
★Why is newspaper reading an important class?
Reading is a skill-needs practice, has strategies to improve it,
Newspapers are authentic source-cultural insight into different countries
They have short articles-the info is usually condensed, concise, and creatively communicated
They can help keep us informed about what is happening in the world
They extend our knowledge/ New Information- a wide variety of subjects and interests
They reflect language change
★Why are newspapers valuable?
A newspaper informs by supplying facts, figures, charts, maps, photos and illustrations.
A newspaper educates, going beyond the basic facts to in-depth analysis in opinion pieces, feature stories, columns and editorials.
A newspaper entertains with humorous columns, leisure features, comics and puzzles.
A newspaper provides a print marketplace for advertisers and prospective customers.
A newspaper provides a record for historians and members of a community researching local history.
Unit Two
★Classification of newspapers
1.Newspapers concerning business经济类报刊:Business-oriented;Financial/business news;Analysis of business topics;
Wall Street Journal (U.S)
Financial Times(UK)
2.Comprehensive newspapers 综合性报刊:A variety of topics such as political news; sports news; science and technology;Also include business news, however lack of detailed analysis of business topics;
The New York Times; Washington Post; USA today(U.S) and etc;
The Times; the Daily Telegraph; Guardian (UK) and etc;
★Major magazines in America:Time, Newsweek,US News and World Report,Readers’ Digest,Fortune,
★Major magazines in Britain:The Economist,New Statesmen,
★Major newspapers in America:Wall Street Journal,USA today,Los Angles Times, New York Times,Washington Post,The Christian Science Monitor,International Herald Tribune,
★Major newspapers in Britain:Financial Times,Daily Telegraph,Guardian,Times,The Observer,
Unit Three
★Design of layout
Front Page & Front page terms
In a newspaper, the most important page is the front page since it is designed to arouse the reader’s interest. Editors work hard on front page arrangement and try to create their own characteristic styles.
★Technical Terms of Newspaper English
Banner headline-Look for the top story of the day;Bold headlines-Look for the other important news stories of the day;Inside/keys-Look for the important news stories on the other pages;Sections-your interested news;Headline;Lead;(Headline\\banner headline\\bold headline\\byline\\cutline\\dateline;News service;Lead\\subject\\news story(main body))
Unit Four
★There are three main types of journalism
Straight news/spot news;
Feature (news);
Editorial & commentary/opinion;
★Component of straight news
Straight news is mainly composed of the following five parts:
1.Headline(标题)Headline is the first thing that catches your eye. It tries to tell the whole story in one sentence and then a smaller headline(sub-headline) tells more details of what happened.
2.Sub-headline(副标题)
3.Dateline(电头/日期行:日期,地点,通讯社)Dateline comes after sub-headline. It consists of three parts:
1). the place where the news story was reported;
2). The date when the news story was reported;
3). the news agency;
After the date are the letters standing for the news agencies(通讯社)
a.AP(Associated Press) 美联社
b.PA(press Association) 英国报纸联合社
c. REUTER( Reuter’s News Agency)法国路透社
d. BUP( British United Press, Ltd)英国合众社
4.News lead(导语)Lead is the first paragraph of the whole news items;
Lead tells all the important facts of the whole story in a content-packed sentence.
It tells “five wives”—who, what, where, when, why and how about the event.
Lead is also named as summary lead for it gives a comprehensive summary of news items
5.The body of News story(正文)The body of news stories: The rest of the news item tells the details about the event, such as background, comments and etc.
★Features of organizational structure
Summary lead is commonly used in a straight news story, which gives a comprehensive summary of news items;
A straight news story follows the inverted pyramid structure(the most important information comes first in the lead and the less important information such as background, comments come later in the body of the news);
The lead of a straight news story usually answers five questions- “who”, “what”, “where”, “when”, “why” and“how”;
Unit five
★Importance and function of headlines:
First of all, it summarizes the whole news story in one content-packed sentence so the hurried readers can get the gist of the story at a glance.
