
Pang Zhiwei
Abstract: Theodore Dreiser is one of America’s greatest naturalist writers. Naturalism contributes a lot to the success of his first novel Sister Carrie, which is both a major work of art and an important landmark in the development of literary modernism. This paper aims to discuss the naturalistic features in Sister Carrie mainly from three aspects: environmental factors, chances and hereditary factors.
Key words: Theodore Dreiser; naturalism; environment; chance; hereditary factor
1 Introduction
Theodore Dreiser is a representative American naturalist writer. His frank discussion and celebration of sex are new and shocking to the reading public, and he opens a new ground of American naturalism. “The revival of naturalism in the 1930s enthroned Dreiser as the guide and pioneer for the latter-day naturalists such as James T. Farrell, John O’Hara, and John Dos Passes, for it is in Dreiser’s works that American naturalism is said to have come to age” (常耀信,2003:148). Apart from Hemingway and Faulkner, Dreiser is also regarded as one of the three greatest novelists in America after World War I. In Sinclair Lewis’ Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, he highly praised Dreiser and pointed out that it was Dreiser rather than he himself that deserved the prize, “Dreiser more than any other man, marching alone, usually unappreciated, often hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and gentility in American fiction to honesty and boldness and passion of life. Without his pioneering, I doubt if any of us could, unless we liked to be sent to jail, seek to express life and beauty and terror” (钱青,1997:117). Actually, he expressed a widespread feeling in American literary community. Dreiser was the twelfth children of German immigrants and grew up in poverty. At the age of fifteen, he was forced to leave home in search of work. So his personal experiences play an important role in leading him to a pessimistic view of human helplessness in the face of outer forces and instinct. With great efforts, he becomes a leading writer of American literary history. He is a productive writer whose masterpiece is An American Tragedy, and he is also the author of Jennie Gerhardt, The Genius, and Trilogy of Desire, which includes The Financier, The Titan, and The Stoic, while his most popular work is Sister Carrie.
Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie was published in 1900. However, at first, this book is regarded as an advocate of moral corruption and degeneration. And it is not promoted and therefore sold badly. It is not until 1912 that the novel received the greatest reputation and became one of the most famous novels in literary history. The novel is about the story of a poor country girl Carrie who comes to Chicago to seek for a new life. Poverty, unemployment and desire for a better life make her become the lover of two men, Drouet and Hurstwood. She becomes a cold and ambitious girl whose goals are beautiful clothes, money and fame. At last, she becomes one of the most popular actresses in New York by chance, while her lover Hurstwood kills himself, whose tragedy is just as accidental as Carrie’s success. The rocking chair is a perfect symbol for Carrie, which forever moves but never goes anywhere and never truly achieves anything.
Although the novel is attacked by most critics and readers at the very beginning, it turns out to be a great work at last. Some writers regard the novel as a break-though in American realism. Some critics tend to analyze the novel from some specific aspects, such as American dream, consumer culture, feminism and naturalism.
This thesis aims to discuss the naturalistic elements in Sister Carrie. It attempts to study the novel from the naturalistic point of view and explain how material and economic environment or physical and hereditary factors influence people’s fate in details, especially Carrie’s fate. On the basis of the analysis of the naturalistic elements in the novel, it explains why Sister Carrie has become a representative work of naturalism and also shows us the limitation of naturalism.
2 Environment— outer force dominating man’s behavior
Naturalism is a term of literary movement created by the French novelist, Emile Zola, and flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.
An outstanding feature of naturalism is its stress on the influence of environment on man’s fate. Naturalists hold the opinion that man is conditioned and controlled greatly by environment. To them, man is a weak and incompetent animal and man himself can’t master his own fate. In face of the surrounding environment, man is a helpless pawn. For example, in Jennie Gerhardt, a novel considered as the twin sister of Sister Carrie by Dreiser, the character Lester declares that “All of us are more or less pawns. We’re moved about like chessman by circumstance over which we have no control” (Dreiser,1991:65). Environment is a tremendous outer force that dominates man’s behavior and leads man to a wrong direction. However, in Sister Carrie, instead of crushing Carrie down, it even contributes to her success.
2.1 The living environmental factors
Among all the environmental factors, the living environmental factor undoubtedly plays an important part in determining man’s fate. Carrie is a poor country girl who comes to Chicago to look for a new life. She is a bright and beautiful girl of only eighteen years old, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth. We can imagine the future of Carrie very easily from what the author depicts in the opening chapter “When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility” (Dreiser,1992:3-4). Carrie meets Drouet accidentally on the train, and is attracted by him and what he says about Chicago. The salesman stimulates Carrie’s desire for materials and the upper-class life, and later changes Carrie’s whole life to some extent.
