
2. Characteristics of Petrarchan sonnet: The Italian sonnet is divided into two sections by two different groups of rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines is called the octave with rhymes:a b b a a b b aThe remaining 6 lines is called the sestet and can have either two or three rhyming sounds, arranged in a variety of ways. The change from one rhyme group to another signifies the change in subject matter.The octave often introduces the theme or problem while the sestet gives solutions.【The SONNET 75 by Edmund Spensor is a typical Petrarchan sonnet.
3. Characteristics of Elizabethan (Shakespearean) sonnet: The Shakespearean sonnet is made up of 14 lines with three quatrains and a couplet, and the typical rhyming scheme is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. 【Sonnet 29 and 73
4. Pastoral: In literature, the adjective 'pastoral' refers to rural subjects and aspects of life in the countryside among shepherds and other farm workers that are often romanticized and depicted in a highly unrealistic manner. Indeed, the pastoral life is sometimes depicted as being far closer to the Golden age than the rest of human life 【The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
5. Scansion is the act of determining and (usually) graphically representing the metrical character of a line of verse. There are many methods and symbols in scansion of poems.
6. The Great Chain of Being : The Great Chain of Being is a classical Christian and Western Medieval concept detailing a strict, hierarchical structure of all matter and life It composed of a great number of hierarchical links, from the most basic and foundational elements up through the very highest perfection. The level descends from God to Angelic Beings to Humanity Animals to Plants and finally to Minerals
7. Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. 【The Faerie Queen
8 Ptolemic cosmology: In the Ptolemaic system, each planet is moved by a system of two or more spheres: one called its deferent, the others, its epicycles. And the Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is: Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Fixed Stars and Sphere of Prime Mover
9. Humanism
10. The Reformation: It was led by Martin Luther,John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.The Reformation opposed the false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice of Catholics— especially the teaching and the sale of indulgences or the abuses thereof, and simony, the selling and buying of clerical offices. 【Faerie Queen
11. Courtly love was a medieval European conception of nobly and chivalrouslyexpressing love and ad miration. Generally, courtly love was secret and between members of the nobility. The lover was prompted by an ecstactic impulse to submit himself to the sovereignity of a lady , who, as a consequence of her beauty, virtue, rank and, very often married status, was unapproachable and sexually unattainable.
12. Carpe diem: It is popularly translated as "seize the day". In carpe diem poetry, the speaker puts emphasis on the fact that life is short and the time is fleeting., 【”To the virgins, to make much of time”
13. Cavalier poets : English poets of the early seventeenth century are crudely classified by the division into Cavaliers and metaphysical poets, Cavalier poets came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. 【 Robert Herrick
14. persona (per-SO-na): In literature, the persona is the narrator, or the storyteller, of a literary work created by the author. It could be a character in the work, or a fabricated onlooker, relaying the sequence of events in a narrative. 【 Shakespeare’s sonnet 73
15 The biographical fallacy is a term used in literature criticism to critique the view that works of literature can be interpreted as reflections of the life of their authors.T he term was introduced by exponents of the New Criticism who wished to emphasise that artworks should be interpreted and assessed as constructed artefacts rather than expressions of the emotions of specific individuals.
16.Anaphora: the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences or verses to emphasize an image or a concept.
17. Anadiplosis is a rhetorical figure of speech that means to "double back" and repeat a word or phrase that appears at the end of sentence or clause at the beginning of the next sentence or clause.
18. Chiasmus is a figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each another through a reversal of terms in order to make a larger point.
19 Antithesis :it is figure of speech involving the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure,
20. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated. This allows a reader to recognize similarities or common features among terms. It may provide a more common meaning to a word.
21. Metaphor: a type of figurative language in which a statement is made that says that one thing is something else but, literally, it is not. Metaphor is a great contributor to poetry when the reader understands a likeness between two essentially different things.
22. Oxymoron: Oxymorons (or oxymora) are literary figures of speech usually composed of a pair of neighbouring contradictory words (often within a sentence). Oxymorons can be used for dramatic effect,
23. Simile: The use of language that does not mean exactly what it says, which makes a comparison between two otherwise unalike objects or ideas by connecting them with the words "like" or "as."