Secondly, it draws the readers’ attention to the story. In this sense, headlines are usually attractive so as to catch the readers’ eye.
Thirdly, since headlines summarize the whole story, it can help the readers to evaluate the story so as to decide whether or not this news story is worth reading.
★Types of newspaper headlines:
A. Statement/summary (摘要式) :This kind of headline states the main topic of the whole news story. It is commonly used and is easy to understand. This kind of headline often appears in statement, that’s why it is named as statement sometimes.
B. Question (设问式):However, most question headlines are not real questions. They are statements followed by a question mark. The question headline can either suggest a future possibility or some doubt about the truth or accuracy of the story:
C. Quotation (引语式): This type of headline simply quotes what one says usually in direct speech so as to make the title vivid and lively. The quotation is usually from the spokesman, the eyewitnesses and the people involved in the news.
D. Double headlines (双标题): The double headlines for the same news story are often used for important events:
★Language features of newspaper headlines
Lexical features:
Preference for short & simple words-headline words ;Wide Use of Abbreviations &Acronyms
Grammatical features:
1.Frequent omission of function words: in particular, articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and pronouns:(1) Articles, (2) Auxiliaries,(3) The conjunction “and” is usually replaced with a comma,(4) The verb “say”, “said” are sometimes replaced with a colon “:” or quotation marks
2. Simplification of tense:(1) Wide use of the simple present tense to describe something happening in the past as well as in the present,(2) The future tense is expressed with the infinitive to replace “will”, “shall”.
Rhetorical features:
Idioms are frequently used in English newspaper headlines so as to achieve vividness and meanwhile appeal to readers ;Slang;Colloquialism;proverb
Unit Six
★ What is news lead?
News lead refers to the first paragraph in a news story.
★What is the language feature of news lead?
Lead, like all English sentences is built around the subject and main verb.
★How to understand news lead?
As a result, if we can identify the subject and main verb, we will have a good understanding of news lead and the whole story.
★How to understand news lead
Identify the subject and main verb first!!
★What is prediction?
Prediction means guessing what will happen next in the story.
★Why should readers make prediction?
It involves the readers in active interaction with the text by making them think about what they have read and what they will read next.
★How to make prediction?
Readers can make prediction based on the picture, title and the first paragraph; for instance, if you are reading a story about a murder, you can expect to find the answers to questions such as:
Who was murdered?What was the reason for the murder?Has the murderer been caught?
Readers can make prediction based on the picture, title and the first paragraph.
Unit Seven
★The body of news items
What is it?
The rest of news stories apart from news lead!
It usually begins from 2nd paragraph of each news story!
★Features of the body of news stories
Important facts that the writer was unable to include in the lead;Specific details to answer readers’ questions;
Statements and opinions by people involved in the story or by outside observers;Background information;New, but less important facts;It might be cut and omitted whenever there is no enough space for it.
Unit Eight
★Language features of news
1.Emergence of news affixes and words: words concerning science and technology,words concerning politics, newly-coined words concerning other fields,
2. Extension of words’ meanings: to borrow words from every work of life and extend its meaning.Words from the military field,
3. Use of Euphemism:The substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that suggests something unpleasant.
4.Use of metonymy: the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.
1) the name of an animal is borrowed to substitute a person or an organization.
2) the name of a street or a building is used to stand for a well-known establishment or an office, which is located there.
3) a well-known person is used to refer to something or somebody sharing the same feature.
Unit Nine
★Facts vs. opinion
Facts
A newspaper's primary purpose is to provide reliable information to its readers. To do so, a reporter must let the facts speak for themselves, must convey information fairly.?
Opinion
However, journalists all have their own social, political, economic and cultural background and thus tend to serve the interests of their own nations. Opinions and ideas do have a place in newspapers, in particular, on the editorial page for newspapers.
★Bias by word choice
The use of positive or negative words or words with a particular connotation can strongly influence the reader.
