
题型有:1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Translation
Part I Writing
1. For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Importance of Information Security. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.1.很多人认为信息安全很重要2.有的人认为信息不是实物,所以信息安全无关紧要3.我认为……
正确答案: As we are living in the information age, we are readily accessible to information of our interests. Because of this, some people claim that it is important to protect the information security to ensure a healthier environment to spread information. This belief, however, is discarded by some others, because they regard information as something intangible and insignificant and there is no need to safeguard it. Information comes and goes: it is too transient to be kept in a safe box. As for me, I think the information security should be protected. First, a lot of information circulating around the Internet is associated with privacy. Once it is leaked out, it would be a detriment to the people concerned. Quite a few Internet-based financial frauds and losses result from the stolen private information Second, if we do not guarantee the accuracy of information, we would open a floodgate for exaggerated and even false messages. Ultimately, we will be confused as to what to believe and which source to trust. In light of these reasons, it is necessary to acknowledge the importance of information security.
解析: 这是一篇正反观点型的作文,要求考生对“信息安全的重要性”做出正反的论述,并发表个人的意见。根据题目要求可以将文章内容安排如下: 第1段从正面的观点论述信息安全的重要性。 第2段从反面的观点阐述为什么有些人认为信息安全不重要。 第3段提出自己的观点——信息安全很重要,并阐释其主要的理由。
Part II Listening Comprehension
Section A
听力原文:M: First, I want to thank you for agreeing to this survey. This is an open-ended question survey, so please don’t feel held back. Can you tell me first what program you are part of and what year you’re in?W: Yes, I’m currently in my fourth year of a Chemistry course and I’m majoring in inorganic chemistry. If all goes well, I could be off to Britain for my Master’s next June.M: How do you feel about the Chemistry program at the university? Do you think it has lived up to your expectations?W: On the whole it has.. However, as the university is still known primarily as a Liberal Arts school, you might say that chemistry doesn’t always work with a very bountiful budget.M: How do you think this under-funding problem affects the quality of education?W: Well, for example, laboratory has all the equipment you would normally find at a standard lab. Unfortunately, if you want to conduct complex experiments, you probably have to compete over resources with the Biology department.M: How would you describe the quality of the professors? I guess I’m interested in your own experience with them.W: I think they are generally very well committed to the program and to their students. But the problem is that they themselves feel that they are working with inferior equipment. Moreover, I have heard many are taking contracts elsewhere, so we may lose a few just yet. It really does no good to the department.M: Well, I hope your comments help to get that message across. Thanks again and I hope you have a great future.W: Thank you.1 What are the two speakers doing?2 What is the woman going to do next June in Britain if all goes well?3 Why doesn’t the Chemistry department get enough equipment for complex experiments?4 What does the woman say about the professors?
2.
A.Calculating the budget of the department.
B.Completing an open-ended question survey.
C.Talking about the woman’s campus life.
D.Discussing a complex experiment.
正确答案:B
解析:对话开头男士便感谢女士同意参与调查,说这是一份开放式问题的调查,请女士不要有所顾忌,接下来的对话都是围绕这个调查展开,对话结尾男士再次感谢女士的参与。可见他们是在完成一份问卷调查,故选B项。
3.
A.Taker up her first job at school.
B.Spend her summer holiday.
C.Study for her Master’s degree.
D.Study as an exchange student.
正确答案:C
解析:女士说如果一切顺利的话,明年6月她将去英国攻读硕士学位。故选C。
4.
A.The university regards chemistry as unimportant.
B.The Chemistry department is under-funded.
C.There is not enough space in the Chemistry department.
D.The Chemistry department has overspent their budget this year.
正确答案:B
解析:男士问女士化学系的资金不足会对教育质量带来怎样的影响,女士举例说明了做复杂的实验时可能会出现与生物系争夺资源的情况。反过来,也就是说,化学系的实验设备不足是由其资金不足引起的,故选B。
5.
A.They are not devoted to their work.
B.They don’t take their students seriously.
C.They are unsatisfied with the equipment.
D.They signed contracts on behalf of the school.
正确答案:C
解析:谈到女士对教授的评价,她说到问题是他们感觉教学设备差。故选C。
听力原文:W: What did you think about the movie?M: Well... I think Harry Potter V is an excellent piece of work. But not as good as the previous ones.W: Really? I don’t agree. I think it was incredible!M: Why do you think so?W: Well, one of the most spectacular things about it is the special effects.M: You’re right. The special effects created so many fantastic settings and mysterious costumes, weapons and creatures. The special effects are the main reason for the success of this movie.W: It’s kind of cool that they still use the theme song for this movie.M: Yeah! It reminds me of the previous scenes.W: I know exactly what you mean! Hearing that song makes me feel homesick.M: I thought the overall plot of the movie was very interesting. But I don’t think the character development was that strong. They just don’t have a lot of funny or meaningful dialogues. The writing was a little boring and this may be the only one weakness of this movie.W: Well, maybe, but I like the little kid who played young “Anakin Skywalker”. I can’t imagine anyone else playing that role.M: I like him too. He’s so cute! You know, even though I was slightly disappointed, I can’t wait for the next episode. I wonder when they’re going to start making it and when it’s scheduled for release.W: I have no idea. But I hope it’ll be even better than this one.M: I hope so, too.5 What does the man think about Harry Potter V?6 What contributes to the success of the movie?7 What does the man say about the character development of the movie?8 What can we conclude from the end of the conversation?
6.
A.It is as good as the previous ones.
