Section I Vocabulary (20 points)
Directions: There are 40 sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the
word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence.
1. Conscience __ him day and night after he saw the miseries other child which was caused by his
misdoings with his own eyes.
A. racks B. persecutes C. maltreats D. abuses
2. Her professional ethics is now being questioned since she often __ her reports to suit the people
she is speaking to.
A. disfigures B. deforms C. misshapes D. distorts
3. The developed countries are urging the developing countries to adopt a strategy that can __ the
twin needs of development and preservation of nature.
A. assimilate B. correspond C. coincide D. reconcile
4. "Venice __ as the major sea power of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages, which was
erne mentioned by some writers, such as Shakespeare, Marlowe, etc..
A. prevailed B. reigned C. presided D. restrained
5. Terrorists __ to bombing city centers as a means of achieving their political aims.
A. resorted B. took C. saw D. looked
6. The dilemma I was caught in several years ago bears a close ____ to the one you are involved in
today, so perhaps I can give you some advice.
A. likeness B. resemblance C. analogy D. familiarity
7. As civilization ____ in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic
essentials of life- food, shelter and clothes.
A. processes B. precedes C. proceeds D. exceeds
8. In most cases politicians are __ as they seldom tell the truth.
A. skeptical B. pessimistic - C. incredulous D. incredible
9. He __ his children nothing and gave them whatever they wanted
A. rejected B. denied C. deprived D. restricted
l 0. He __ of having missed a good opportunity to study abroad but he "knew it was no use crying
over spilt milk.
A. wept B. mourned C. grieved D. repented
11.The work is not very profitable____cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it
A. in accordance with B. on the basis of
C. in terms of D. in the light of
12. When the hostess received my compliment on her new car, she responded with great pleasure
about how the car is a ____buy.
A. modest B. choice C. superior D. eloquent
13. After having been dismissed from the factory, John had to earn a meager living by the
television sets.
A. over~{using B. patching C. servicing D. remedying
14. In fact, the U.S Congress ____ to the British Parliament as they both have the right to make laws.
A. agrees B. corresponds C. matches D. coincides
15. The speaker announced that the President would convene his top aides for the regular meeting
but he didn't the time and place ..
A. designate B. denote " C. manifest D. specify
16. The amount of heat produced by this electrical apparatus is --at will by turning a small.
handle.
A. variable B. various C. different D. diverse
17. All visitors are requested to with the regulations.
A. abide B. comply C. consent D. conform
18. I him at Once as an American when he stepped onto the stage with three other actors.
A. regarded B. deemed C. spotted D. discerned
19. By adapting to your mental condition, you can more in less time.
A. complement B. implement C. compliment D. accomplish
20. He had to be here at ten o'clock, but because of a traffic accident, he didn't show up until
midnight.
A. overtaken B. undertaken C. guaranteed D. warranted
21. When the jury brought in a. of guilt, the defendant who was overwhelmingly arrogant
several minutes ago drooped his head.
A. judgment B. appraisal C. verdict D. conviction
22. He Was. from the competition because he had not complied with the rules.
A. forbidden. B. barred ~ C. disqualified D. excused
23. He my authory~, by allowing the children to do things that I have ~'--' ~~,by forbidden.
A. impaired B.. disabled C. undermined D. undid
24. After completing the big dictionary which was popularly received by readers, this famous scholar
set out to compile a. to it.
A. complement B. supplement C. accessory ' D. helper
25. According to the geological theory put forward by a famous geologist at an academic conference
newly held in England, the south of Iceland is to earthquakes
A. disposed B. likely: C. liable D. inclined
26. At the news, the demonstrators who had put the foreign goods under a boycott for several months
protested but
A. to naught B. to nothing C. to no avail D. to void
27. This country's development of science was greatly undermined for large numbers of scientific
were ejected from their motherland since the dictator came into power.
A. galaxy B. elite C. personnel D. swarm
28. The university an honorary doctor's degree on the distinguished scholar who was generally
regarded as a credit to his own country.
A. donated B. conferred C. subscribed D. granted
29. The people of this country have entrenched themselves to any invaders who refuse to give
up their evil intention.
A. ward off B. cut off C. work off D. lay off
30. The mob was by the fiery speech and then they marched down the main street, and set
many Chinese stores on fire.