With great desire, Carrie settles in Chicago. She lives with her sister Minnie and brother in law. Her sister’s flat is small and it is located in the area resided by laborers and clerks. “She felt the drag of a lean and narrow life. The walls of the rooms were discordantly papered. The floors were covered with matting and the hall laid with a thin rag carpet. One could see that the furniture was of that poor, hurriedly patched together quality sold by the installment houses” (Dreiser,1992:11). It reflects her sister’s poor family’s financial state. There, Carrie can’t enjoy the comfort and warmth of a family. What’s worse, Mr. Hanson, her brother in law doesn’t show any welcome or warmth. Carrie is greatly depressed by living in such a small and cold place, “She was glad to be out of the flat, because already she felt that it was a narrow, humdrum place, and that interest and joy lay elsewhere” (Dreiser,1992:29). She finds she shares nothing in common with the Hansons in thoughts and always feels lonely, and that’s why she always wandering alone in the street after supper.
The life of the streets contained for a long time to interest Carrie. She never wearied of wondering where the people in the cars were going or what their enjoyments were. Her imagination trod a very narrow round, always winding up at points which concerned money, looks, clothes or enjoyment. She would have a far-off thought of Columbia City now and then, or an irritating rush of feeling concerning her experiences of the present day, but, on the whole, the little world about her enlisted her whole attention (Dreiser,1992:44).
And Carrie is expected to find a work to pay for her rent and even meals. Soon Carrie realizes that Minnie and her husband are too realistic, and they just want to make use of her hard work and save money. She also realizes that her sister’s house is not the permanent place for her to dwell in. Carrie’s experience of looking for a job is not smooth, either. She applies for many jobs but is rejected because of having no working experience. Finally, a shoe factory promises to hire her at a low wage of four and a half dollars a week. Carrie has to pay the Hansons four dollars a week, and only a half dollar is left for her own use. The work is rather tiring and the working condition is awful. Unfortunately, the job doesn’t last long. Carrie loses it because of the sudden struck of illness. From then on, the Hansons become much colder to her, as Carrie has become a burden. Carrie knows that she has to leave Chicago for hometown very soon. Now Carrie’s life is rather rough, and that’s why she accepts Drouet very naturally. In order to get rid of poorness and continue to stay in Chicago, she leaves the Hansons and becomes the lover of Drouet.
On the other hand, the city itself plays a decisive role in Carrie’s life. Dreiser points out directly in the opening chapter that the city is a superhuman seducer.
The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human tempter. There are large forces which allure with all the soul fullness of expression possible in the most cultured human. The gleam of a thousand lights is often as effective as the persuasive light in a wooing and fascinating eye. Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A blare of to the astonished scenes in equivocal terms. Without a counselor at hand to whisper cautious interpretation what falsehoods may not these things breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognized for what they are, their beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then wakens, then perverts the simpler human perceptions (Dreiser,1992:3-4).
Facing the prosperous metropolis, and with no one to guide and counsel her, it is certain that Carrie will be seduced by the superhuman seducer. It arouses her desire for wealth and materials, such as fine clothes, rich foods and comfortable residences. So she unconsciously seeks a way to make those things available and realize her dream. What’s more, the city not only stimulates her desire for material goods, but also contributes to her moral fall. Her short experience of working in the shoe factory makes her believe that it is impossible to succeed by working hard and honestly. She doesn’t want to work till death under the great pressure of overwork, just like the Hansons and the laborers in the shoe factory she once worked in. So Carrie becomes a victim who has degenerated under the influence of the metropolis.
Carrie’s early life in Chicago is the first turning point of her fate, leading her to the later degeneration. Only in metropolis can she satisfy her desire for material goods and entertainment. The role of the living environment can not be ignored in deciding Carrie’s fate.
2.2 The social environmental factors
Emile Zola, the founder of the Naturalist movement in literature, has pointed out that “When we research a family or a group of people, I think the environment has a chief importance” and “Man is not an isolated creature, he lives in a society, thus, the social environment, as well as the living environment, plays a decisive role in man’s fate” (Zola,1988:476). It will influence man’s philosophy and value system, and leads him toward a certain kind of success. Carrie’s association with a group of materialists helps her adapt well to the life in the metropolis and stimulates her desire for material goods, wealth and fame. This paper will mainly discuss three people, under whom Carrie is greatly influenced.