B.It is more incredible than the previous ones.
C.It is funnier than the previous ones.
D.It is worse than the previous ones.
正确答案:D
解析:男士说,我认为《哈利波特5》是部很好的作品,但是不如前几部好看。故选D。
7.
A.Fantastic settings.
B.Special effects.
C.Mysterious costumes.
D.The theme song.
正确答案:B
解析:男士说,特技是这部电影能够取得成功的主要原因。故选B。
8.
A.It was a little bit weak.
B.It was as strong as the previous one.
C.It was funny and meaningful.
D.It was a little bit boring.
正确答案:A
解析:男士说,我认为电影的人物发展并不那么理想。故选A。
9.
A.The man is still expecting the next episode.
B.The man will reschedule his time to watch the movie.
C.The next episode will be released next year.
D.The next episode will be much better than this one.
正确答案:A
解析:男士说,尽管我有一点失望,但是还是急切地等待着下一部早点出来。故选A。
Section B
听力原文: The winds of a tornado are the most violent and destructive ones on Earth. Any of you who have seen one knows very well how frightening and powerful they are. What’s interesting about them is that scientists don’t actually know exactly why tornadoes occur. We do know, however, what happens when tornadoes are formed. As you remember, a front occurs when cool, dry air from the north meets warm, humid air coming from the south. Where these air masses meet, a narrow zone of storm clouds develops, and thunderstorms, and sometimes tornadoes, occur. How is this violent weather produced? Well, a mass of warm, humid air rises very rapidly. As it rises, more warm air rushes in to replace it. This inrushing air also rises, and in some cases, especially when there is extreme thermal instability, begins to rotate. When this happens, the rotating air forms a tornado. Even if you’ve seen tornadoes only in movies, you know that they can destroy buildings in seconds. This is possible because when a tornado passes over a house, it sucks up air from around the house and so the air pressure outside the house drops rapidly. Inside, pressure remains the same. So, air pressure inside is greater than air pressure outside. The result is that the building explodes outward. Next, we’ll talk a little bit about how new technological developments are being used to try to predict tornadoes.9 What does the speaker say about the scientists?10 In what way does a narrow zone of storm clouds develop?11 What will happen to a building when air pressure inside is greater than outside?
10.
A.They are very frightening and powerful.
B.They are interested in tornadoes.
C.They all work very hard.
D.They don’t know why tornadoes occur.
正确答案:D
解析:原文提及“有趣的是,科学家并不清楚龙卷风具体是如何形成的。”故D正确。
11.
A.Where dry and humid air masses meet.
B.Where the air becomes warm and humid.
C.When thunderstorms or tornadoes occur.
D.When the air rises very rapidly.
正确答案:A
解析:原文提及“当来自北方寒冷干燥的空气与来自南方温暖湿润的空气相遇,锋面形成。当这些气团相遇,一个狭窄的暴风云区也形成。”故A正确。
12.
A.It will remain the same.
B.Its air will be sucked up.
C.It will explode outward.
D.It will move a little.
正确答案:C
解析:原文提及“当内部气压大于外部气压时,建筑物会向外爆炸。”故C正确。
听力原文: In Britain, just after the main television news programmes, audience figures rise. It’s weather forecast time. The BBC broadcasts 44 live forecasts a day, 433 hours of weather a year, using forecasters from the Meteorological Office. The Met. Office makes predictions about the weather seven days in advance. These are based on observations from the ground, from satellites and from radar. The observations are stored in a computer that can do up to 4,000 million calculations a second. In Britain the weather is news. A television weather forecast often begins with an interesting fact— the town with the top temperature of the day or the place with the most rain. “The public like that kind of information,” says senior forecaster Bill Giles. The BBC forecasters are professional meteorologists, but they do not have an easy job. They are the only presenters on television who do not use a script, and they cannot see the map that they are describing. Viewers are often critical, especially of female presenters. One woman left her job after rude letters and press reports about her clothes. The British talk about the weather more than almost any other subject, so it is a surprise to discover that seventy per cent of television viewers cannot remember what they saw on the weather forecasts. “What happens is that people like watching and hearing the forecasts, but they probably only take real notice when they need to—when they’re going on holiday or wondering what the weather will be like for the tennis at Wimbledon,” says one forecaster. “Or, of course, when we make mistakes! “12 How many live forecasts does BBC broadcast each day?13 What does a television weather forecast often begin with?14 Why did the female presenter quit her job?15 When will the viewers pay attention to the weather report?
13.
A.33.
B.44.
C.433.
D.443.
正确答案:B
解析:原文提及“英国广播公司每天有44次现场直播的天气预报。”故B正确。
14.
A.A place with a heavy rain.
B.A town with a sunny day.
C.A beautiful summer resort.
D.An interesting advertisement.
正确答案:A
解析:原文提及“电视天气预报经常以一个有趣的事情开头——最高温的城市和下雨最多的地方。”故A正确。
15.
A.She didn’t like the job any more.
B.She made a mistake in the report.
C.She was criticized for her clothes.
D.Her boss often found faults with her.
正确答案:C
解析:原文提及“在看到批评她衣着的粗鲁信件和媒体报道后,她辞掉了工作。”故C正确。
16.
A.Every time they watch TV.
B.When they make mistakes.
C.When they’re going on holiday.
D.When they meet forecasters.