A. wakened B. aroused , C. inspired D. agitated
31. The politician is shrewd and deep; he was him. seldom on what he expected others to do for
A. transparent B. explicit C. prominent D. conspicuous
32. In the eyes of the linguists, there exists no among the languages in the world.
A. status B. scale C. hierarchy D. gauge
33. The radio program was presented a joint venture which was registered several months ago.
A. by courtesy of B. on account of C. by virtue of D. in terms of
34. Some historians are convinced that Rome was a corrupt kingdom that deserved to
A.die B. expire C. perish D. cease
35. In the end they came to the conclusion that the evidence produced by the plaintiff was
A. scarce B. rare C. scanty D. deficient
36. The conductor of the orchestra was not satisfied with the ballet for the steps of the dancer was
not with the rhythm of the music.
A. coordinated B. corresponded C. synchronized D. reconciled
37. It is natural for me to on his motives for the visits for we have not been on speaking terms
for many years.
A. reflect B. suppose C. speculate D. meditate
38. The president placed a wreath on the monument to the heroes and then made a speech to pay
to the great achievements of the martyrs.
A. compliment B. gratitude C. tribute. D. commendation
39. Bribery the confidence that must exist between buyer and seller.
A. aggravates B. deteriorates C. corrodes D. degenerates
40. By evacuating the inhabitants in the densely populated areas of the city and establishing
temporary shelters, the city. itself for a possible new quake.
A. bolted B. braced C. reinforced D. strapped
SectionⅡ Use of English (20points)
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for" each numbered blank and marked
A, B, C or D on the answer sheet.
The salmon is one of our most valuable fish. It offers us food, sport , and profit. Ever5, ),ear
commercial fishing 41 a harvest of over a billion pounds of salmon from the sea. Hundreds of
thousands of salmon are caught each year by eager 42 fishers.
In autumn, the rivers of the Northwestern United States come 43 with salmon. The
salmon have left the ocean and are '44 their yearly run up river to spawn. Yet today, there are
far fewer salmon than 45 because the salmon 46 has suffered from many perils of the
modem age.
Water pollution has killed many salmon by 47 them of oxygen. Over - fishing has further decreased their numbers. Dams are another 48 because they lock migration paths. Fish
ladders, 49 of stepped pools, have been built so that salmon can swim 50 over the dams.
But young salmon swimming to the ocean have "trouble 51 the ladders. Often they 52
their deaths over the dam or are killed in giant hydroelectric turbines.
53 America will continue to have plenty of salmon, conservationists have planned several. lays to 54 the salmon population. Conservation officials have ~had some success 55 salmon in hatcheries and stocking salmon rivers with them. Salmon are also being 56 into new areas. In 1996, hundreds of thousands of young Coho salmon were planted in streams off Lake Michigan. The adults were expected to migrate to the lake and 57 an undesirable fish. The Cohoes 58 so well on this kind of fish in Lake Michigan 59 Cohoes are being planted in other Great Lakes.
Thanks to the foresight and 60 of conservationists, the valuable salmon should be around
American shores, rivers, and lakes for a long time to come
41. A. results in B. results from C. results at D. resulted in
42. A. commerce B. sports C. salmon D. kindness
43. A. alive B. active C. live D. about-
44. A. at B. in C. on D. by
45. A. ever so B. ever since C. ever after D. ever before
46. A. production B. population C. family D. growing
47. A. forbidding B. exploiting C. robbing D. endangering
48. A. danger B. obstacle C. problem D. element
49. A. made up for B. made Up to C. made up D. made up of
50. A. properly B. safely C. quickly D. frequently
51. A. discover B. to climb C. finding D. measuring
52. A. fall to B. fall back C. fall across D. fall away
53. A. So that B. So far as C. So much as D. So long as
54. A. explode B. develop C. increase D. catch
55. A. supporting B. raising C. keeping D. resulting
56. A. invaded B. introduced C. found D. given
57. A. live on B. feed in C. feed upon D. feed back
58. A. activate B. grow C. thrived D. developed
59. A. in which B. that C. where D. which
60. A. objectives B. planning C. invention D. arrangement
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Direction: In this part of the test, there are six short passages for you to read. Read each passage
carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the
corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
TEXT A
It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into' which the machines has been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry." Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization 's effects, but they agreed that it would transform women's lives.
Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880% created a new class of "deadened" jobs, thenceforth considered "women' s work." The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with he-mechaniZafi6n of housework and an increase in leisure time for these w0men-than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
Women's work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later 5ecoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-coUar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women's household labor ~remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.
61. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. The effects of the mechanization of women's work have not borne out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.
B. Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a society's traditional values and the customary roles of its members~
C. Mechanization has caused the nature of women's work change since the Industrial Revolution.
D. The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that did not previously exist.
62. The author, mentions all of the following inventions as examples of dramatic technological innovations EXCEPT the
A. sewing machine B. vacuum cleaner C. typewriter D. telephone
63. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Industrial Revolution, the majority of women's work was done in which of the following settings?