First, the salesman Drouet plays an important role in arousing Carrie’s desire for material goods. On the train to Chicago, he describes the city as a vast department store with numerous fascinating goods and his own appearance attracts Carrie a lot, “The purse, the shiny tan shoes, the smart new suit, and the air with which he did things, built up for her a dim world of fortune, of which he was the center. It disposed her pleasantly toward all he might do” (Dreiser,1992:8). Compared with him, Carrie finds that her clothes are too dowdy. It stimulates her desire for fine clothes unconsciously. Drouet regards good clothes as the first essential thing, which indicates one’s status and wealth. So living together with him, Carrie is doomed to be influenced by his attitude towards clothes. Besides clothes, Drouet also plays the role of her mentor in manners. Carrie imitates the elegant behavior that is pointed out by Drouet. She has become a girl of considerable tastes and all her former disadvantages of dressing and behaving have disappeared. Therefore, when Hurstwood meets Carrie in her flat, he finds a pretty, elegant young lady who is quite different from before. He is deeply attracted by this girl and later elopes with her. Their elopement changes their fate. Carrie succeeds at last, while her lover Hurstwood kills himself.
Second, Mrs. Hale, a neighbor of Carrie when living in Chicago with Drouet, breaks Carrie’s present satisfaction and arouses her new desire. “That young lady, under the stress of her situation and the tutelage of her new friend, changed effectively. She had the aptitude of the struggler who seeks emancipation. The glow of a more showy life was not lost upon her. She did not grow in knowledge so much as she awakened in the matter of desire. Mrs. Hale’s extended harangues upon the subjects of wealth and position taught her to distinguish between degrees of wealth” (Dreiser,1992:90). In order to satisfy her soul with a sight of those mansions that she can’t afford, Mrs. Hale loves to drive to visit the newly-established and splendid mansions on the North Shore. And she often invites Carrie to go with her. Viewing those splendid mansions, Carrie remembers the beautiful palaces in fairy tales, and she dreams to live in such splendid buildings. Compared with those splendid mansions, her own house is much simpler. They are just three rooms in a well-decorated boarding house. Now, instead of comparing it with the Hanson’s shabby house, Carrie compares it with the splendid mansions she has seen, and shows her unsatisfaction. The association with Mrs. Hale strengthens Carrie’s desire for a more comfortable material existence. She is no longer satisfied with her present life and becomes more ambitious.
Third, Mrs. Vance, a neighbor of Carrie when living in New York with Hurstwood, whose elegant clothing and fashionable behavior awakes Carrie’s old desire. After settling in New York with Hurstwood, Carrie acts like a housewife until she meets Mrs. Vance. Mrs. Vance’s elegant dressing greatly pains Carrie, and it arouses her desire of buying more and more beautiful and fashionable clothes to compare with this woman. They often go to theater matinees together and then join the Broadway fashion parade. The later is a show place, with a huge crowd of beauties in their fashionable clothes. And Carrie is immediately fascinated with the showy parade of pretty faces and fashionable clothes. She dreams to enter the world of fashion and enjoy the delight of parading here as an equal. Besides the role of fashion adviser, Mrs. Vance also shows Carrie the ways of the high world. The experience of dining at Sherry’s, a very exclusive restaurant at that time, makes Carrie greatly attracted by the high life of New York. And Mr. Ames, the cousin of Mrs. Vance, plays a role in encouraging Carrie to take acting as her career to some extent. In Carrie’s eye, Ames is a smart young man, so his praise on acting greatly encourages Carrie.
Carrie is changing from an innocent countryside girl to a sophisticated city beauty under the influences of people surrounding her. The association forms the social environment and leads Carrie to a greater desire of material enjoyment.
3 Chance— invisible force determining man’s fate
Theodore Dreiser reads works written by Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin, Balzac and Hardy, from whom he comes to formulate his own naturalistic philosophy, that is human being is fundamentally an animal without free will and is controlled by mighty and mysterious forces. Here the mighty and mysterious force is referring to chance. Besides the horrible external force, what impresses readers most is the mysterious chance throughout the novel. The saying “Without coincidences, there would be no stories” (Pierre,1982) is well illustrated. To some extent, it is chance that contributes to Carrie’s success, while leads Hurstwood to his final destruction.