正确答案:C
解析:原文提及“观众只在自己需要的时候注意天气预报,比如要去度假、看比赛或当天气预报员犯错误的时候。”故C正确。
Section C
听力原文: An ancient Greek philosopher once wrote that laughter is what makes us human—that it defines us as a species. Much more recent developments in biology and behavioral science suggest that not only humans but also rats and dolphins laugh: nonetheless, laughter is one of the most important aspects of human social life and self-expression. Laughter starts very soon after an infant is born—almost as soon as crying—and it serves many different social and psychological functions, from sharing our joy to intimidating and insulting other people. In many parts of the world, making other people laugh is considered a great gift, and comedy has always been a vital part of culture and art—perhaps precisely because of the complex, significant role of laughter in everyday life. Humans begin laughing when they are about forty days old: in the 19th century, Charles Darwin verified this number by observing his own newborn daughter. Darwin also suggested an explanation for the sounds she made: we want to show one another that we are happy or delighted. Pleasure lies at the base of what Darwin called “real” laughter: most people still think of laughing this way, as a fundamentally social act that helps us relate to one another by communicating positive feelings. It’s an easily verifiable fact that everyone laughs louder and more frequently in groups than when alone. And Darwin and one of his colleagues also demonstrated that it is easy for human beings to tell when someone is faking a laugh or a smile. Because of a certain muscle in the human face—the zygomaticus major, or muscle of joy—our eyes sparkle when we are genuinely happy. Comedy and laughter have played and still play a vital role in artistic production in western culture. Comedy as we know it—that is, staged performances intended to induce laughter in viewers or audience members—was born in ancient Greece. During the next several centuries, Italy, England, France and Germany all developed strong comic traditions—especially in Italy, where a theater tradition called the commedia dell’arte was born. Traveling performers played comic songs and put on puppet shows and plays to amuse crowds of viewers. This continued across Europe for hundreds of years, even as major cities developed and acting troupes settled into more permanent theaters. Even the American version of the television stand-up comedian is also very old, and can be traced back to the court fool or jester in the middle ages and the Renaissance. Human beings may not be the only animals who laugh—but for centuries we have made it a central part of being human.16 What do we learn about laughter?17 What indicates a real laughter according to Darwin?18 What do we learn about comedy?
17.
A.Human beings are the only animals who can laugh.
B.One starts laughing when he is about six months old.
C.Laughter has many functions other than expressing joy.
D.Almost all the animals can laugh in some way.
正确答案:C
解析:录音提到笑有许多不同的社会和心理功能,从分享我们的快乐到恐吓和挖苦他人。因此选C项“除了表达喜悦,笑还有许多的功能”,其中选项中的expressing是录音中sharing的同义改写。
18.
A.The sparkling of eyes.
B.The opening of mouth.
C.The movement of muscles.
D.The blinking of eyes.
正确答案:A
解析:录音提到达尔文和他的一名同事证实,人们很容易就能判断一个人是否是在假笑,因为人脸部有一块特定肌肉——颧肌,人们在真笑的时候眼睛会闪烁(our eyes sparkle),因此选A项。
19.
A.Comedy originated in ancient Rome.
B.Theaters originally appeared in Italy.
C.Stand-up comedians were popular in France.
D.Comedy was once banned in Europe.
正确答案:B
解析:录音提到喜剧从古希腊诞生,之后的几个世纪里在意大利、英国、法国和德国有了很大的发展。尤其是在意大利开创了剧院表演的传统,因此选B项“剧院表演源于意大利”。
听力原文: Some people’s ears produce wax like busy little bees. This can be a problem even though ear wax appears to serve an important purpose. It protects and cleans the ear. It traps dirt and other matter, and it keeps insects out. Doctors think earwax might also help protect against infections. And the waxy oil keeps ears from getting too dry. So earwax is good. It even has a medical name: cerumen. And there are two kinds. Most people of European or African ancestry have the “wet” kind: thick and sticky. East Asians commonly have “dry” earwax. But you can have too much of a good thing. The glands in the ear canal that produce the wax make too much in some people. Earwax is normally expelled: it falls out of the ear or gets washed away. But extra wax can harden and form a blockage that interferes with sound waves and reduces hearing. People can also cause a blockage when they try to clean out their ears, but only push the wax deeper inside. Earwax removal is sometimes necessary. But you have to use a safe method or you could do a lot of damage. Experts at the National Institutes of Health, NIH, suggest some ways to treat excessive earwax yourself. The wax can be softened with mineral oil, glycerin or ear drops. Hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide may also help. Another way to remove wax is known as irrigation. With the head upright, take hold of the outer part of the ear. Gently pull upward to straighten the ear canal. Use a syringe device to gently direct water a-gainst the wall of the ear canal. Then turn the head to the side to let the water out. The experts at NIH say you may have to repeat this process a few times. Use water that is body temperature. If the water is cooler or warmer, it could make you feel dizzy. Never try irrigation if the eardrum is broken. It could lead to infection and other problems. After the earwax is gone, gently dry the ear. But if irrigation fails, the best thing to do is to go to a health care provider for professional assistance. You should never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. Experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear.19 What is the function of earwax?20 What can be used to remove earwax according to experts in NIH?21 What do we learn about irrigation?
20.
A.It improves hearing.
B.It causes infections.
C.It keeps our ears dry.
D.It protects our ears.
正确答案:D
解析:录音提到耳垢有很多用途,包括保护和清洁耳朵,阻挡灰尘、昆虫等物质,防止耳朵感染,避免耳朵过于干燥等。因此选D项“保护耳朵”。
21.
A.A soft cloth.
B.Mineral oil.
C.The little finger.
D.A cotton swab.