A. Textile mills. B. Private households. C. Offices. D. Factories.
. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women's work?
A. Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions.
B. Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks.
C. Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one.
D. Census results showing that working women's wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of working men.
65. The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of the following was true of many employers?
A. They did not employ women in factories.
B. They tended to employ single rather than married women.
C. They employed women in only those jobs that were related to women's traditional household work.
D. They resisted technological innovations that would radically change women's roles in the family.
TEXT B
Philosophy in the second half of the 19tb century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859 ~ 1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called "'experimental naturalism", or "instrumentalism".
Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855 - 1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who beli~.,ved in an absolute truth and held that human thought, and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether the), produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary t6 rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions. According to their critics, the pragmatist's refusal to affirm any absolutes carried negative implications for society? challenging the foundations of society's institutions.
66. What is this passage primarily about?
A. The evolution of philosophy in the second half of the 19tu century.
B. The three most important American pragmatists of the late 19a century.
C. The differences between pragmatism and traditional western philosophy.
D. American pragmatism.
67. Which of the following is true?
A. Idealism was an important part of the pragmatic approach.
B. "Pragmatism" was also known as "traditional western philosophy".
C. Pragmatism continued the empiricist tradition.
D. Pragmatism is best understood independently o~ its historical and cultural context.
68. According to the passage, pragmatism was more popular in America than Europe, because
A. Americans had ~eater acceptance of the theory of evolution
B. it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality
C. Europe had a more traditional society based on a much longer history
D. industrialization and material progress was occurring at a faster pace in America at that time
69. All of the following are true EXCEPT ..
A. revolutionary thought shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics and sociology
B. pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions
C. Josiah Royce was not a pragmatist
D. pragmatism was based on the theory of evolution
70. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Josiah Royce considered Charles Peirce to be challenging the foundations of society's institutions.
B. Charles Peirce considered Josiah Royce to be too influenced by the theory of evolution.
C. John Dewey would not have developed his system of thought called "experimental naturalism" or "instrumentalism" without the pioneering work of Charles Peirce and William James.
D. Josiah Royce was a revolutionary thinker.
TEXT C
Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who would afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now "know as urban sprawl. Between 10 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area, Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years--lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city, borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.
71. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
A. Types of mass transportation.
B. Instability of urban life.
C. How supply and demand determine land use.
D. The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.
72. The author mentions all of the following as effects, of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT
A. growth in city area
B. separation of commercial and residential districts
C. changes in life in the inner city
D. increasing standards of living
73. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?
A. To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.
B. To show that mass transit changed many cities.
C. To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.
D. To contrast their rates of growth.
74. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?
A. It was expensive. B. It happened too slowly
C. It was unplanned. D. It created a demand for public transportation.
75. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city
A. that is large
B. that is used as a model for land development
C. where land development exceeded population growth
D. with an excellent mass transportation system
TEXT D
A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scieritific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun. and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing .stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their too: hers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of. social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding. .
The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant maternal behavior: they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers’ care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically diseased.
The dominant males in the rat population" were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.
Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing~ other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, tike all the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation. The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Cal hour,)s experiments. In large urban areas such as New York, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun's experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.
76. Paragraph 1 is organized according to
A. reasons B examples C. examples D. definition
77. Calhoun stabilized the rat population
A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stress
B. by removing young rats
C. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosure
D. all of the above are correct
78. Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in Para. 1
A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.
B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.
C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding
D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.
79. Which of the following behavior didn't happen in this experiment?
A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.
B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.
C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior
D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.
80. The main idea of the paragraph three is that
A. dominant males had adequate living space
B. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the other rats
C. dominant males attacked weaker rats
D. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditions
TEXT E
Murovyovka Nature Park, a private nature resize, is the result of the vision and determination of one man, Sergei Smirenski. The Moscow University Professor has gained the support of international funds as well as local officials, businessmen and Collective farms.
Thanks to his efforts, the agricultural project is also under way to create an experimental farm to teach local farmers how to farm without the traditionally heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Two Wisconsin farmers, Don and Ellen Padley, spent last summer preparing land in Tanbovka district, where the park is located, and they will return this summer to plant it
Specialists from the University of Utah also came to study the local cattle industry, looking to develop possibilities for beef exports to Japan.
Separately, 10 New Jersey school teachers will spend the summer in the district running summer camps for the local children that will stress field trips and lectures on the nature around them.