3.1 Contributing to Carrie’s success
It is chance that involves Carrie with Drouet. On the train to Chicago, Carrie encounters Drouet, who shows great favor to her. And Carrie is also attracted by his fine clothing and his description about Chicago. It arouses her desire for material goods and upper-class life greatly. They exchange addresses for further communication. When living with the Hansons, Carrie can’t help remembering Drouet. Later, Carrie loses her job in the shoe factory because of the sudden illness. After losing her job and planning to go home, Carrie meets Drouet again accidentally— turning her life into another way. This time, suffering from extreme poverty and the fate of leaving Chicago, Carrie becomes Drouet’s lover. So if Carrie hasn’t met Drouet by chance, she will have another experience absolutely, either leaving Chicago for the countryside or working in Chicago till death just as her sister. Living with Drouet, Carrie is introduced to his friend Hurstwood, who is greatly attracted by Carrie and shows deep love to her. And Carrie is also attracted by this man, who is much more gentle and wealthy than Drouet. Beyond that, by accident, Drouet finds a position in an amateur play for Carrie, and this greatly evokes Carrie’s desire for the glamorous theatrical life and helps Carrie discover her potential acting ability. Her well performance in the play wins applause and flowers for her, what’s more, it strengthens her self-confidence greatly. On the other hand, the two men are much more attracted by Carrie due to her perfect performance. In the New York part of the novel, chance also contributes a lot to Carrie’s final success. After several years’ struggling, Hurstwood is bankrupt at last, and from then on, he is becoming more and more depressed and refuses to work out. Threatened by the shadow of poverty, she goes out to search for a job. And the early experience of performance in Chicago leads her to turn to theater. She starts her adventure as a chorus girl and later acts in some comic operas. Later her experience of playing the role of a plain Quakeress, a trivial and unnecessary role, helps her come to the success. Disappointed with such a small role, Carrie is upset, but dramatically Carrie’s blue attracts the audience greatly.
There she was, suited-suited, sweet-faced, demure, but scowling. At first the general idea was that she was temporarily irritated, that the look was genuine and not fun at all. As she went on frowning, looking now at one principal and now at the other, the audience began to smile. The portly gentlemen in the front rows began to feel that she was a delicious little morsel. It was the kind of frown they would have loved to force away with kisses. All the gentlemen yearned toward her. She was capital (Dreiser,1992:360-361).
This mysterious chance of taking this seemingly small role brings Carrie reputation and leads her to the success in her acting career.
3.2 Leading Hurstwood to destruction
On the one hand, chance makes Carrie rise from a poor countryside girl to a famous actress, while on the other hand, it causes Hustwood’s degeneration and suicide. Hustwood is a wealthy and respectable manager in Chicago. He has a family, but his wife only thinks of improving their social status, which revolts her husband greatly. So when he meets Carrie, he is deeply attracted by her beauty and elegance. As soon as his wife finds out his affair with Carrie, she charges him lots of money for divorce. Hustwood is in a dilemma as to whether to divorce or elope with Carrie. That night he checks whether the safe of the saloon is well locked or not as usual. Surprisingly, he finds that it is not locked and discovers a large sum of money. Then he suffers a mental conflict of whether to steal the money or not. With the money, he can get rid of her wife, and what’s more, he can elope with Carrie and have a comfortable life. But, at the same time, he will lose his job and his reputation. He takes the money and puts it back several times until, while the money is in his hands, the door accidentally clicks shut. “While the money was in his hand the lock clicked. It had sprung! Did he do it? He grabbed at the knob and pulled vigorously. It had closed. Heavens! He was in for it now, sure enough” (Dreiser,1992:212). Since the safe is closed, he has no choice but to take the money. He then invents an excuse to draw Carrie out of her department and takes the train to Montreal with her. No sooner has he arrived in Montreal than a detective sent by his employers in Chicago finds him and threatens to call the police if he does not return the money he has stolen. Hurstwood then is forced to send most of the money back. He has Carrie, but he loses all the rest— his family, his job, and his reputation. In New York, Hursthood loses his investment and job, and he starts looking for employment but his search proves futile. His self-confidence is greatly struck, and he becomes increasingly passive gradually. At the same time, Carrie works as an actress and Hurstwood has become her burden. She leaves him at last, which makes his situation much worse. Finally, Hustwood becomes a beggar and sleeps in flophouses. Suffering physically and mentally, he commits suicide at the end of the novel. In short, the mysterious safe does play an important role in leading Husthood to destruction.