正确答案:B
解析:录音提到NIH的专家们介绍了一些清除过多耳垢的方式,其中就有使用矿物油(mineral oil)来软化耳垢,因此选B项。
22.
A.Water is poured into the ear.
B.It is the safest method of all.
C.Cold water should be used.
D.It can be repeated several times.
正确答案:D
解析:录音提到,NIH的专家说使用冲洗法清除耳垢有时可能需要重复好几次,因此选D项。
听力原文: Should girls go to school only with other girls? Is it better for boys to attend all boys schools? Educators at school for girls in Washington D.C. believe children in classes of the same sex do better, but other experts say there is no real evidence to support that idea. They believe there are other more important things that make a school effective. Excel Academy is the first all-girl school in Washington, D.C. that is independently operated and supported by taxpayers. It was established in 2007 and opened its doors in 2008. One of its students is Anyreah Clavijo who is 10 years old. Anyreah attended kindergarten in a classroom with boys. She says boys have different interests from girls. She has now been at Excel for the last five years and praises it. “They would like support me and tell me that I can do it. They make me feel like I’m loved and that I’m the smartest person in the world,” Anyreah said. The Excel Academy provides free education to children from families without much money. It serves more than 600 girls from preschool, the youngest children to grade five. Three meals are served each day. Kaye Savage established the school and leads it as its chief executive officer. She says that when boys and girls are taught together, the teachers teach for the boys. She says boys are a little louder and much more active than the girls. In her opinion that makes girls second-class citizens in their own classrooms and schools. But Galen Sherwin at the American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU, disagrees. She says the ACLU thinks that the evidence, in her words, is not really there to support claims that same sex classrooms produce better results. “Similarities between boys and girls are much greater and more relevant than any differences. Certainly any differences that exist are not relevant from an educational standpoint,” Sherwin said. Elaine Weiss is an education expert at the Economic Policy Institute. She believes other considerations besides same sex classes have a bigger effect on children success in school. Ms. Weiss says everything that happens in children’s early development is important. This includes their mother’s age and how they feel during pregnancy, and whether the children attend a pre-kindergarten program to help get ready for school. “They start for example in pre-school, so they’re addressing some of that early gap before kids get to kindergarten. They keep their classes relatively small, so that teachers can have a one-to-one conversation and interaction with students. They have enriching after-school opportunities,” Weiss said. And Anyreah Clavijo is not sure if she will always attend an all-girl program, but she is happy where she is.22 What do we learn about Excel Academy?23 What if boys and girls are taught together according to Kaye?24 What is the viewpoint of Sherwin?25 What is important for children’s success in school according to Weiss?
23.
A.It is the first same sex school.
B.It is located in New York city.
C.It began to admit students in 2008.
D.It charges students a high tuition fee.
正确答案:C
解析:录音提到Excel Academy是2007年建成的,2008年开始开放。因此选C项”2008年开始招生”.
24.
A.Boys are more attentive than girls.
B.Girls are more active than boys.
C.Boys get more attention than girls.
D.Boys and girls are treated equally.
正确答案:C
解析:录音提到Kaye认为如果男孩女孩在同一个班,老师会更关注男孩,因为男孩比女孩说话更大声、也更活跃,女孩在这个班会变成“二等公民”。因此选C项。
25.
A.Students perform better in same sex classrooms.
B.Students perform better in mixed sex classrooms.
C.Differences outweigh similarities between boys and girls.
D.Similarities outweigh differences between boys and girls.
正确答案:D
解析:录音提到,Sherwin认为男孩和女孩的相似性要远远超过他们之间的区别。因此选D项。
26.
A.Attending a pre-school program.
B.Attending a same sex school.
C.Going to school earlier.
D.Having good personalities.
正确答案:A
解析:录音提到,Weiss认为孩子早年发生的任何事情都可能对学业成就带来重要影响,比如他们母亲的年龄,他们母亲在怀孕期间的情绪,以及他们是否接受了学前教育等。因此选A项。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Section A
The English national character is dualistic: One aspect is conservative, the other extroverted(性格外向的). The pub is a fine example of the conservative aspect of English character. The pub, unlike the bar in the U.S., is a focal【C1】______for the “locals.” One goes to the pub for the same reasons one used to go to church: for fellowship and spiritual【C2】______. There is nothing flashy or plastic about most pubs. Many look like one’s living room, full of soft chairs, couches, a fireplace, and bright lights. The pubs keep【C3】______hours, too. There are no all-night or 3 A.M. public bars. When the pubs close everyone goes home. The pub represents【C4】______with control and in good taste. This control is【C5】______in English humor. Most Americans find nothing【C6】______in English comedy shows, since English humor is word oriented while American humor is more action oriented. The same control that is found in English pubs and humor is also found in the English【C7】______of living. Where else does one stand in line quietly for the bus or the taxi? However, there is another side to the English Character—the【C8】______, the adventurous, and the innovative. It was not the U.S. but conservative England that produced the Beatles with their long hair and sounds that have【C9】______a decade of rock musicians and adolescents. The English are innovators and experimenters in many areas: A. S. Neill’s Summerhill has become the model for progressive education. R. D. Laing claims that it is not the individual who is insane but his society, which【C10】______categorizes him and forces him to fit into abstract norms.A)concrete E)influenced I)funny M)orthodoxB)enlightenment F)indignantly J)pace N)constantlyC)bizarre G)point K)perception O)exemplifiedD)pleasure H)amplified L)respectable
