by prof.Zhang Zhiyi)
Abstract Populus tomentosa Carr. is a special native species in China, which is widely used to be an important afforestation and landscape tree species on the north of China. But the limitation of freezing resistance of P. tomentosa has made them grow very difficult on the regions of the higher latitude and freezing temperature in China, moreover, freezing temperature and freezing injury constitute one of the most important environmental constrains limiting the expansion of planting area of P. tomentosa. To increase economical consideration, ecological benefits and social income of P. tomentosa, efforts should be made to expand its planting ranges to the higher latitude of freezing temperature in China. Therefore, the breeding of new varieties of P. tomentosa with freezing resistance becomes more and more important.
In order to solve the freezing injury problem of P. tomentosa, we must put emphasis on the improvement of freezing resistance and the breeding of new varieties on the premise of the researches on the freezing resistance and the cause for freezing injury. Therefore, the freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings was investigated in terms of those physio-biochemical indexes in relation to the resistance to chilling injury and the membrane stability for exploring the mechanism of freezing injury. In addition, the antifreeze proteins (AFPs) produced in the Populus suaveolens cuttings have been studied in order to isolate antifreeze proteins, to clone the gene of this antifreeze protein, and to improve the freezing resistance of P. tomentosa through genetic engineering. The major research conclusions were summarized as follows.
1) It is the first time in China to study the conditions of freezing-acclimation-induced freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings. It was revealed that when temperature below -3 oC for 24 hours, the cuttings started to exhibit damage, whereas the freezing resistance of cuttings was induced by freezing acclimation at 1 oC. In addition, the freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings was found to increase remarkably during freezing acclimation at -3 oC for 1 day, reaching its maximum after 5 days of freezing acclimation. These facts indicated that the development of freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings induced by freezing acclimation required a certain temperature and duration. In addition,it was found that freezing acclimation at -3 oC combined with a 6- hour photoperiod resulted in an obvious increase in the freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings.
2) A comparative study was carried out on the effects of different concentration of CaCl2 , viz. 1 mmol/L, 5 mmol/L, 10 mmol/L, and 15mmol/L on freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings. The results showed that there was a distinct different effect of the pretreatment with different concentration of CaCl2 on the increase in freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings. The pretreatment of 10 mmol/L CaCl2 has more effect on the enhancement of freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings, and a continuance of pretreatment was 5 days.
3) P. tomentosa cuttings used for freezing acclimation at -3oC were pretreated with or without 10mmol/L CaCl2 solution. The changes of soluble protein, calmodulin (CaM), cell defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDHase), Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-ATPase) of plasma membrane and mitochondria, malonaldehyde (MDA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), total soluble sugar, and freezing resistance in the cuttings pretreated with or without 10mmol/L CaCl2 solution at various periods ( viz: following single freezing acclimation, freezing acclimation combined with the CaCl2 pretreatment, chilling stress and on the 3rd day of recovery) were investigated. In addition, a comparative study was made on the effects of both freezing acclimation with or without the CaCl2 pretreatment on the freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings. These results showed that single freezing acclimation not only increased the activities of G6PDHase, Ca2+-ATPase of plasma membrane and mitochondria, the contents of CaM, heat stable protein in total soluble protein, total soluble sugar, RNA, and the freezing resistance of cuttings but also decreased MDA content, and RNase activity. Freezing acclimation combined with the CaCl2 pretreatment of cuttings enhanced the above-mentioned effects of freezing acclimation on the freezing resistance, and obviously increased the contents of CaM, RNA, total soluble sugar, and heat stable protein in soluble