4 Hereditary factors— mighty force guaranteeing Carrie’s success
Besides the emphasis on environment and chance, naturalism is also characterized by its stress on heredity. “All the motivations of one’s actions can be traced back to one’s heredity” (Zola,1988). According to naturalism, hereditary factors, such as appearance, genius and character, also contribute a lot to one’s fate. They can propel one to success, and also lead one to destruction. In this novel, the hereditary factors ensure Carrie’s becoming the fit one in the natural selection, and contribute to her final success in New York.
4.1 Carrie’s inborn outstanding beauty
At the beginning of the novel, Carrie, a poor countryside girl of only eighteen years old, boards the train to Chicago to look for a new life. On the train, she encounters Drouet who is attracted by her outstanding beauty. Just as what described in the novel, Carrie is obviously a beauty. “Warm with the fancies of youth, pretty with the insipid prettiness of the formative period, possessed of a figure promising eventual shapeliness and an eye alight with certain native intelligence, she was a fair example of the middle American class two generations removed from the emigrant” (Dreiser,1992:4). Drouet’s nature determines his talkative manner and he starts a conversation with Carrie very naturally. Later, when Carrie is suffering from poverty, unemployment, and most important the fate to leave Chicago, Drouet “helps” her and makes her his lover. He is a good-tempered and sympathetic person, especially to the pretty young ladies. It is Drouet that changes Carrie from a poor countryside girl into a smart urban beauty. While living with Drouet, Carrie meets another important man in her life, who is also attracted by her beauty and discards his family in order to elope with Carrie. It can’t be denied that Carrie is a very attractive girl, or Drouet and Hurstwood won’t be fascinated with her. The effect of her inherited beauty is even more obvious in the theatrical world. For example, although she has no special training in acting and no experience, her outstanding beauty attracts the attention of the theater manager who immediately promises to hire her, which serves as a starting point of her theatrical career. Suppose Carrie was a plain-looking girl, she could not succeed in metropolis which appreciates good-looking appearance. So Carrie’s outstanding beauty contributes a lot in leading her to the final success in the metropolis.
4.2 Carrie’s natural intellect
Carrie is not simply a girl with beautiful appearance, she is smart and has own mind. She knows how to take chance to get away from poverty. Frustrated by the employment and the disagreeable atmosphere at the Hanson’s house, Carrie chooses to live with Drouet, with whom she has no worry about food and clothes. What’s more, she is promoted to a higher class which can enjoy from the entertainment like the tour in the city and going to the theatre. Carrie is good at learning and imitating. When living with Drouet, Carrie imitates the elegant behavior that is pointed out by him. “Carrie was naturally imitative. She began to get the hang of those little things which the pretty woman who has vanity invariably adopts. In shorts, her knowledge of grace doubled, and with her appearance changed. She became a girl of considerable taste” (Dreiser,1992:82). She conquers her shortcomings and becomes a graceful woman. And she soon changes from an outdated countryside girl into an elegant lady who is well adapted to the life in metropolis. Besides that, Carrie’ natural intellect guarantees her success in theater.
Carrie was possessed of that sympathetic, impressionable nature which, ever in the most developed form, has been the glory of the drama. She was created with that passivity of soul which is always the mirror of the active world. She possessed an innate taste for imitation and no small ability. Even without practice, she could sometimes restore dramatic situations she had witnessed by re-creating, before her mirror, the expressions of the various faces taking part in the scene (Dreiser,1992:125).
Suppose Carrie was a common dull beauty, she could only be a doll of her lover and could not be independent. Her strong ability of imitation serves as a requisite for her being an excellent actress later.