27. 【C1】
正确答案:G
解析:此处需填入由focal(焦点的)修饰的名词,不定冠词a提示此空为可数名词的单数形式。上文提到酒吧是英国人性格中保守面的例证,空格后具体说明了酒吧不浮华,布置得就像起居室,故本句应该说酒吧是本地人的“聚点”,point跟focal搭配可表此意。
28. 【C2】
正确答案:B
解析:此处需填入spiritual修饰的名词,与fellowship(伙伴关系)一起说明去教堂的原因。去教堂应该是为了心灵上的“觉悟”,enlightenment“启迪;觉悟”与宗教相关,故为答案。
29. 【C3】
正确答案:L
解析:此处需填入修饰hours的形容词或分词。这一段主要讲英国酒吧的保守方面,都是好的一面,因此空格处应为褒义的词。根据最后一句的with control(有节制)和in good taste(品味好),可知respectable“正派的”最合适,指酒吧开放的时间很正规。
30. 【C4】
正确答案:D
解析:此处需填入名词,为represents的宾语。从上文提及的英国人的酒吧生活和酒吧的营业时间,可知pleasure符合上下文语义,表示酒吧代表了有节制、有品味的娱乐方式。
31. 【C5】
正确答案:O
解析:此处需填入动词分词或形容词。下文的The same control that is found…表明空格处的语义应与found相近,exemplified“举例说明”符合,下文具体说到的英国人幽默的例子也印证了exemplified正确。下文只是用简短的例子举例说明,并没有详述,故排除amplified“详述”。
32. 【C6】
正确答案:I
解析:此处需填入nothing的后置定语,为形容词或分词。根据comedy shows(喜剧表演),选择funny“可笑的”,句子表示大部分美国人觉得英国的喜剧没有什么可笑之处。
33. 【C7】
正确答案:J
解析:此处需填入由of living限定的名词。下文提到英国人自觉排队的情形,这可看作英国人的“生活节奏”,pace“节奏;速度”与living搭配,符合语境。
34. 【C8】
正确答案:C
解析:此处应填入由of与adventurous(冒险的)和innovative(创新的)并列的形容词或分词,形容英国人的性格。下文提到留着长发的Beatles作为例子,对这类摇滚歌星的描述用bizarre(奇异的;古怪的)最为恰当,而非orthodox“正统的;传统的”。
35. 【C9】
正确答案:E
解析:此处需填入动词的过去分词,与have构成完成时态。空格所在的that定语从句修饰their long hair and sounds,说明披头士乐队的长发和声音对一代摇滚歌星和青少年的“影响”或“作用”,故选择influenced“影响”。
36. 【C10】
正确答案:N
解析:此处需填入修饰谓语动词categorizes(分类)的副词。根据空格后的forces him to…(强迫他……),可推断把个人进行分类是一个长期的过程,故constantly“经常地,不断地”最合适。
Section B
Nurse Home Visits: A Boost for Low-Income Parents[A]Nurse home visitor Tammy Ballard has had some memorable experiences in close to a decade of helping new mothers raising their children in poverty in Dayton, Ohio. Once, she arrived at a new client’s home to find a TV news crew waiting outside: apparently, someone fleeing gunfire had sought shelter there. Another time, she knocked on a door only to hear screaming in response, but no one would let her in. Later she learned it was the family’s parrots, which had been trained to shout at visitors.[B]Ballard’s job—when she can get in the house—is to try to give low-income parents a leg up. She teaches them many of the same child-rearing techniques that give the children of middle-class and educated parents an edge socially and in school—and that instruction is often eye-opening for both Ballard and her clients. You would be surprised to know what new parents don’t know, Ballard says, recalling the case of one father who thought babies couldn’t hear at birth. “He asked, ‘When do their eyes open?’ He thought they were like puppies,” she says.[C]There’s no doubt that low-income parents—indeed, most new parents—could use a little guidance. In some countries, like France, that guidance is institutionalized. Nurse home visits for all pregnant and new mothers are routine and free of charge, sponsored by the government. In the U.S. the national Nurse-Family Partnership program(NFP)covers about 16,300 families living in poverty in 25 states, but President Obama has said he plans to expand the benefit, extending it to every first-time poor mother in the country—about 570,000 women each year. The President’s stimulus plan includes more than $3 billion in funding for early-childhood-intervention programs such as Head Start and Early Head Start.[D]The question is, will the money make a real difference in children’s lives? In a recent article in The New York Times, Douglas Besharov of the conservative think tank American Enterprise Institute and a colleague argued that expanding pre-kindergarten programs “without demanding reforms will not help children.” Other critics have also stated that funding early-childhood initiatives is just a consolation to liberal interest groups.[E]But the science supporting warm and fuzzy early-childhood interventions is sound and is only getting stronger. “There’s converging evidence from neuroscience(神经学), social science and animal data,” says Martha Farah, director of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania. “If you want to invest societal resources where they will have the biggest benefit for all of us, clearly the evidence is there now that protecting children from the worst kinds of deprivation in their youngest years will result in more functional, capable, prosocial citizens.”[F]The NFP was developed in the 1970s by David Olds, a professor of pediatrics(小儿科)and preventive medicine at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. NFP involves about home visits from a nurse during the first 2.5 years of a child’s life. Many of the new mothers who receive the benefit are single, are on welfare, have low education levels and are dealing with addiction, mental illness and family violence. Nurses visit once a week during pregnancy and early infancy, answering health questions, teaching basic parenting skills and, crucially, helping moms whose own early lives were often characterized by chaos build confidence that they can do better for their children.