Bias through statistics & crowd counts,Bias through use of names & titles, Bias through selections and omission,Bias through placement(Readers of papers judge first page stories to be more significant than those buried in the back. Where a story is placed, therefore, influences what a reader thinks about its importance.Bias by photos(Some pictures flatter a person, others make the person look unpleasant. Pictures can make a person look good, bad, sick, silly, etc. Which photos a newspaper chooses to run can heavily influence the public's perception of a person or event.
) Bias by source control (To detect bias, always consider where the news item "comes from." Is the information supplied by a reporter, an eyewitness, police or fire officials, executives, or elected or appointed government officials?)
★How is the source conveyed in news?
a,News source is usually introduced by:Such verbs as “say”, “reveal”, “announce”, “remark”, “comment”;
b. By the phrase “according to”;
c. By the following passive constructions:It’s claimed that…
★How to read a news story critically
Tip1: detect the words conveying bias:As a critical reader, you should pay attention to such words in news as adjectives, adverbs, nouns and verbs which might convey commendatory(positive) or derogatory(negative) meaning.
Tip2: judge the source:As a reader, you must learn to judge whether the source is reliable.
Is the source named? The reliability of a story is increased if the source is named since few people want to be known as liars.
Where is the reporter? Check the dateline to see where the reporter was in relation to the news he is reporting.
Tip3: have your own idea concerning a news story
Unit Ten
★Opinion writing
Opinion: articles that express the opinion of the newspaper’s editors or publishers; articles that reflect the views of columnists or well-known people; Read like an argumentation;Unlike straight news, they do not simply inform or entertain, but also try to persuade readers to accept W’s opinion;
★Opinion writing includes the following major types!!
Review;Column;Editorial;Letters to the editor;Editorial cartoons
★Review
Review is a description of books, performance, concerts, films, radio and television programs, lectures and art such as painting, dance and sculpture.Book review,Movie review
Unit Eleven
★What are editorial cartoons?
Editorial cartoons are drawings or illustrations in the newspaper to help us think about current issues or to sway us toward the cartoonist’s point of view.
★Elements of editorial cartoons:
Symbolism: Using known concepts, emblems to represent larger ideas, people, organizations and events.
Dialogue bubbles: Used for speech, usually a circle around the words said by someone in a cartoon.
Captions/labels: Used to make clear to readers what people and objects are being represented.
Exaggeration/caricature: Emphasizing certain physical features or overstating an aspect of a problem. Many times without exaggeration and caricature, the cartoonist’s opinion might not be clear or the problem might not be obvious.
Unit Twleve
★The editorial
★What is the editorial?
articles that express the opinion of the newspaper’s editors or publishers; Read like an argumentation;Unlike straight news, they do not simply inform or entertain, but also try to persuade readers to accept W’s opinion;
★Elements of the editorial
primary purpose: They are intended to argue for or against a position and as well persuade the readers into W’s statement;
Rhetorical structure(3 parts):
Part I: Introduction paragraph: statement of thesis-put forward directly W’s position/put forward the issue in question;
Part II: Body paragraphs: development of arguments
Topic sentence—supporting ideas/details/sub-conclusion
Part III: Conclusion paragraph: reinforcement of thesis-sum up his main arguments and restate his position/sum up his main arguments and state his position;
★Position of main ideas in the editorial
The main idea/W’s idea of the whole passage often appears in introduction paragraph (1st ) or/and conclusion (last paragraph);
The location of the main idea/topic sentence of each paragraph is likely to be at the beginning, or the end of the passage and occasionally in the middle of the paragraph.
Step1: Carefully read 1st paragraph and last paragraph for it might contain the main idea of the whole passage;
Step2: Carefully read 1st & last sentence of each body paragraph for it might be the topic sentence which contains the main idea of each body paragraph;
Step3: After having an understanding of the main idea & organizational structure, you can begin to answer the questions;
