
1、财政悬崖的定义:
财政悬崖,即指财政状况走到了尽头,就是增税与减支这两项 叠加在一起就被称为“财政悬崖”,在这一时点进入突然性紧缩。美国会同时出现税收减少与开支增加局面。如果 国会两党不能在今年达成协议规避这一局面,减支增税措施将自动生效,明年美国将增加5320亿美元税收,同时减少1360亿美元开支。
2、财政悬崖的背景:
1) 小布什的税收优惠减免
2001年1月20日,小布什,为刺激经济长期增长,小布什将最高所得税税率从39.6%降低到35%;2002 年,又将资本利得税税率从 20%降到15%,并将对股息征收的个人所得税税率从35%降到15%。前者预期减税 1.35万亿美元,后者减税规模为 3500 亿美元,减税期间分别为10年。
2)金融危机
因 2008 年的金融危机, 奥巴马被迫将小布什的减税计划时间延长了两年。为刺激消费,奥巴马还宣布从 2011 年起,将美国工资税从6.2%下调至4.2%,同时出台失业救济金计划,二者所对应的周期分别为两年。
3)债务上限问题
由于税收的减少和经济刺激计划产生的巨大开支,使得美国财政捉襟见肘、举步维艰。
3、财政悬崖的经过
大选结束后 ,奥巴马必须再次面对一个的国会,正是这样一个国会曾在去年把美国推到债务违约的边缘。议员们在削减预算赤字的增税与减支达成一致,于是同意启动“自动削减赤字机制”, 不仅如此,布什时期和金融危机后推出的经济刺激计划实行的减税在2012年底到期。其威力相当于2013年美国国内生产总值的5%。既然经济增速在没有财政悬崖影响的情况下预计将只能达到2%左右,因此财政悬崖的出现必将导致美国的经济活动陷入极度萎缩。
4、造成影响
1)使美国经济极度萎缩
报告分析说,废除自动减赤机制将使美国经济在2013年提升约0.8%,而延期布什的减税将使经济增长约1.4%。两者同时进行将提升GDP2.2%,但同时导致财政赤字增加3950亿美元
报告同时指出,即使完全消除“财政悬崖”的威胁,一段时间内美国经济增长仍将低于其潜在增长率,而且失业率将高于正常水平。未来十年联邦债务将继续膨胀,这将增加财政风险。
2)美国“财政悬崖”是QE3的推行重要契机(a third round of quantitative easing 第三次量化宽松)
推出QE3有两个基本前提:一是实体经济萎缩引发失业率上升;二是需求不足导致通货紧缩。
从通货膨胀角度分析,美联储从推出QE1到QE2,美国通胀率从-0.4%上升为1.%,甚至曾达到3.2%;目前基本稳定在1.7%左右,所以无论哪个角度看,都不足以让美联储在近期推出QE3。但是美国国会预算办公室近日发布半年度报告,就“财政悬崖”发出警告,有可能使美国实体经济出现逆转。
3)财政悬崖造成美国为其信誉“买单”
① 标普于2011年8月4日下调美国评级
② 惠誉、穆迪在2012年11月7日发表的报告声明美国评级问题
如果美国未能及时避免财政悬崖、提高债务上限以及就可靠的减赤方案达成一致,其评级可能在2013年遭下调。
4)对黄金价格的影响
美国财政财政悬崖”、债务上限和长期财政状况的不确定性已经对美国私营部门的消费和投资产生了影响,导致金融市场避险情绪升温,使世界经济出现不稳定因素。财政悬崖是一系列的到期导致美国的财政支出大大减少,硬性减赤的做法将影响经济增长。 如果美国的经济增长预期疲软的话,美元也会随之走弱,而黄金是以美元计价的,一旦美元走弱,黄金价格肯定会上涨。
① 自2008年7月——2009年3月美国爆发金融危机以来,世界经济出现动荡和不确定性,这时美元的避险功能得到有效发挥,美元指数呈升值阶段,黄金价格呈下降趋势。具体如下:
美元指数:
03/31/2009 开盘价:85.73 最高价:85.81 最低价:85.09 收盘价:85.43
黄金价格:
07/01/2008 开盘价:944.5 最高价:944.5 最低价:923.8 收盘价:944.5
03/31/2009 开盘价:923.6 最高价:931.5 最低价:918.5 收盘价:929.8
从以上数据可以看出,美元指数上涨10多个点,黄金价格并没有上涨反而下跌了20多个点,黄金的避险功能并没有体现出来,应正了美元指数与黄金价格呈负相关的关系。
② 而到2009年4月至2009年12月美元指数贬值阶段,黄金价格上涨阶段,具体如下:
美元指数:
04/01/2009 开盘价:85.4 最高价:85.99 最低价:85.54 收盘价:85.35
12/31/2009 开盘价:74.71 最高价:75 最低价:74.79 收盘价:74.49
黄金价格:
04/01/2009 开盘价:925.2 最高价:939 最低价:924.5 收盘价:932.4
12/31/2009 开盘价:1098.6 最高价:1107.6 最低价:1095 收盘价:1097.8
从以上数据显示可以看出美元指数下跌10个点左右,黄金价格上涨170多个点。主要原因美元避险功能弱化2009年4月至年底期间,全球主要国家金融市场趋于稳定;欧洲经济衰退在第二季度开始减缓,欧元区在第三季度出现经济危机以来首次经济正增长;日本经济也出现类似情况。从而导致投资者避险意愿下降,开始将资金从作为避难所的美国国库券抽出,投向其他非美元资产。
③ 2011年到今年2月7日伯南克在国会听证会上的讲话,提出“财政悬崖”,及这些天两党对财政悬崖解决方案的讨论期间,美元指数和黄金价格的走势,如下:
美元指数:
01/03/2011 开盘价:79.22 最高价:79.53 最低价:79.11 收盘价:78.99
11/01/2012 开盘价:79.92 最高价:80.13 最低价:79.86 收盘价:80.05
黄金价格:
01/03/2011 开盘价:1729.00 最高价:79.53 最低价:79.11 收盘价:78.99
11/01/2012 开盘价:1719.95 最高价:1726.80 最低价:1713.40 收盘价:1715.60