[G]These visits have a pretty good payoff. A recent analysis by the Rand Corp. found that for every dollar spent providing nurse visitors to high-risk families, the government could save nearly $6 in welfare, juvenile-justice and health-care costs down the line. Dividends for the families’ well-being may be even higher. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association(J.AM.A.)a few years ago found that children in the north of New York whose mothers were visited by nurses during pregnancy and two years after birth were 59% less likely to have been arrested 15 years later, compared with a control group.[H]Another study, also in J.AM.A., found that nurse home visits were associated with a nearly 50% drop in rates of child abuse or neglect in new families and that visits increased the amount of time between a mother’s first and second pregnancies. Rates of hypertension(高血压), which is known to interfere with fetal brain development, were also reduced. And mothers spent less time on welfare and worked more.[I]There’s really no mystery to the program’s success, says Olds. Simple interventions, like encouraging new parents to show affection to their children or to talk to them more, result in huge rewards for babies. In poor families, adults tend to speak to babies only to issue commands, in a business-only style of parenting rather than talking to children to communicate affection, identify objects, introduce concepts or teach language—a phenomenon more common in middle-class and wealthy households. Studies have shown that by pre-school age, children whose parents gesture or talk to them less in babyhood know significantly fewer vocabulary words than children whose parents engage them more often. That deficit can affect students’ performance for years.[J]What happens early has a long-term impact, says Olds. Indeed, about 90% of a child’s brain growth takes place before kindergarten, so it’s critical to teach new parents what to expect as a child develops not only during pregnancy and early childhood but also as the child matures. A large part of nurse home visits are designed to teach parents how to respond to their children as they age and help them manage the extra burden of parenting with few resources. Says Olds: “Learning to understand children’s motivations and abilities helps parents treat them more sensitively and responsively, and that makes it easier for children to accept guidance and not respond provocatively.”[K]It also creates a less stressful environment and protects against child abuse and neglect, and those reductions can in turn cut children’s risks of later engaging in crime and suffering from addiction, mental illness, obesity and cardiovascular(心血管的)disease. The key, according to Olds’ research, begins with properly trained nurses: home visits by paraprofessionals(专业人员的助手)aren’t as effective. Despite the current shortage of nurses in the U.S., Olds says his program is ready to grow. “The NFP is ready for substantial expansion, as long as we recognize that serving 500,000 new families per year will take time.” But it’s an investment that self-propagates. Once the nurses have educated new moms, says Ballard, the mothers start educating one another. “It’s so neat to watch,” she says. “We give information to our clients, and they share with neighbors. One client was the go-to person for everything. She’d say, ‘Talking to your babies makes them smart.’ And the other moms would always come to her.”
37. Encouraging parents to express affection does good to babies.
正确答案:I
解析:根据Encouraging和parents to express affection定位到I段。原文说,简单的干预,像鼓励初为父母的人向孩子表达情感,或者与孩子多说话,会使婴儿得到巨大的益处。本题句子的does good to对应原文的result in huge rewards for。
38. It is best to invest societal resources into home visit programs.
正确答案:E
解析:根据invest societal resources定位到E段。原文说,如果想将社会资源投入到使我们受益最大的地方,很明显就是这里(即本文反复提及的护士家访),因为保护孩子幼年不受各种被剥夺、被迫丧失的侵害,就会培养出更加有用、能干、融入社会的公民。本题句子简要概括了原文的意思。
39. In some countries, nurse home visit programs are funded by government.
正确答案:C
解析:根据nurse home visit和funded by government定位到C段。原文说,在一些国家,如法国,指导已经制度化了。护士对所有孕妇和产妇家访都是常规和免费的,由资助。本题句子的funded对应原文的sponsored。
40. Nurse home visit is eye-opening because of clients’ poor childcare knowledge.
正确答案:B
解析:根据eye-opening定位到B段。家访既让客户大开眼界,也让Ballard自己大开眼界。刚做父母的年轻人在抚养孩子方面的无知使Ballard惊讶。本题句子的clients’poor childcare knowledge对应原文的what new parents don’t know。
41. A nurse home visitor found that her clients raise parrots to scare away visitors.
正确答案:A
解析:根据nurse home visitor和parrots定位到A段。该段倒数第2句说“她敲门的时候只听到尖叫声,没有人开门”,下一句说“那是这家的鹦鹉,被训练成专门对来访者大吼大叫”。可见,这家主人养鹦鹉是为了吓走来访者。本题句子与原文意思一致。
42. Some people claim that pre-kindergarten programs won’t help unless a demanding reform is carried out.
正确答案:D
解析:根据pre-kindergarten programs和demanding reform定位到D段。Douglas Besharov认为学前教育的计划要想真正对孩子有益,必须要有有效的改革。本题句子是对原文的同义转述。
43. According to a study, children are less likely to commit crimes if their mothers have received visits by nurses in early years.
正确答案:G
解析:根据less likely to和visits by nurses定位到G段。根据J.A.M.A.几年前的一项研究,在纽约北部,母亲在怀孕时期和产后两年内得到家访的,那些孩子15年以后被逮捕的可能性就减少59%。也就是说,那些孩子犯罪可能性更低。本题句子是对原文的同义转述。
44. Compared with middle-class ones, parents of poor families are likely to speak to babies only to issue commands.
正确答案:I
解析:根据poor families、speak to babies和only to issue commands定位到I段。在贫穷的家庭,大人跟孩子说话往往只是为了发出指令,是一种公事公办式的养育风格,而不是与孩子交谈来表达情感。本题句子与原文意思一致。原文中的rather than…a phenomenon more common in middle-class...对应本题的Compared with middle—class ones。
45. To make it easier for children to accept guidance, it is important for parents to understand their children’s motivations and abilities.
