
Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103–105°C
——摘自美国国家标准《Standard_Methods_for_the_Examination_of_Water_and_Wastewater 20th Edition》
1. General Discussion
a. Principle: A well-mixed sample is filtered through a weighed standard glass-fiber filter
and the residue retained on the filter is dried to a constant weight at 103 to 105°C. The increase
in weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids. If the suspended material clogs the
filter and prolongs filtration, it may be necessary to increase the diameter of the filter or decrease
the sample volume. To obtain an estimate of total suspended solids, calculate the difference
between total dissolved solids and total solids.
b. Interferences: See Section 2540A.2 and Section 2540B.1. Exclude large floating particles
or submerged agglomerates of nonhomogeneous materials from the sample if it is determined
that their inclusion is not representative. Because excessive residue on the filter may form a water-entrapping crust, limit the sample size to that yielding no more than 200 mg residue. For
samples high in dissolved solids thoroughly wash the filter to ensure removal of dissolved
material. Prolonged filtration times resulting from filter clogging may produce high results
owing to increased colloidal materials captured on the clogged filter.
2. Apparatus
A.Muffle furnace for operation at 550°C.
B.Desiccator, provided with a desiccant containing a color indicator of moisture
C.concentration or an instrumental indicator.
D.Drying oven, for operation at 103 to 105°C.
E.Analytical balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 mg.
F.Magnetic stirrer with TFE stirring bar.
G.Wide-bore pipets.#(45)†
H.Graduated cylinder.
I.Low-form beaker.#(46)‡
J.Glass-fiber filter disks#(47)* without organic binder.
K.Filtration apparatus: One of the following, suitable for the filter disk selected:
1) Membrane filter funnel.
2) Gooch crucible, 25-mL to 40-mL capacity, with Gooch crucible adapter.
3) Filtration apparatus with reservoir and coarse (40- to 60-µm) fritted disk as filter
support.#(48)†
L.Suction flask, of sufficient capacity for sample size selected.
M. Aluminum weighing dishes.
3. Procedure
a. Preparation of glass-fiber filter disk: If pre-prepared glass fiber filter disks are used,
eliminate this step. Insert disk with wrinkled side up in filtration apparatus. Apply vacuum and
wash disk with three successive 20-mL portions of reagent-grade water. Continue suction to
remove all traces of water, turn vacuum off, and discard washings. Remove filter from filtration
apparatus and transfer to an inert aluminum weighing dish. If a Gooch crucible is used, remove
crucible and filter combination. Dry in an oven at 103 to 105°C for 1 h. If volatile solids are to
be measured, ignite at 550°C for 15 min in a muffle furnace. Cool in desiccator to balance
temperature and weigh. Repeat cycle of drying or igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing
until a constant weight is obtained or until weight change is less than 4% of the previous
weighing or 0.5 mg, whichever is less. Store in desiccator until needed.
b. Selection of filter and sample sizes: Choose sample volume to yield between 2.5 and 200
mg dried residue. If volume filtered fails to meet minimum yield, increase sample volume up to 1
L. If complete filtration takes more than 10 min, increase filter diameter or decrease sample
volume.
c. Sample analysis: Assemble filtering apparatus and filter and begin suction. Wet filter with
a small volume of reagent-grade water to seat it. Stir sample with a magnetic stirrer at a speed to
shear larger particles, if practical, to obtain a more uniform (preferably homogeneous) particle
size. Centrifugal force may separate particles by size and density, resulting in poor precision
when point of sample withdrawal is varied. While stirring, pipet a measured volume onto the
seated glass-fiber filter. For homogeneous samples, pipet from the approximate midpoint of
container but not in vortex. Choose a point both middepth and midway between wall and vortex.
Wash filter with three successive 10-mL volumes of reagent-grade water, allowing complete
drainage between washings, and continue suction for about 3 min after filtration is complete.
Samples with high dissolved solids may require additional washings. Carefully remove filter
from filtration apparatus and transfer to an aluminum weighing dish as a support. Alternatively,
remove the crucible and filter combination from the crucible adapter if a Gooch crucible is used.
Dry for at least 1 h at 103 to 105°C in an oven, cool in a desiccator to balance temperature, and
weigh. Repeat the cycle of drying, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight is
obtained or until the weight change is less than 4% of the previous weight or 0.5 mg, whichever
is less. Analyze at least 10% of all samples in duplicate. Duplicate determinations should agree within 5% of their average weight. If volatile solids are to be determined, treat the residue
according to 2540E.
4. Calculation
where:
A = weight of filter + dried residue, mg, and
B = weight of filter, mg.
5. Precision
The standard deviation was 5.2 mg/L (coefficient of variation 33%) at 15 mg/L, 24 mg/L
(10%) at 242 mg/L, and 13 mg/L (0.76%) at 1707 mg/L in studies by two analysts of four sets of
10 determinations each.
Single-laboratory duplicate analyses of 50 samples of water and wastewater were made with
a standard deviation of differences of 2.8 mg/L.