从以上数据可以看出美元指数有小幅上涨趋势,而黄金价格呈现不稳定因素,小幅下降,主要原因是由于美国财政财政悬崖”、债务上限和长期财政状况的不确定性已经对美国私营部门的消费和投资产生了影响,导致金融市场波动情绪升温,使世界经济出现不稳定因素。
5)对中国经济的影响
1)美国经济下行,加剧中国出口困境。
中国经济超预期减速的主要原因就是出口乏力。考虑到事件将会对中日贸易产生不利影响,如果财政悬崖对美国经济造成重大拖累,必然会影响美国对中国制造商品的需求,从而给中国的出口复苏再添阴影。
2)赤字货币化,加大中国输入性通胀压力。
财政悬崖不利于美国经济复苏,美联储QE3或会因此而持续,由此注入的大量美元流动性不会仅仅停留在美国国内,还会推动国际黄金、原油、粮食等大宗商品价格出现新一轮上涨,不利于中国将物价水平保持在低位。
3)债券市场受扰乱,增加中国外汇储备资产管理难度。
目前,中国持有美国联邦债券约 1.1 万亿美元,占美国联邦债务总额的7.6%,占中国外汇储备总量的35.1%。财政悬崖增大了中国外汇储备资产保值增值的难度,也给外汇储备资产带来更多的贬值风险。
5、解决的办法
1) 不断提高债务上限,以债养债差
自1960年以来,美国国会通过不断提高债务上限,平均每八个月提高一次,来解决债务。
2) 债务货币化
美联储在金融市场购买国债释放流动性,压低国债收益率,为发行国债提供了最好的市场条件,是为财政赤字买单。另外,美元的弱势有利于改善对外贸易逆差,国外美元资产的贬值,减少债务压力。
3) 增加财政收入
克林顿通过减少财政支出和增加税收,财政状况在90年代后期曾出现过暂时好转。并敦促美国增加富豪税收,以削减预算赤字。但是增加税收和经济增长是一个矛盾体,短期是一个不可行的方案。
FISCAL CLIFF OF USA
1.The definition of Fiscal cliff
Fiscal cliff, referring to the financial situation has come to an end, these two policies is to raise taxes and cut public spending added together is called a "financial cliff" at this point in time, into a sudden crunch. The United States will also tax the reduced expenses increased situation. If the Congress this year, the two parties can not reach an agreement to avoid this situation by supporting the tax increase will automatically take effect next year, the United States will increase to $ 532 billion of tax revenue, while reducing the $ 136 billion government spending.
After the elections, Obama must face a divided Congress once again ,it is such a Congress in the last year, the United States pushed to the edge of debt default. Lawmakers to raise taxes and cut public spending policies to cut the budget deficit to reach agreement, it was agreed to start the "automatic deficit reduction mechanism, only that the tax cuts implemented by the Bush administration economic stimulus plan launched in the period after the financial crisis at the end of 2012 to period. Its power is equivalent to 5% of the U.S. GDP in 2013. Since economic growth is expected in the case of fiscal cliff effect will only be able to reach about 2%, so will inevitably lead to the emergence of the financial cliff into extreme atrophy of the economic activity in the United States.
EFFECTS
(1) To make economy of the USA withering
The report also pointed out that, even completely eliminate the threat of "financial cliff a period of time, U.S. economic growth will remain below its potential growth rate, and the unemployment rate will be higher than normal levels. The next decade the federal government debt will continue to expand, which will increase the financial risk.