正确答案:J
解析:根据make it easier for children to accept guidance、understand和children’s motivations and abilities定位到J段。原文说,学会理解孩子的动机和能力,有助于家长更加慎重和相应地对待孩子,使孩子更容易接受教导而不会做出叛逆反应。本题句子与原文意思一致。
46. According to a research, an effective home visit attributes to properly trained nurses.
正确答案:K
解析:根据research、effective和properly trained nurses定位到K段。原文说,根据Olds的研究,秘诀是从训练有素的护士开始的,专业人员的助手进行的家访没有(训练有素的护士进行的家访)这么有效。本题句子与原文意思一致。
Section C
Researchers have reconstructed an ancient human genome(基因组)for the first time, thanks to the discovery of a 4000-year-old strand of hair in Greenland permafrost(永冻土). Experts say that similar techniques could be employed in many other ways, such as analyzing the DNA of South American mummies or crime victims. The sample was taken from one of four strands of hair collected in Greenland by Danish archaeologists in the 1980s. The hairs are the only known human remains from the earliest people to settle in Greenland. A chance conversation alerted University of Copenhagen researcher Eske Willerslev, who was just back from two unsuccessful months in Greenland searching for human remains to test for DNA, to the sample, which had been stored at the National Museum of Denmark for more than 20 years. Once they had the hairs in their possession, Willerslev and colleagues set about sequencing the sample. The team used dozens of sequencing machines to identify and map DNA fragments in the hair shafts, a process that took nearly 2 months. The data revealed more than 80% of the genome, coverage comparable to what can be done with a modem human genome. “From the DNA, we can tell a lot about the individual,” says Willerslev. “He had brown eyes, brown skin, a tendency to baldness, and dry earwax.” The researchers have named him “Inuk,” which means “man” or “human” in Greenlandic. The genome also sheds light on where the man’s relatives came from. When the researchers compared his DNA with that collected from more than 40 Arctic and native North American populations, they concluded that the first people to settle in Greenland were related to groups now living in northeastern Siberia. The analysis also revealed that these first colonists were not the ancestors of the Inuit who live on the island now. The researchers say that when it comes to ancient DNA, the Greenland sample may amount to low-hanging fruit. The hair had been preserved by cold for thousands of years, ideal conditions for recovering DNA “Working with these young permafrost samples is worlds apart from working with older, non-permafrost samples,” says Adrian Briggs, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute. He notes that the Greenland sample contains tens of thousands of times more DNA than typically found in Neandertal and early modem human samples from warmer environments. Yet the discovery shows that with ever-cheaper genetic sequencing and faster computers, it is possible to recover a full nuclear DNA sequence from an ancient human, even when the genome is broken into tiny fragments. The nicest thing this paper shows is that the application of next-generation sequencing techniques is really going to expand what we can do with ancient DNA.
47. When Eske Willerslev decided to test the strands of hair for DNA, _____.
A.he discovered the hair by chance
B.he failed in all the previous tests
C.the hair was found by him in Greenland permafrost
D.the hair was kept in National Museum of Denmark
正确答案:D
解析:原文该句提到的sample指的就是“头发”的样本,末尾的定语从句表明该头发样本当时收藏在丹麦国家博物馆中,因此,本题应选D。
48. What do we know about “Inuk”?
A.It signifies where the ancient man was found.
B.It represents where the ancient man was born.
C.It comes from a language spoken in Greenland.
D.It describes the ancient man’s physical features.
正确答案:C
解析:原文该句末尾的定语从句表明了“Inuk”这个名字的命名原因,其中的in Greenlandic表明Greenlandic应为一个名词,根据从句的结构可以推断Greenlandic最可能是“格陵兰语”的意思,因此,本题应选C。
49. The ancient man’s closest relatives were _____.
A.the Artic populations
B.the North Americans
C.the northeastern Siberians
D.the ancestors of the Inuit
正确答案:C
解析:第5段第2句的主句they concluded...表明研究人员在研究这个古人的亲属来源时得出结论:他与西伯利亚东北部的人有亲缘关系,由此可见,本题应选C。
50. By saying that the Greenland sample may be “low-hanging fruit”(Line 1-2, Para. 6), the researchers meant that _____.
A.the sample was favorable for their test
B.the sample made the test more difficult
C.the sample brought about little benefits
D.the sample produced unexpected results
正确答案:A
解析:从第6段第2句中的ideal和最后一句中的tens of thousands of times more DNA等可知研究人员认为格陵兰岛的样本对他们的研究带来非常积极的帮助,因此,本题应选A。
