
Mercantilism 重商主义
Trade surplus 贸易顺差
Quota and tariff 配额和关税
Zero-sum game 零和博弈
Positive-sum game 常和博弈
The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论
The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论
Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论
Product life cycle 产品生命周期
Economies of scale 规模经济
First mover advantage 先占优势
Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒
Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论
National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势
The department of commerce 商务部
Letter of credit 信用证
Draft /bill of exchange 汇票
bill of lading B/L 提单
Sight draft 即期汇票
Time draft 远期汇票
Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑
Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票
Countertrade 对等贸易
Barter 易货贸易
Switch trading 转手贸易
Offset 抵消
Counter purchase 互购贸易
Compensation trade 补偿贸易
1.波特钻石理论的主要内容
① Factor endowments ② Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry
③ Demand conditions ④Relating and supporting industries
2.对等贸易的主要类型和优缺点
①Types of countertrade
Countertrade has evolved into a diverse set of activities that can be categorized as five distinct types of trading arrangements: barter, counter purchase, offset, switch trading, and compensation or buyback
②The pros and cons of countertrade
优:
① The main attraction of countertrade is that it can give a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not available.
② Thus if a firm is unwilling to enter into a countertrade agreement, it may lose an export opportunity to a competitor that is willing to make a countertrade agreement.
缺:
① Countertrade contracts may involve the exchange of unusable or poor-quality goods that the firm cannot dispose of profitably
② In addition, even if the goods it receives are of high quality, the firm still needs to dispose of them profitably.
Unit 3
Strategic alliance 战略联盟
Licensing 许可证
Joint venture 合资经营
Contracting 承包经营
Partnership 合资人
Return on investment 投资回报率
Franchising 特许经营
Contract manufacturing 生产承包
Management contracting 管理承包
1.许可贸易的优缺点
优:
1The basic advantage in licensing as contrasted to other approaches is the ease and low cost of entering a foreign market.
2Licensing is also advantageous in that it can be used to test a foreign market without the risk of capital loss should the market not be receptive to the manufacturer’s product.
缺:
1The greatest disadvantages to the licensor are that a potential competitor is set up.
2There is a lack of control over production and marketing.
3There may be incomplete market exploration.
Unit 4
Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资
Small and medium-sized firms 中小企业
Horizontal FDI 横向外国直接投资
Vertical FDI 纵向外国直接投资
Product life cycle 产品生命周期
Backward vertical FDI 后移纵向外国直接投资
Forward vertical FDI 前移纵向外国直接投资
Transportation costs 运输成本
Market impediments 市场阻碍
Market power 市场力量
Oligopoly 寡头垄断
Specialized assets 特殊资产
1.影响横向对外投资的因素
①Transportation costs ②Market imperfections
④Following competitors ④The product life cycle
2.What are the impediments to the sale of know-how?
①Licensing may result in a firm’s giving away its technological know-how to a potential foreign competitor.
②Licensing does not give a firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to profitably exploit tis advantage in know-how.
③A firm’s know-how may not be amenable to licensing.
Unit 5
Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系
Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率制
OPEC 石油输出国组织 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Floating exchange rate regime 浮动汇率制
Plaza Accord 和平广场协议
Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议
Foreign exchange market 外汇市场
European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系 EMS
Exchange Rate Mechanism 汇率机制 ERM
European Currency Unit 欧元 ECU
Trade deficit 贸易赤字
Real interest 实际利息
Balance of payment 收支平衡表
Forward market 期货市场
Swaps 掉期交易
1. 布雷顿森林体系/固定汇率制瓦解的主要原因
As the only currency that could be converted into gold, and as the currency that served as the reference point for all others
①It was financed by an increase in the money supply, which, in turn, led to a rise in price inflation from less than 4percent in 1966 to dose to 9 percent by 1968
②The rise in government spending had stimulated the economy
③Gave rise to speculation in the foreign exchange market that the dollar would be devalued
④Weakening dollars lose its credibility.