4.3 Carrie’s insatiable desire for happiness
It can’t be denied that Carrie’s insatiable desire serves as a propelling force in her life. According to Araham Maslow’s famous need-hierarchy theory, human beings’ needs are arranged like a ladder. “The most basic needs, at the bottom, are physical – air, water, food, sleep. Then come safety needs – security, stability, followed by psychological, or social needs – for belonging, love, acceptance. Then, come esteem needs – to feel achievement, status, responsibility, and reputation. At the top of it are the self-actualizing needs – the need to fulfill oneself, to become all that one is capable of becoming” (Maslow,1987). The unfulfilled needs lower on the ladder will inhibit man from climbing to the next step, and each satisfied need will be replaced by a new and higher need, making desire insatiable. Carrie’s desire for pleasure is so strong that she can’t help but dream to get hold to what she sees as symbolically associated with happiness. Her desires for both material goods and spiritual fulfillment serve as a motivating force, stimulating Carrie to move forward on and on. At the beginning of the novel, in order to fulfill her physiological needs, Carrie chooses to be the lover of Drouet. Living with him, she doesn’t need to worry about all the necessities of life. By doing this, she can have beautiful clothes, delicious food, and a comfortable residence in the shortest time. She wrongly believes that she can find happiness in money, and even doesn’t care whether it is moral or immoral. With the physiological needs fulfilled, Carrie is soon driven by a higher need, that is the psychological need for belonging, love and acceptance. When Carrie is introduced to Hustwood, she is attracted by him, who is more wealthy and romantic than Drouet. What’s more, he treats Carrie with much more respect, and sings high praise of her acting in Chicago. Later she elopes with Hurstwood, though she is cheated by him to some extent. In New York, facing the financial problem, Carrie begins to make a living by acting in the theater. Her inborn beauty and emotional greatness make her succeed in the theater. At this time, driven by the self-actualization need, Carrie identifies her happiness with her theatrical reputation, which encourages her to make more progress in the theater. While in the end of the novel, at the summit of her profession, Carrie is still unsatisfied with her present achievement. Mr. Ames, the cousin of Mrs. Vance, arouses her ambition, that is, to act not only in comedies but also in serious dramas by using her emotional greatness. Carrie’s insatiable desire for happiness which is produced by inheritance and strengthened by environment will always be there, driving her to strive forwards on and on. The rocking chair in the novel is a perfect symbol for Carrie, which will keep moving without a stop.
5 Conclusion
The story of Sister Carrie is not complicated, which has only three main characters. The three characters are caught in the world of chance and circumstances. Drouet is a minor character whose career both begins and finishes as a shallow but contented salesman. Hurstwood appears to be a respectable manager of a famous saloon at the beginning but ends up with a penniless suicide. Carrie, the heroine of the novel, changes from a poor countryside girl into a popular actress in the metropolis. She achieves through a unique and to some extent immoral way. Being alone and helpless, she is merely an atom-like substance drawn and blown here and there and so catches any opportunities for a better existence. She wants to lead a happy life by means of labor first, but the cold reality disappoints her and refuses her. Only by her beautiful appearance can she get rid of poverty. Although Carrie becomes a widely well-known actress in the end, she doesn’t obtain the happiness she wants. The money and high status merely bring her endless emptiness and loneliness. In this novel, Carrie, a “fallen woman” succeeds and remains unpunished at the end. And because of this, when this novel is firstly published, it is regarded as an advocate of moral corruption by many critics. But later this novel becomes a masterpiece in American literature. The common and unique characteristics of naturalism in the novel make a deep impression on readers all over the world.
The naturalistic factors in Sister Carrie have played decisive roles in the character’s life. In the novel, the environmental factors arouse Carrie’s desire for material goods and change her from an innocent countryside girl into an ambitious city beauty. The mysterious chance contributes a lot to Carrie’s final success but nevertheless it leads her lover Hurstwood to destruction. And Carrie’s favorable hereditary factors have made great impact on her whole life. But naturalism also has its limitation, such as pessimistic determinism. People in the novel are like animals without free will, whose fate is greatly controlled by factors such as environment and heredity. In fact, facing the bad environmental factors and hereditary factors, man should make full use of courage, intelligence and perseverance to overcome the difficulties and change the disadvantages into favorable ones. It is obvious that man is fundamentally different from animals because of our intelligence and sanity. And it can not be ignored that man can’t only pursue wealth and fame, because spiritual life and self-realization are much more important.
References
[1] Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1979.
Jennie Gerhardt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[2]Maslow, Araham. A Theory of Human Motivation in the collection of Human Potentiality and Value. Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House, 1987.
[3]Michel, Pierre. York Notes: Sister Carrie. London: Longman York Press, 1982.
[4]常耀信.美国文学简史.天津:南开大学出版社, 2003.
[5]钱青.美国文学名著精选.北京:商务印书馆, 1997.
[6]佐拉.自然主义.北京:中国社会科学出版社, 1988.
论《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义
庞智伟
[摘要] 西奥多·德莱塞是美国最伟大的自然主义作家之一。他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》作为一部伟大的艺术作品为现代文学的发展竖立了一个重要的里程碑,而小说中自然主义的运用则为小说的成功奠定了基础。本文旨在从环境,机遇和遗传三个方面来探讨小说中的自然主义特色。
[关键词] 西奥多·德莱塞 自然主义 环境 机遇 遗传