protein, the activities of SOD, POD, G6PDHase, Ca2+-ATPase, distinctly decreased the content of MDA, and the activity of RNase. At the same time, freezing acclimation combined with the CaCl2 pretreatment reduced the declining degree of CaM, RNA, heat stable protein in soluble protein contents, the activities of SOD, POD, G6PDHase, Ca2+-ATPase, and the increasing degree of MDA content caused by chilling stress as compared with single freezing acclimation, augmented the increase in the level of CaM, RNA , heat stable protein in soluble protein, SOD, POD, G6PDHase and Ca2+-ATPase, and the decrease of MDA content in the recovery periods. Furthermore, the cuttings with CaCl2 pretreatment grew better in the recovery period of chilling stress than those cuttings without CaCl2 pretreatment. It has been suggested that freezing acclimation in plants is considered to be a activated process of physiological and biochemical changes, the development and increase of freezing tolerance induced by freezing acclimation as a result of adaptive metabolic modifications and changes. The promotive effect of freezing acclimation combined with the CaCl2 pretreatment on freezing resistance of cuttings prior to single freezing acclimation could be associated with an obvious increase in CaM content. The increased CaM level regulates the activities of Ca2+-CaM-dependent target enzymes (viz: SOD, POD, G6PDHase, Ca2+-ATPase) and results in many cellular and metabolic changes, viz. increased the levels of pentose phosphate pathway, the hydrolysis of ATP, the scavenger of activated oxygen. All these changes provided the possibility for the synthesis of RNA and proteins associated with the development of freezing resistance, leading to an obvious increase of the stability of membrane, freezing resistance, and the resistance to chilling stress.
4) The pretreatment of P. tomentosa cuttings with Ca2+ chelant EGTA, channel inhibitor LaCl3 and the calmodulin antagonist CPZ strongly reduced the effects of freezing acclimation on freezing resistance, and markedly decreased the activities of SOD, POD, G6PDHase, RNase and Ca2+-ATPase, the contents of heat stable protein, CaM and RNA, the freezing resistance of cuttings. Further analysis found that the changes of SOD, POD, G6PDHase, Ca2+-ATPase, heat stable protein were closely correlated to CaM content, furthermore they correlated to the freezing resistance of cuttings during both freezing acclimation with or without CaCl2. It seems that Ca2+-CaM may be involved in the regulation of SOD, POD, G6PDHase and Ca2+-ATPase, the synthesis of RNA and protein, and the induction of freezing resistance of P. tomentosa cuttings.
5) A comparison of the changes of those physio-biochemical indexes between leaf and branch of P. tomentosa cuttings was made. The results showed that the level of SOD, POD, G6PDHase, Ca2+-ATPase, CaM, RNA and heat stable protein in soluble protein increased more greatly, and the level of MDA and RNase decreased more significantly in the branches of cuttings than those in the leaves during freezing acclimation, especially during freezing acclimation with the CaCl2 treatment. On the contrary, there was not only distinct decrease in the level of SOD, POD, G6PDHase, Ca2+-ATPase, CaM, RNA and heat stable protein in soluble protein but also great increase in the level of MDA and RNase in the leaves of cuttings, respectively, than those in the branches whether during chilling stress, in the recovery periods, or deacclimation. These researches disclosed that the same freezing acclimation or freezing acclimation combined with the CaCl2 treatment has more effect on the above-mentioned indexes in branches of cuttings.
6) Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) were successfully purified from the heat stable proteins in the branches of Populus suaveolens cuttings. Its molecular weight is about 60kD, and its thermal hysteresis activity (THA) is 2.2oC at 20mg/ml, which is higher than those of other antifreeze proteins observed in polar fishes, winter rye, and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus. AFPs can be hydrolyzed by protease K and its THA is obviously decreased. The N-terminal 20 amino acids of AFPs are DSDLSFSNKFTVPCQDDIFL. AFPs are abundant in branches and play an important role in the antifreeze process in P. suaveolens during the period of overwintering. The objective of these researches is to clone gene associated with freezing resistance, and to provide the basis for the genetic improvement on the freezing resistance of forest trees.
Key Words:Populus tomentosa,Populus suaveolens,Freezing acclimation,Calmodulin (CaM),Freezing resistance,Antifreeze proteins (AFPs),Thermal hysteresis activity (THA)