2. What are the reasons for the unexpected rise in the dollar between 1980 and 1985, and what are the reasons for the rapid fall of the US dollar between 1985 and 1987?
The reasons for the unexpected rise in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985:
①Strong economic growth in the US attracted heavy inflows of capital from foreign investors seeking high returns on capital assets.
②High real interest rate attracted foreign investors seeking high vellums on financial assets
③Political turmoil in other parts of the world.
The reasons for 1985 and 1987:
The fall in the value of the dollar between 1985 and 198 was caused by a combination of government intervention and market forces.
Unit 6
Common law 普通法
Code civil law 成文法
Roman law 罗马法
Industrial property right 工业产权
Act of god 不可抗力
Element forces of nature 天灾自然因素
Arbitration 仲裁
Conciliation 调节
Litigation 诉讼
World court at the Hague 海牙国际法庭
Tribunals for arbitration 仲裁庭
U.N. convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral/Awards 联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约
International Chamber of commerce 国际商会
1. What are the differences between two legal systems in solving commercial disputes?
①Under common law, commercial disputes are subject to laws which may be applied to either civil or commercial disputes since there is no specific recognition of commercial problems as such.
②Code law differs in that there is a separate code specifically designed for business
2. What are the procedures used by formal arbitration organizations?
The usual arbitration procedure is for the parties involved to select a disinterested and informed party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgment that both parties agree to honor.
Unit 7
Intellectual property rights 知识产权
Trade mark copyright, patents, trade secrets 商标权,版权,专利权,商业秘密
Intangible assets, tangible assets 无形资产,有形资产
Trademark registration 商标注册
Generic terms 通称
Infringement 侵权
GATT 关贸总协定 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1. What does intellectual property right consist of?
①It consists of the products of individual’s minds—products that result from intellectual, creative processes.
②Trademarks, copyrights and patents are all forms of intellectual property
Unit 8
The TRIPS agreement 与贸易有关的知识产权协议
Need Hierarchy 需求层次理论
Self-reference criterion 自我参考标准
The adoption process 接纳过程理论
High-context cultures 高背景文化
Low-context cultures 低背景文化
Poly-chromic time 多元化时间观
Mono-chromic time 单一性时间观
Perception 观念
1. What are the characteristics of culture?
1It is not innate, but learned
2The various facts of culture are interrelated-touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected.
3It is shared by the members of a group and defines the boundaries between different groups.
2. What are the main contents of Need Hierarchy theory?
①Self-actualization ②Esteem ③Social ④Safety ⑤Physiological
3. What is the concept of adoption process? How many stages will a person undergo before he can finally purchase a new product?
Adoption process─through which an individual passes from the time of his or her first knowledge of an innovation to the time of adopting or purchase of the innovation.
These stages are as follows: ①awareness ②interest ③evaluation
④trial ⑤adoption
4. What are the adopter categories? What is the feature for early adopter?
Adopter categories are classifications of individuals within a market on the basis of their innovativeness. They include innovators、early adopters, the early majority, the late majority and laggards.
The future for early adopter: They tend to be younger, have higher social status and in a more favorable financial position than later adopter. They must be responsive to mass-media information sources and must learn about innovation form these sources because they cannot simply copy the behavior of earlier adopters.
Unit 9
Organizational behavior 组织行为学
Multinational Corporation 公司
Maquiladoras 马基拉朵拉工厂
Parochialism 地方主义
NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定 North American Free Trade Agreement
Kluckhohn-Strudtbeck framework 克拉克洪─斯托特柏克构架
Hofstede framework 霍夫德构架
BRICS 金砖五国 巴西 俄罗斯 印度 中国 南非
APEC 亚太经合组织 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
1. Identify the sic cultural dimensions in the Kluckhohn-strodtbeck framework.
①Relationship to the environment ②time orientation
③nature of people ④Activity orientation
⑤focus of responsibility ⑥conception of space
2. Explain the dimensions of national culture in Hofstede framework.
①Individualism versus collectivism
②power distance
③uncertainty avoidance
④masculinity versus femininity