These programs, particularly the agricultural project, are getting some support from the United States, including funding from the MacArthur Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the US Agency for International Development. The Trust for Mutual Understanding and the Weedier Foundation are also supporting the International Crane Foundation's work in creating the park.
The World Bank is funding a small project to study the possibilities for ecotourism in the Ainu:
basin region. Delta Dream Vacations, a Delta Airlines subsidiary, is looking into flights to Khabarovsk and Vladivostok for ecology tours, with some of the money going to support the zapovedniks (totally wild preserves used only for scientific research) in the region.
But this money has also generated a jealous attempt by the local wildlife service to block the~
Murovyovka project.
They said, "Give us their money, and we'll do it better," Smirenski says. They went to the local court to get a court order to halt the contract. Although they were successful at that level, the Atom regional government, with encouragement from Moscow, has already moved to reverse the" decision as illegal.
"I don't pay attention to this negative side. " Smirenski says characteristic optimistic fashion. "l decided we should continue to create."'
Beyond Murovyovka, there are even vaster grasslands and wetlands in the Amur basin that are vital nesting areas for rare birds such as the eastern white stork, and the red-crowned, white-napped; and hooded cranes. A complex of 100,000 hectares, for example, lies largely unprotected in Zhuravalini [literally "a place for cranes"] downstream from Murovyovka. Creation of a national park, along for tourist use, has been proposed for this area.
A key part of the conservation strategy is to gain the support of regional governments by getting them to see that such internationally backed nature projects can lead to. business and other ties, particularly to countries like Japan and China. For example, the cranes that nest in Russia have been tracked by satellite to wintering grounds in Izumi, on Japan's southern Kyushu Island. This linkage has proved useful bringing regional officials from both countries together.
Last summer, 100 Japanese school children from the Tama region outside of ~'okay came to
Khabarovsk on the Amen to experience the kind of untouched nature that has disappeared from
Japan. As part of the exchange, the Mayor of Tama donated 26 secondhand fire trucks to his
counterpart.
"After this the mayor of Khabarovsk said, Now I will listen to you, about your birds and all
your problems.'" Recounts Smirenski. ,Now the officials understand what cranes mean to them."
81. A probable goal of the agricultural project is to
A. reduce pollution in reserve farmlands B. induce United Nations cooperation
C. learn how local farms are operated D. import new breeds of farm animals
82. Summer camps in the area wiU __
A. be designed for foreign visitors B. be educational
C. attract scientists and ecologists D. house field laborers and their families
83. Projects connected with the development of the nature park are
A..o,~ o-~+,~-E,~~+"+'" B. narrow in scope and vision
C. attracting world-wide attention D. amassing scientific ~data
84. The zapovedniks appear __
A. eager to support the Nature Park B. opposed to outside funding
C. envious of the Park's success D. to have legal jurisdiction of the area
85. The passage implies that projects like Murovyovka. __
A. face insurmountable financial problems B. take too much from local residents
C. increase the need for fire engines 13. can promote international Cooperation
TEXT F
In its most abstract sense the perception of a loss of community in modern society refers to changes in both the structure and content of personal relationships. Here community is used to denote a sense of common identity between individuals, and enduring ties of affection and harmony based upon personal knowledge and face-to-face contact. It is often contrasted with the impersonal and dehumanizing aspects of modern life, with the rise of a selfish individualism, a calculative approach to human relationships and the sense of social dislocation present under conditions of rapid social and economic change. These judgments were typified by the pessimistic strand of much eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Romanticism, which stressed the unity of man with nature, opposed reason with sentiment and offered thoroughgoing criticism of the emerging urban, industrial world. The concept of community was Used in order to come to terms with this new form of society. The scientific and technological advances of the new age were contrasted with man’s spiritual and emotional impoverishment, in which ~the loss of co~-nunnery was taken as emblematic. The term was therefore used in a literally reactionary way, as a reaction to both the material squalor and the spiritual degradation which Romanticism associated with the rise of urban industrialism. Community signified a more humane and intimate existence, more stable, more traditional and less tainted by the rational pursuit of self-interest. The term was used by writers like Cobbett and Coleridge to evoke a largely mythical golden age in the pre-industrial world, where organic communities of beneficent landowners and merry rustics lived a happy Arcadian existence in the mainly agricultural villages and small market towns which constituted pre-industrial-society:"Rapidnrbanization and industrialization were accused of having destroyed this notion of community.