(2)U.S. "financial cliff" is the implementation of an important opportunity for QE3(a third round of quantitative easing 第三次量化宽松)
Launch QE3 two basic premises: First, the real economy atrophy caused by rising unemployment; Second, lack of demand led to deflation.
From the inflation point of view, the Fed launched QE1 to QE2, the U.S. inflation rate rose from 0.4% to 1.%, and even had reached 3.2%; basically stable at around 1.7%, so no matter which angle you look, are insufficient to make the Fed in the near future to launch QE3. However, the Congressional Budget Office recently released a semi-annual report, "financial cliff" warning, the U.S. real economy may be reversed.
(3)The fiscal cliff caused the United States to its reputation "pay ① Standard & Poor's(The S & P)cut the U.S. rating On August 4, 2011
②Fitch, Moody's rating problem statement in a report published on November 7, 2012
If the United States failed to avoid financial cliff to raise the debt ceiling, and reach an agreement on deficit reduction program, its rating may downgrade in 2013.
(4)Gold prices
Financial cliff is the series maturity of the policy led to greatly reduce fiscal spending in the United States, the the rigid deficit reduction practices will affect economic growth. If the expected weak economic growth in the United States, the dollar will also weaken, while gold is priced in dollars, once the weaker dollar, gold prices will certainly rise.
2008.07——2009.03
U.S. Dollar Index
| Years | Opening price | Highest Price | Lowest Price | Closing price |
| 2008 | 72.45 | 72.6 | 72.14 | 72.37 |
| 2009 | 85.73 | 85.81 | 85.09 | 85.43 |
| Years | Opening price | Highest Price | Lowest Price | Closing price |
| 2008 | 944.5 | 944.5 | 923.8 | 944.5 |
| 2009 | 923.6 | 931.5 | 918.5 | 929.8 |
U.S. Dollar Index
| Years | Opening price | Highest Price | Lowest Price | Closing price |
| 2009 | 85.4 | 85.99 | 85.54 | 85.39 |
| 2009 | 74.71 | 75 | 74.79 | 74.49 |
| Years | Opening price | Highest Price | Lowest Price | Closing price |
| 2009 | 925.2 | 939 | 924.5 | 932.4 |
| 2009 | 1098.6 | 1107.6 | 1095 | 1097.8 |
U.S. Dollar Index
| Years | Opening price | Highest Price | Lowest Price | Closing price |
| 2011 | 79.22 | 79.53 | 79.11 | 78.99 |
| 2011 | 79.92 | 80.13 | 79.86 | 80.05 |
| Years | Opening price | Highest Price | Lowest Price | Closing price |
| 2011 | 1729.00 | 79.53 | 79.11 | 78.99 |
| 2011 | 1719.95 | 1726.80 | 1713.40 | 1715.60 |
1) The U.S. economic downturn, exacerbated the plight of China's exports.
Main-than-expected slowdown in China's economy is export weakness. Taking into account that the Diaoyu Island incident will have an adverse impact on the Sino-Japanese trade is bound to affect the demand for Chinese manufactured goods in the United States, the financial cliff cause significant drag on the U.S. economy, the recovery in exports to China Adds shadow.
2)deficit monetization, and increase China's imported inflationary pressures
Fiscal cliff is not conducive to the recovery of the U.S. economy, the Fed QE3 or will be sustained, the injection of dollar liquidity will not just stay in the United States, but also to promote a new round of the international prices of gold, crude oil, grain and other commodities roseis not conducive to the price level remains low.
3) the bond market disruption is the increase in China's foreign currency reserve assets of the difficulty of managing.
Currently, China holds about $ 1.1 trillion of the U.S. federal government bonds, accounting for 7.6% of the total debt of the U.S. federal government, accounting for 35.1% of the total amount of foreign exchange reserves in China. The financial the cliff increases the difficulty of increasing the value of China's foreign currency reserve assets, but also to bring more foreign currency reserve assets devaluation risk.
Solution
1) continue to raise the debt ceiling, poor debt on debt
Since 1960, the U.S. Congress passed to continue to raise the debt ceiling, an average of once every eight months to improve, to solve the debt.
2) debt monetization
Fed to buy government bonds in the financial markets to the release of liquidity, low bond yields and provide the best market conditions for the issue of treasury bonds to pay for the budget deficit. In addition, the U.S. dollar's weakness is conducive to improving the foreign trade deficit, devaluation of the foreign dollar assets to reduce debt pressure.
3) to increase fiscal revenue
Clinton by reducing fiscal spending and tax increases, the financial position of the late 1990s, there had been a temporary improvement. And urged the U.S. government to increase the Regal taxes to cut the budget deficit. But tax increases and economic growth is a contradiction, the short-term is a feasible option.