51. According to the researchers, the genetic sequencing techniques _____.
A.need improving
B.are promising
C.must be computer-assisted
D.will not be limited to DNA studies
正确答案:B
解析:最后一段的内容强调了基因测序技术的用处,而第2句中的nicest,is really going to expand...等词都表明基因测序技术有很好的前景,因此,本题应选B。
Textbooks in the U.S. are so expensive that even used versions can give students a sharp pain in the wallet. The 7th edition of Francis A Carey’s Organic Chemistry—a standard text for pre-medical students— costs $213 new and somewhere around $150 used. Add to that the companion study guide(学习辅导书)($113 new: $90 used)and a student would pay between $326 and $240 for just one course. With four to five courses a semester—many assigning multiple textbooks—the costs add up. The same edition of Organic Chemistry, however, is available on a Canadian website called AbeBooks. com for $12. The book is an international edition, printed in English but sold in India, and identical to its expensive American edition except for its soft cover. With a click of the mouse, a student could save hundreds of dollars. According to the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, U.S. textbook prices rose 186% between 1986 and 2004, or twice the rate of inflation. College students now spend roughly $900 on textbooks every academic year, books they are required by their professors to purchase. This disconnection between the buyer and the seller allows publishing companies to artificially inflate their prices. International textbooks are printed—frequently in India, although sometimes in other Asian nations— under copyright agreements with Western publishers that allow the books to be sold for a discounted price. “The reasoning is that people in other countries can’t afford the higher prices,” said Swarthout, “so this is a way to provide them with the same quality of education as we get in America.” But just as the Internet has enabled illegal access to music and movies, so too has it opened the international book market-especially to the hands of college students. International textbooks are available on major bookselling websites including Amazon, eBay and Half.com. It’s legal for students to buy them for personal use, but illegal for anyone to resell them outside of their intended country. With luck, students won’t have to outsource(外购)their educational needs for much longer. This summer, Congress approved a new law that would require textbook publishers to provide pricing information to professors, to help them decide which books to select for their courses. There are also e-books—digital texts available on the Internet either for free or a small price—not to mention book rental services and good old-fashioned hand-me-downs. But for students who want a complete, original copy of the textbook, international editions are hard to ignore. “Not all of my books were available as international editions, and sometimes the price break between ordering off eBay and buying in the bookstore wasn’t large enough to guarantee the extra effort,” says Rodgers, who graduated last spring with a degree in neuroscience. “but I always checked.”
52. What can we infer about the American version of Organic Chemistry?
A.It is usually not sold online.
B.It is bound between hard covers.
C.It is intended for pre-medical students only.
D.It is of a newer edition than the international one.
正确答案:B
解析:原文该句指出国际版的《有机化学》和美国版的唯一区别是国际版用soft cover(软封皮包装),由此对比可知,美国版应该是更精美的“硬封皮包装”,即hard cover,因此B的说法正确。
53. The “disconnection” is resulted when _____.
A.students can’t choose the textbooks by themselves
B.students buy the textbooks directly from the sellers
C.the textbook prices rise faster than inflation
D.sellers artificially raise the textbook prices
正确答案:A
解析:第3段最后一句disconnection前的this表明disconnection的原因应从前一句去查找,上一句提到学生要按照教授的要求购买教科书,换句话说,学生对于自己要购买什么书没有选择权,所以导致了disconnection,由此可见,本题应选A。
54. As far as an international book is concerned, it is legal as long as the book is _____.
A.bought and resold on the Internet
B.bought and resold in the same country
C.resold inside of its intended country
D.resold to the bookselling websites
正确答案:C
解析:原文该句末尾表明把international books在对象国之外转卖是违法的,反过来说,在对象国之内转卖这些书籍就是合法的,由此可见,本题应选C。
55. According to the author, book rental services _____.
A.cost more than digital texts
B.cost less than digital texts
C.are not good sources of textbooks
D.are also good sources of textbooks
正确答案:D
解析:第5段第1句为本段的主题句,表明本段接下来的内容要说明为什么学生无需再外购教材了,最后一句也是原因之一,其中的not to mention意为“更不用说……”,这表明除了e-books之外,book rental services和hand-me-downs都是获得教材的很好的来源,选D。
56. Rodgers is most likely to agree that eBay _____.
A.seldom provides international versions
B.seldom provides guarantee for the books
C.sometimes provides unreasonable offers
D.sometimes provides unsatisfactory offers
正确答案:D
解析:原文该句中的sometimes the price break…wasn’t large enough表明Rogers认为eBay售书的价格有些时候仍不够低,不能让他感到满意,因此本题应选D。
Part Ⅳ Translation
57. 北京大学于18年在北京成立,原名为京师大学堂(the Imperial University of Peking)。该大学的成立标志着中国近代史上高等教育的开始。在中国近代史上,它是进步思想的中心,对中国新文化运动、五四运动及其他重要事件的发生颇有影响。今天,国内不少排名将北京大学列入国内顶尖大学之列。该校重视教学和科学研究。为提高本科生教育和研究生教育质量、为保持其领先研究机构的地位,学校已做了很大努力。此外,学校尤以其校园环境及优美的中国传统建筑而闻名。
正确答案: Peking University was established in Beijing in 18 and was originally known as the Imperial University of Peking. The establishment of the university marked the beginning of China’s modem history of higher education. In modern history of China, it was a center for progressive thought and was influential in the birth of China’s New Culture Movement, May Fourth Movement and many other significant events. Today, many domestic rankings place Peking University amongst the top universities in China. The university lays emphasis on both teaching and scientific research. Great efforts have been made to improve the quality of undergraduate and graduate education and maintain its role as a leading research institution. In addition, the University is especially renowned for its campus environment and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture.
解析:1.表示某事物的成立,需用被动语态;“原名京师大学堂”即最初的名字,可译为and its original name was…;也 可与前面句子共用主语Peking University,译为was originally known as…。2.注意“中国近代史”的译法,“近代”通常译为modern history。“现代史”则译为contemporary history。3.“对……的发生颇有影响”的中心词是“有影响”(was influential),“对……的发生”表明产生影响的方面,用介词 in。“发生”在此处强调的是状态,而不是动作,因此用in the birth of。