The Industrial Revolution was believed to have changed not only the structure-of. society .by concentrating large numbers of people in cities and in factories, but also the quality of the relationships upon which a sense of community rested. Out of this perception there emerged a very common literary and cultural theme, fully explored by Raymond WiUiams in two of his books, Culture and Society and The Country and the City (Williams, 1961, 1973). Since urban industrialism had brought a breakdown of community it followed that real communities could not exist in the new industrial cities but only in the countryside. The village therefore came to be regarded as the ideal community. The romantic assertion of the unit?, of man with nature~ found its counterpart in an idyllic view of rural life as consisting of harmony), and virtue. Relationships in rural communities were regarded as more indefinably profound and fulfilling, generating a prevailing sense of meaningful social intimacy. In cities, on the other hand, it was believed that the "unnatural" separation of their inhabitants from the land and from one another provoked dislocation and a superficial and alienating way of life. This tendency to identify~, a sense of community with particular patterns of settlement and particular geographical locations has proved to be an immensely enduring one. As Williams shows, it is a tradition that has penetrated large areas of our culture, including our literature, our aesthetics, our architecture and town and country planning, and even our social science. Such a tradition continues to act as a filter through which the reality of urban and rural life is constantly being interpreted. Even today there is a tendency to regard only rural villages as real communities where we can find our roots, while life in cities is viewed as a necessary evil to be avoided whenever possible.
86. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Community as Criticism of Industrial Society.
B. Community in the Modern World
C. Community and Change
D. Community and the Sociological Tradition.
87. The eighteenth-and-nineteenth-century Romanticism insisted that
A. modern industry destroyed people's harmonious relationship with nature
B. the urban life is an evil though the development of industry is necessary
C. they created the concept of community to come to terms with the modern world
D. the industrial development enriched the life of urban inhabitants
88. The word "emblematic" ( Para. 1 ) may have the meaning of
A. poor B. pessimistic C. symbolic D. disastrous
, According to the passage, the concept of community
A. is not created until the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the Industrial Revolution
B. refers only to the ideal of human and rustic life in the countryside
C. is also used to indicate the change of society structure by concentrating large numbers of
people in cities
D. has changed While changes have happened in the structure of society
90. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?
A. The conflict between urban and rural life has been reflected in different aspects of our culture.
B. The ideal community will disappear with the scientific and technologic advances.
C. Community can only exist in the pre-industrial society when people are less tainted by the
pursuit of self-interest
D. The consequences of the loss of community for the stability of society are widely feared by
everyone.
Section IV Translation (30 points)
PartA
Directions : Put the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet.
Under the impact of modem science, the very conception of the task of philosophy has undergone a radical reorientation. In very broad historical perspective it may be said that the philosophers throughout the ages have been engaged in three major endeavors: they have been scar2hing for absolute truths regm~ding basic repaid, and for absolute s+~nd~ds ofmorMity; the), have tried to construct a synthesis, a view of the universe and of man's place in it, i.e., a perspective that would integrate the various contributions of the sciences into an intelligible and harmonious ~hole; finally, philosophers have attempted to clarify the meaning and the validity of the fundamental
concepts, assumptions, and methods of knowledge and of evaluation.
In the light of modem science, i.e., not only of its results and conclusions but especially of its open-minded attitude and critical approach, the search for absolute truth is largely being abandoned as fruitless, if not as meaningless. The spirit of contemporary science is "critical" in the sense that all its conclusions are considered sound or tenable only "until “further notice". In other words, neither of the extremes-dogmatism or skepticism--is acceptable. The police of the open mind indicates that while we should keep all our convictions in principle open for criticism and revision, it is perfectly reasonable to reply on well-confirmed assumptions until strong evidence forces us to modify or to replace them by other assumptions that are more strongly supported by relevant evidence.
Part B
Directions : Put the following paragraph into English. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet.
科学这个词似乎具有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，就应该立即得到认可，而不允许有任何可能的讨论。这种需要人们立即认可的情况出现在广告中，但是基本上不合情理。要知道，科学不是一种信条，也不是神灵向人类揭示物。它是人类思维的产物，因此是可以讨论和修正的。科学绝无绝对真理，通常只有相对性。它以人的观察和经验为基础，对人类知识进行逻辑性的总结，然而人的观察和经验总是有限的而且缺少一定的精确性。至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类的逻辑则完全是我们大脑的产物。我们选择我们认为有着逻辑联系的实验结果，而忽略许多不符合我们自己“逻辑”的事实。这种相当人为的选择结果是我们自己的事。对此，我们非常得意。以至于主张这些人为选择的结果应该被当作“自然规律”来对待。
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